We present some results of observations of H2O masers (1.35 cm line) in Star-Forming Regions. The observations have been made from the beginning of the eighties at the 22 m radiotelescope at Pushchino, Russia (Lekht et al. 1995). The time interval between two consecutive observations is about one month. The spectral resolution is 0.1 km/sec and the sensitivity, for a time integration of 15 minutes, is about 10 Jy. The sources with which we deal in this work are: ONI, ON2, W31A, W75S, S128 and S252A. We pay attention to results of flux variations that are either common to all the sources or are results that allow to establish differences between them.

Reported mode changes in δ Scuti stars cna usually be explained by insufficient data to obtain multiperiodic solutions and by the effect of time-variable amplitudes. The extensive data on 4 CVn obtained by the Delta Scuti network are used to illustrate that the large changes in the appearance of the power spectra in the years from 1966 to 1996 can be ascribed to amplitude variability.

The period changes of δ Scuti stars have been collected or redetermined from the available observations and are compared with values computed from evolutionary models. For the radial pulsators of Pop.I, the observations indicate (l/P)dP/dt values around 10−7 year−1 with equal distribution between period increases and decreases. The evolutionary models, on the other hand, predict that the vast majority should show increasing periods a factor of about 10 smaller than observed. Arguments are given why the rate of evolution for these relatively unevolved stars cannot yet be deduced from the observed period changes.

NGC 3079 has very luminous water megamaser from the nucleus, the peak of the spectrum being blueshifted by 180 km s-1 from the systemic velocity of the galaxy (Vsys = 1131 km s-1) (Henkel et al. 1984, Haschick & Baan 1985). Core-jet like continuum structure is also found in the nuclear region (Irwin & Seaquist 1988). No velocity drift for main features of water maser (VLSR — 941-975 km s1) has been shown (Nakai et al. 1995). However, the drift was recently detected for the maser of 1190 km s-1 (Nakai 1997). HI and OH absorptions were detected in the nucleus (Haschick & Baan 1985, Irwin & Seaquist 1991). Thus this galaxy is very unique object to investigate water masers, continuum structure and absorption features all together with VLBI.

VW Cep is one of the brightest and longest observed short-period (P = 6.67 hours) W UMa type binaries. It consists of a G5V and K0V components in contact with their Roche surfaces. We investigated complex period changes based upon eclipse timings from the past 70 years. In addition to the well-known 30 year light time effect due to the presence of a third star in the system, we find evidence for a long term decrease in the orbital period of dP/dt = −0.02 sec/yr. This decrease in period could arise from angular momentum loss from the binary or mass exchange between components. From these timings we have refined the properties of the tertiary component and redetermined its mass and orbital parameters. After correcting the O-C’s for the third body and the steady decrease in Keplerian period, we uncovered small systematic deviations in the residual O-C’s. We are studying these second order period variations, possibly arising from mass loss in winds and/or mass flow between components, to determine if they correlate with known cycles of spot and surface activity.

Lunar astronomical facilities can be robotically emplaced or form an adjunct to a human base. Connected facilities are a means to increase science-per-dollar. Near-Earth and Centaur asteroids may also serve as venues for astronomy.

An attempt at the first direct test of the theory of large-scale mass transfer between the components of a binary system is discussed. It is argued that β Lyr is the only binary in the sky for which such a test is conceivable.

Lunar surface is, in spite of disadvantages on payload compared with those in the distant orbits, extremely attractive for future astronomical observations with large and complicated observing instruments. The Moon will provide firm and large base, very stable temperature and low background in some selected sites. In addition, the aids of human activities on the Moon can be expected in the near future. We have been discussing the small but realistic steps toward the future Moon-based astronomy, as part of Japanese lunar exploration plans with HI rockets. The fundamental Policy of Japan’s Space Development which was approved by Space Activities Commission in 1996 described that Japan will continuously promote unmanned lunar exploration and study the feasibility of a systematic exploration program for science and possible activities on the Moon, under a phase-by-phase approach. The plan includes a possibility of astronomical observations on the lunar surface.

Some pilot-type astronomical plans, starting from very small-size telescopes in optical/IR and mm-wave etc. are under discussion. We report here on the general background, discussion including proposed plans, and steps toward the future moon-based observatories.

R CMa is one of the best observed low mass Algol-type systems, believed to be a semidetached system composed of a nearly spherical FOV primary and a less massive highly distorted K3 IV-V star. Most of the published light curves have asymmetries of one kind or another. Analysis of the individual light curves, dating back to over 75 years, yielded somewhat different orbital solutions depending on the epoch. These inconsistencies are caused by obvious differences in the shape of the light curves obtained at different epochs and by the different models used to find solutions.

A series of light curves of R CMa (obtained at different epochs) have been analyzed by a new version of the Wilson-Devinney computing program to find a homogeneous solution. All parameters were adjusted to fit a light curve of each epoch. Then we found the weighted mean value of each parameter. These mean values were used as initial parameters and the potential and radius of each component were re-adjusted for each epoch to see the variation of radii for over 30 years. Several radial velocity curves were used to find spectroscopic parameters. The photometric parameters were combined with the corresponding spectroscopic parameters to calculate an absolute dimension of R CMa.

Finally, we examined the IUE spectra of R CMa for existence of circumstellar gas in the system and evidence of magnetic activity on the cooler component. We also discuss the evolution of the system and possible observable real time evolutionary processes.

As stressed at the second International Lunar Exploration Working Group meeting (Kyoto, October 1996), the Moon, if kept free from pollution, contains a series of remarkable astronomical sites. In particular the following fields of instrumentation and research emerge :

(1) very low frequency radio-astronomical arrays to be located on the lunar far side for surveying an entirely new spectrum, albeit at fairly low angular resolution;

(2) interferometers in several wavebands to search for extrasolar planets as well as to perform other observations (morphological studies e.g.);

(3) transit optical telescopes for the detailed observation of dark matter and other targets;

(4) millimeter-wave telescopes for high sensitivity cosmic background mapping;

(5) infrared telescopes in permanently cryogenic environment (e.g. the lunar South pole);

(6) gravitational wave detectors;

(7) cosmic-ray and high energy detectors;

The orbital periods of binaries are known to great accuracy, their changes produce an easily detectable cumulative effect and many systems have been observed for more than a century. In tidually locked late-type binaries the orbital period changes are often related to structural or evolutionary changes. The study of the orbital period secular evolution can therefore provide information on phenomena taking place on timescales very short when compared to the typical stellar evolutionary scales, but still much longer thant the human lifetime. This paper focuses on the dynamical evolution due to magnetic braking in late-type close binaries and on the detectability of angular momentum transfer among the stellar layers.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique occupies a special place among tools for studying the Universe due to its record high angular resolution. The latter is in the inverse proportion to the length of interferometer baseline at any given wavelength. Until recently, the available angular resolution in radio domain of about 1 milliarcsecond at centimeter wavelengths was limited by the diameter of the Earth. However, many astrophysical problems require a higher angular resolution. The only way to achieve this at a given wavelength is to create an interferometer with the baseline larger than the Earth’s diameter by placing at least one telescope in space. In February 1997, the first dedicated Space VLBI mission, VLBI Space Observatory Program (VSOP), led by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (Japan) has been launched (Hirabayashi 1997). The VSOP mission opens a new dimension in the development of radio astronomy of extremely high angular resolution and will be followed by other Space VLBI missions. A review of scientific drives and technological challenges of the next generation Space VLBI mission have been discussed, for example, by Gurvits et al. (1996) and Ulvestad et al. (1997).

Close binaries with late-type components generally present rotational velocities synchronized with their orbital period. This is a well known effect of tidal evolution in binary systems which is particularly efficient in stars with convective envelopes. Nevertheless, some cases are known where the angular velocities of the componenent stars are clearly different from each other or even from that of the orbit. Good examples are the evolved systems TZ For and a Aur.

We have made a detailed study of the tidal evolution history of these binaries through integration of the relevant differential equations using the formalisms by Zahn as well as Tassoul. Our results show that a satisfactory explanation of the synchronization status of the component stars can be achieved when the influence of the rapid expansion phases, suffered by the stars after leaving the main sequence and starting core He combustion, in the actual rotational velocities is taken into account.

We briefly discuss the methods of observing stellar evolution in real time, and of interpreting these observations. Then we discuss recent results on RR Lyrae stars, Population I and II Cepheids, RV Tauri stars, and related objects.

The radio sky at frequencies of several MHz and below is essentially unexplored with high angular resolution due to refraction and opacity in the Earth’s ionosphere. An interferometer array in space providing arcminute resolution images would allow a wide range of problems in solar, planetary, galactic, and extragalactic astronomy to be attacked. These include the evolution of solar and planetary radio bursts, interplanetary and interstellar scintillation, the distribution of low energy cosmic rays and diffuse ionized hydrogen in our galaxy, the determination of spectral turnover frequencies and magnetic field strengths in galactic and extragalactic radio sources, searches for “fossil” radio galaxies which are no longer detectable by high frequency surveys, and searches for new sources of coherent radio emission. In addition, it is likely that unexpected objects and emission processes will be discovered by such an instrument, as has often happened when high resolution observations first become possible in a new spectral region. The Moon can provide shielding from terrestrial interference (and from the Sun half of the time) and consequently the lunar farside surface offers an ideal site of a low frequency radio array.

The Moon combines some of the most attractive features for astronomical observations from space (no atmospheric absorption, perfect seeing, etc.) and those from ground (large steady optical bench, ease of control from Earth, etc.). Astronomers have planned for telescopes on the Moon for decades but, due to its primary obstacle – high cost – they have not yet been built, save one small telescope that was carried to the Moon on an Apollo mission.

After briefly reviewing our understanding of Miras and their evolutionary status, three aspects of real-time evolution in these and related stars are examined:

1. 1. Chemical changes (O-rich to C-rich) due to third dredge-up,

2. 2. Period changes due to the effects of the helium shell-flash,

3. 3. The existence of ‘fossil’ dust and gas shells.

Studies of resolved gas and dust shells are highlighted as particularly interesting. They will enable us to examine the mass-loss histories of many late-type stars over the last ten thousand years or so. Such observations have only recently become technically feasible and they are expected to provide important new insight into the late stages of stellar evolution.

We have a plan to a radioastronomy mission at the Moon. This is dedicated to the mapping of the CBR anisotropy in order to study the properties of the early Universe, especially galaxy formation. This is a candidate for the Moon mission of NASDA, launched by an HIIA Rocket. The mission carries an 1.5 m (min.) offset parabola antenna with radiation shield to the north polar region of the Moon. This will observe CBR anisotropy at three (min.) frequencies between 30 to 90 GHz. The angular resolution is 9’ at 90 GHz. The telescope will observe the donut-shaped sky between 5 to 30 degree (not fixed) from the Moon celestial north pole. The resultant sensitivity will reach ΔT/T ⋍ 106K in 30’x30’ pixel and ΔT/T ⋍ 105K in 9’x9’ pixel.

A review of our investigations of CH Cygni in its inactive state during the period 1987-1989 has been given. Optical spectra reveal the development of physical conditions in the photosphere of the cool component as well as changes in the accretion complex around the hot component. The apparently quiescent star was actually evolving in trainsition between adjacent outbursts.

Because of the ever increasing human-made radio frequency interference (RFI), we propose to IAU a Resolution for protecting the well singled out lunar farside 100 km diameter SAHA crater from any future RFI for the scientific benefit of the coming decades high-sensitivity radioastronomy at large. Immediate and pragmatic action is strongly recommended. Our strategy, different from the ones of a recent ITU Recommendation, could increase our bargaining possibilities.

SAO 244567 (Henl357) (IRAS 17119-5926) is a high galactic latitude (1 = 331°, b = −12°) early type star, originally classified as a B or A type H-alpha emission line star by Henize (1976). It is an IRAS source with far infrared colours similar to planetary nebulae. The IUE ultraviolet spectra obtained during the last eight years show that the central star is rapidly evolving. It is found that the central star of this young PN has faded by a factor of 3 within the last seven eight years. The terminal velocity of the stellar wind has decreased from −3500 km/sec in 1988 to almost zero in 1994. In 1988 the C IV (1550A) line which was a P-Cygni profile with strong absorptioncomponent had almost vanished by 1994. The CIII] 1909A emission strength increased markedly within 4 years from 1988 to 1992. The optical spectra obtained since 1990 shows very clearly only the nebular spectrum which is very similar to that of low excitation planetary nebula. The optical spectrum of SAO 244567 obtained in 1971 shows that it was a post-AGB B 1 or B2 supergiant at that time. This result shows that SAO 244567 has turned into a planetary nebula within the last 20 years. Recently Bobrowsky (1994) obtained narrowband optically resolved images in both H-beta and [OIII] 5007A with the HST planetary camera which revealed a well resolved nebula of size 2 seconds of arc. In this paper we discuss the recent new results.