Mr. John B. Scrivenor, B.A., F.G.S., Geologist to the Federated Malay States, has forwarded to me for determination several pieces of a dark-greyish argillaceous shale, largely charged with particles of mica and valve-impressions of a small phyllopodous Crustacean, which he has discovered in the Native States of the Malay Peninsula.

In the previous paper I ventured to trace the history of the Baltic back to the time when the latest of its raised beaches were laid down, and to show that it was then considerably larger in size, and that its waters were more salt than they are now, although they were even then brackish (see Map I, Pl. XIX).

This conclusion was derived mainly from an examination of the molluscan remains in the more recent shell-beds. It is confirmed by other evidence; thus, Munthe mentions the occurrence in the so-called Litorina beds of three species of Rhizopods, whose present and former distribution in the Baltic is shown in the following table:

The geological map of Crete shows that a large portion of the island is composed of ancient limestone, in itself almost a guarantee of the presence of Pleistocene cave deposits. In confirmation of this, Admiral Spratt in his most valuable work mentions finding two such deposits, from one of which he obtained a few mammalian remains.

It is difficult for anyone standing on the brink of the Chasm, after having seen the placid flow of the Zambesi above the Falls, to believe that the fissure into which the river is so suddenly precipitated has been formed gradually by the action of the river itself, and not by some great convulsion during which the very crust of the earth was rent. The narrowness of the abyss, the strange zigzags along which the tumultuous waters rush after their first great plunge, the mystery which has long surrounded the further course of the river after it swings away out of sight among its forbidding precipices, and the knowledge that the rocks across which it plunges are of volcanic origin, are all factors that have aided the illusion. Hence it is not surprising to find that the explanation given by David Livingstone half a century ago, that the majestic Zambesi has here been intercepted by a rent due to some earth movement in the solid rocks, has been adopted without question in all the later descriptions of this wonderful spectacle.

The ‘Soapstone bed,’ which has yielded the specimens about to be described by Dr. Henry Woodward, was so named by the late George Wild. It is a thin band of light-grey shale lying from 4 to 7 feet above the ‘Mountain Four Feet’ mine in the neighbourhood of Colne and Trawden.

The shale contains an abundance of small flattened nodules, varying in size from half an inch to six inches in length, and from half an inch to two and a half inches in breadth. The vertical thickness rarely exceeds an inch and a half. The shale readily breaks down into a soft unctuous clay on weathering, whilst the outer surface of the nodules undergoes oxidation and breaks away in thin coats. The nodules consist of earthy carbonate of iron, and it is to the oxidation of the latter that breaking up takes place by a process of concentric scaling.

Between the ‘Soapstone bed’ and the ‘Mountain Four Feet’ mine are black shales with dark ironstone nodules often full of Gonialites, Fterinopecten, etc. The horizon from the top of the coal-seam to the ‘Soapstone bed’ is the most prolific in organic remains in the Lower Coal-measures, in whatever locality it may be met with.

Whilst the horizon of the Soapstone nodule bed is constant over a large area, the beds immediately subjacent to it are not. The Mountain Four Feet mine, upon which it rests under and around the whole of the Burnley coalfield, is seen when traced southwards to be formed by the union of two coal-seams, the ‘Gannister mine’ and the ‘Bullion mine’ respectively.

During the last few years a considerable number of Crocodilian remains have been collected from the Middle and Upper Eocene beds of the Fayûm, most of these specimens having been obtained by Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell in the course of his excavations in that locality. This material has recently been examined and determined, and it is found that several new species belonging to the genera Crocodilus and Tomistoma are represented by more or less complete remains. In the present note it is proposed to give a preliminary account of these new forms, which will be fully described and figured in the Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayûm now in course of preparation.

In Mr. Turnbull's collection from the Sholeshook Limestone of the Sholeshook Railway Cutting there is a small but perfect ‘horse-shoe’ limb of a species of Hiarpes—a genus which has not been previously recorded from this bed. The ‘horse-shoe’ is oval and rather elongate, and narrow in proportion to its length; the arms curve inwards gently, so that their acutely pointed posterior extremities are approximate. There seems to be a marginal, single row of large pits round the outer edge of the flattened limb, but the general surface is covered with very minute punctae. The inner edge of the limb is not well preserved. The arms extend backwards to about twice the length of the head-shield.

I Contributed a paper to the April number of the Geological Magazine for 1900 on the geology and fossils of the Devonian rocks on the north coast of Cornwall, south of the River Camel. In the present communication I propose to notice a series of fossils which I have lately obtained from the slaty rocks of Devonian age in the parish of St. Minver on the north of the Camel, which, from Trewornan, one mile north of Wadebridge, for the lower five miles of its course as river and estuary, forms the southern and south-western boundary of this parish. The open sea-coast forms its northern and north-western boundary, extending from the easterly limit at the Cove of Port Quin, the site of an old but now forsaken fishing village, about eight miles south-west of King Arthur's Castle, Tintagel, westwards round the basaltic cliffs of Pentire Head, and thence in a southerly direction to the estuary of the Camel.

Next to Hypsilophodon it was Polacanthus which attracted my attention. A careful study soon showed that, after the death of the animal, the remains of some Crocodilian had accidentally become commingled with this Dinosaur. Besides this, some pieces, namely, the back part of a skull and a cervical, showed remarkably Iguanodon-like characters, and the same is also true of the pubic bone described by Seeley in 1892 as belonging to Polacanthus.

As I intend pointing out further on, and as has also already been done by Seeley, Polacanthus was constructed essentially after the Struthiosaurus plan, and this is the reason why this Iguanodon-like basi-occipital has to be removed from the Polacanthus remains.

After having studied a bipedal and a quadrupedal Orthopodous Dinosaur I thought it desirable to turn my attention to a bipedal representative of the Saurischian order.

Though Streptospondylus is by no means an exclusively British Dinosaur, since the type-specimen is preserved in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and was described, under the names Streptospondylus and Megalosaurus by Cuvier and Gaudry, still, the only other specimen known, and by far the best, is in Mr. J. Parker's private collection at Oxford. It is to Mr. Parker's kindness that I owe the possibility of studying and drawing what may be called one of the most complete Theropods ever found, while in the Paris Collection Streptospondylus is only represented by several vertebrae, a fragment of the femur, and the distal part of the tibia with the corresponding astragalus. Mr. Parker's specimen includes the skull, most of the cervical, dorsal, sacral, and some of the caudal vertebræ, the scapulo-coracoid, parts of both humeri, the ilium, ischium, parts of the pubis, both femora, tibiæ, and fibulæ, some tarsal and all the metatarsal bones, and several phalanges.

What India has been in the past 300 years to our Army as a nursery in which our soldiershave obtained experience in their profession and earned their promotion, often to the highestrank, such in a lesser degree has it been to many of our geologists, who have, in the past much shorter period of 50 or 60 years, entered the service in this vast field of scientific enterprise, and, aided by a very few amateur geologists in the Army and of civilians attached to other branches of Government employ, have covered many thousand square miles of our Indian Empire with records of their untiring energy in the geological field.

John Wesley Judd was born at Portsmouth February 18th, 1840. His father belonged to a branch of an old Kentish family that had been settled for several generations in the Isle of Wight. His mother was the daughter of a Scotchman who had “come South” from the ancient kingdom of Fife. The Christian name given to the subject of this sketch was the result of an attempt on the part of his parents to find a compromise between the two national religions in which they had been respectively brought up.

Through the kindness of Miss Caroline Birley, of Kensington, I have been privileged to examine a collection of fossil marine shells and other organisms in her possession, which occur in drabcoloured, gritty, and siliceous limestone nodules picked up on the beach off the Ormara Headland, facing the Mekran or Baluchistan coast, 130 miles west of Karachi, by Mr. F. W. Townsend, chief executive officer of the Submarine Telegraph Service in the North Indian Ocean.

What represents the Carboniferous Limestone in Devonshire, is a question that has often been asked, but has never yet been answered in a satisfactory manner. The question has recently been narrowed by the identification of the Coddon Hill Beds and the Posidonomya limestones with the shales, cherts, and limestones which overlie the mass of the Carboniferous Limestone in South Wales, and with the Pendleside Beds which occupy a similar position in Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and South Yorkshire. Dr. W. Hind considers these beds to be more intimately connected with the Upper than with the Lower Carboniferous Series, and in any case the homotaxial equivalent of the main mass of the Carboniferous Limestone must be sought for below them.

Among the geological specimens obtained by Mr. H. T. Ferrar, while the “Discovery” was visiting New Zealand, are seven rock-fragments containing tubular shells, and an eighth with some obscure markings. They are labelled as follows:—

The object of this communication is to try to give a theory of what takes place when one species ischanged into another. When the species A is converted into the species B there must be an intermediatetransitional stage in which the collection of individuals is neither the species A nor the species B. I have already defined a species as a centre round which individuals are thickly clustered, and the spaces between these centres may be either devoid of individuals or contain here and there an abnormal form (Davidson's “ Suppt. Jurassic Brachiopoda,”Pal. Soc, 1876, p. 122).

In September of last year I received from Mr. Howard Fox, F.G.S., of Falmouth, nine specimens of Trilobites for the purpose of determination and description. They are all more or less fragmentary, and distorted by slaty cleavage, as is usually the case with fossils from these Devonian Slates of Cornwall and Devon, reminding one of the distorted Trilobites and Starfishes from the Lower Devonian Slates of Bundenbach, Germany.

Numerous specimens (having the general aspect of Estheria) lie on the bed-planes of a bluish, slightly micaceous, noncalcareous shale from the “Shale and Sandstone Series” of the Federated Malay States. The valves lie flatwise in the strata, either singly or in still connected pairs; and are not so much compressed but that they show the concavity of the insides, and the convexity and special features of the outsides. There are many examples of valves in different stages of growth, but a striking similarity of character indicates that all belong to one species. The shell itself is absent, but hollow moulds of one valve and solid casts of the other supply material for defining its character. No other organisms have been recognized in the shale.

During a recent stay in London the kindness of Dr. A. S. Woodward enabled me to study some of the splendid Dinosaurian remains in the British Museum.

Having principally occupied myself till now with Ornithopodous Dinosaurs, first of all Hypsilophodon attracted my attention, and my expectation that this type would prove to be the clue for the understanding of all the other Orthopoda has been perfectly fulfilled.

Hypsilophodon was described and figured at various times by Owen, Huxley, and Hulke; a restoration of this animal was given by Marsh in the Geological Magazine for 1896 (p. 6, Fig. 2), and the complete bibliographical list concerning this Dinosaur is compiled in my paper “Synopsis und Abstammung der Dinosaurier” (Földtani Közlöny, 1901, Budapest).

In consequence of our more recent knowledge of Dinosaurs in general I managed to detect some new points of remarkable interest.

Mandible. What Hulke, in describing the Hypsilophodon skull, No. 110, supposed to be the parietal, frontal, and post-frontal bones (Phil. Trans., 1882, pl. lxxi, fig. 1, pa., fr., ps.f.), turned out to be the outer view of a complete right mandibular ramus, so that the parietal changes into an articular, the frontal becomes the dentary, and the post-frontal the coronoid bone. This piece (p. 207, Fig. 4) is, in fact, the finest mandibulum of Hypsilophodon I have seen in the whole collection, and as such worthy to be refigured.

The general outline of the mandibulum, with its strongly abbreviated post-coronoidal part and its blunt processus coronoideum, reminds one somewhat of the under jaw of Placodus gigas, though it differs of course in nearly every detail, being built up after the Iguanodon type.

In Scandinavia there have been various changes of level during the Glacial period, and some geologists of that country are of opinion that the load of ice which lay upon it affords a probable means of accounting for a depression and submergence of the land such as would lead tothe formation of those elevated beds of Arctic shells which are met with in the interior of that region. But there has been a later movement of quite a different nature, whereby the Baltic seemsto have been converted for a time into a fresh-water lake, and it is to this that I now want to draw attention, as I think the same cause which has been supposed to produce the depression affords a happy means of explaining this curious and later phenomenon also.