The numerous and full accounts of the Crustacea (apart from trilobites) from the Girvan area which Professor Rupert Jones, Dr. H. Woodward, Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., and others have published during the last three or four decades may seem to render any further remarks by me superfluous. But at Dr. Henry Woodward's suggestion Mrs. Gray recently sent to me some fresh material for examination, which, in addition to yielding some new species, throws some interesting light upon previously described forms, and permits some further details to be added to our knowledge of them.

In a communication to the Geological Society in 1900 I had occasion to compare the rocks of the south-eastern coast of Jersey with the hornblende gabbro, diorites, and granites of Northern Guernsey; and to point out that in general terms the petrographical types of the two islands bore a close resemblance to each other, group for group, in sequence and general relations. Since work abroad renders it improbable that I shall be able to devote much additional time to this subject, the following notes are given as a possible aid to future observers.

In the Slade Beds of Upper Slade there occur small flattened leaf-like bodies generally fused together in a linear series of 2–4, but sometimes singly. These fossils have a somewhat puzzling aspect, but they may be referred without any doubt to the Bryozoa, though to a new and undescribed genus and species.

Pipe-Amygdaloids, although recorded in the Deccan Traps of India and in Tertiary Basalts from Mull, are rather uncommon, rocks except in South Africa. They were described by Professor E. Cohen, who obtained his specimens through Mr. J. Orpen from the Stormberg lavas (Lower Jurassic) of Basutoland, a formation in which they are very abundant. Since then they have been found in other volcanic formations, e.g., in the very ancient lavas of the Ventersdorp System in the Divisions of Kimberley and Barkly West, in the Bushveld Amygdaloid of the Transvaal and the Basalts of the Lebombo and Zululand (which all overlie rocks belonging to the Karroo System), and in the volcanic fissure of the Zuurberg in the Cape Colony (probably of post-Neocomian age). They have a striking resemblance to organic structures, and Cohen likens them to certain corals; in some exposures of lava the little pencils of white zeolite studding the surface remind one of the casts of worm burrows.

On previous occasion (Geol. Mag., Dec. V, Vol. IV, 1907, pp. 17–20) an account was given by the author of lornagnt Strand in the estuary of the River Suir; and the nature anddevelopment of the drift deposits further up the river may now be described.

On the north side of Knockavelish Head (which bounds Fornaght Strand on the north), the coastfrom Ballyglan is bordered by low sand dunes for a distance of about a mile and a half, and thereis no cliff or exposure of any solid rock, the old sea margin being apparently situated now some way inland behind an area of more or less marshy laud at the back of the dunes. Traces of the former sea-cliff can, however, be recognised here and there by a sudden slight rise in the ground. A wide flat expanse of sand and mud, known as Woodstown Strand, is uncovered at low tide along this stretch of coast, extending out fully a mile from high-water mark, but so far no trace of the submerged forest of Fornaght has been here discovered.

Pygocephalus Cooperi was first described by Professor Huxley from the Coal-measures of Paisley in 1857 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xiii, pp. 363–369, pi. xiii), and a second specimen by the same author in 1862 (op. cit., vol. xviii, pp. 420–422, text-figure). Some additional specimens came into my hands for exami-nation, and were communicated to the Glasgow Geological Society, in 1866 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, pp. 234–247, pi. iii, figs. 1–3). In that paper I described a second species, which I named Pygocephalus Huxleyi (text-figure, p. 244, op. cit.). The specimens referred to above were obtained from the Coal-measures of Paisley, from Kilmaurs, and from near ilanchester. Since then the late Mr. Henry Johnson, F.G.S., formerly of Dudley, obtained

many examples of Pi/gocephalus from the Clay-ironstone nodules of Coal-measure age at Coseley, near Dudley, now in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History Branch), Cromwell Itond, S.VV. These specimens are preserved in great perfection, and I had fully intended to figure them some years ago, but the pressure of other work caused them to be set aside for a time. Last year I received an example of Pygocephalm from Mr. Walter Baldwin, P.G.S., obtained from the Clay-ironstone of the Middle Coal-measures at Sparth. Rochdale (for description see Fig. 1, p. 405). I have also received through Mr. H. A. Allen, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey Museum, Jermyn Street, by the kindness of their owner, Mr. Herbert Hughes, Assoc. E.S.M., F.G.S., of Horseley House, Volverhampton Street, Dudley, four most interesting specimens of Pygocepkalus collected by him, two of which prove to be females, a point of extreme interest not heretofore observed.

Some interesting Ophiurids from the Melbournian rocks of Victoria are described by Mr. F. Chapman in Part viii of his valuable series of articles on “New or little-known Victorian fossils in the National Museum” [Melbourne] (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. ser., vol. xix, p. 21; Feb., 1907).

The fossils which Mr. V. M. Turnbull has collected from supposed Slade Beds on the “roadside near St. Martin's Cemetery, Haverfordwest,” were obtained along the north side of a road leading westward from St. Martin'ls Cemetery to Portfield House, on the west aide of the town. About half-way between the Cemetery and Port-field House the road is crossed by a by-road known as Jury Lane; one of the fossiliferous localities lies 110 yards east of Jury Lane crossing, another is 100 to 150 yards west of it. The area in question is contained in the Old Series one-inch Geological Survey map, Sheet 40, the New Series one-inch map, Sheet 228, and in the six-inch map, Pembrokeshire, Sheet 27 N.E.

The occurrence of ‘submerged forests’ on the coast of co. Waterford has long been known, though no mention of them was made in the Survey Memoir published in 1865. The more recent discovery of pre-glacial beaches and raised wave-cut rock-platforms along the south coast of Ireland between Baltimore and Carnsore Point has thrown still further light on Post-Tertiary movements of the land-margin; and accordingly some new observations on these phenomena in a hitherto unmarked locality may be of interest.

It is useful from time to time to take stock of our knowledge in connection with such a geological problem as that of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds, so that we may ascertain to what stage in the process of its elucidation we have arrived, and may note the direction in which the evidence is pointing. An indication of the principal gaps in our knowledge may also be obtained in this manner, and new suggestions as to the more promising lines of investigation. The conclusions arrived at from such a survey may be employed tentatively as working hypotheses, but it may be premature to base upon them confident generalisations. Approaching the question of the composition, relations, origin, and distribution of the Bokkeveld fauna in this spirit of caution and with the foregoing objects in view, we find firstly that a considerable advance has been made in our knowledge of it and allied faunas during the last few years. The researches of Ulrich, Kayser, Clarke, Katzer, Thomas, and others in South America have given us an immense amount of fresh information on the Devonian faunas of that continent, and the South African fossils themselves have been studied by Lake, Schwarz, and the author. Their general poor state of preservation is a matter of regret, but the increase in the material available has cleared away some of the difficulties met with by Salter and other previous workers. Much undoubtedly remains to be learnt from work in the field, and we may expect further yields of new species from different localities in the immense area still to be explored.

By the kindness of Mr. Henry A. Allen, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of England, three examples of Eurypterus, in clay-iron-stone nodules, showing impression and counterpart, together with a fragment of a fourth example, all from the Coal-measures to the north - west of Ilkeston, have been most obligingly lent me for description by their discoverer, Dr. L. Moysey, M.A., of St. Moritz, Ilkeston Road, Nottingham.

Changes in the relative level of sea and land along the oceanic borders of the globe seem to have been in continual progress during the entire historic period. Too slow and gradual for direct observation, they can only be detected through comparison of ancient with modern maps, records, or statements. This comparison has now, in hundreds of cases, been made, and it is well established that stability of coastline is the exception, movement of elevation or depression the rule. In one region, it has been observed, the sea for long periods of time has been in continual retreat; at another location it has been long advancing over the land, while at some third point it seems to have remained fixed in position.

In November last Mr. L. Richardson, of Cheltenham, very kindly sent me (with other fossils for inspection and determination) the carapace of a small Crustacean from the “Clypeus-Grit” of the Cotteswolds, which had been picked up and given him by Mr. C. L. Walton. As Mr. Richardson anticipated, the species proves to be new to this country, and I readily obtained his permission to describe the same.

Stone implements have long been known to occur in South Africa, but nearly all the recorded discoveries have, until quite recently, been made at the Cape. Indeed, it is only lately that the subject has attracted much attention, and that the circumstances of their occurrence have been at all fully investigated. Even now there is little precise information on the point, and yet it is essential to the solution of the problems they present. For, as one of us has previously pointed out, in attempting to ascribe to their proper source the stone implements found in South Africa, we are confronted with difficulties that are unknown in Europe. Not only has the country been inhabited down to the present day by tribes like the ‘Bushmen’ unacquainted with the working of metals, and whose origin probably long antedates the earliest Egyptian civilisation, but we find stone still employed by the Bantu for certain purposes, and in Rhodesia the question is still further complicated by the existence of numerous ruins built by an unknown race possessing a considerable degree of barbaric culture, but still employing primitive types of stone implements. Geological evidence is therefore more than usually necessary, but, when there is any, it is frequently very ambiguous owing to the characters of the superficial deposits. More often than not it is altogether lacking, the great majority of the implements found having been picked up on the surface. Colonel Feilden some time ago pointed out the probability of certain of the Zambezi implements being of vast antiquity, and one of us had already formed a similar opinion in the course of a brief visit to the Victoria Falls.

Geologists who are familiar with the Dolomites of South Tyrol will know the transverse sections of Langkofl and Plattkofl Dolomite given by Geh. von Mojsisovics (“Dolomit-Kiffe,” 1879, pp. 191–204). Mojsisovics describes the Schlern Dolomite of Langkofl as resting conformably upon south-dipping Lower Musehelkalk and Werfen strata, and concludes that the Schlern Dolomite here represents a dolomitic facies of all the Mid-Triassic geological horizons—viz., the Mendola, Buchenstein, Wengen and Cassian horizons. The Lower Musehelkalk and Werfen strata then bend northward with a steep flexure and, according to Mojsisovics, conformably underlie the same Mid-Triassic series of Mendola, Buchenstein, Wengen, and Cassian horizons, but the Buchenstein horizon is here present in the nodular limestone facies, and the Wengen and Cassian horizons in their tufaceous facies.

The commonest species of the genus Metriorhynchus occurring in the Oxford Clay of the Peterborough district is Metriorhynchus superciliosus (Desl.). The species found in the above locality has been identified with that of Deslongehamps by the late Mr. J. W. Hulke, F.R.S., in his paper “On the Skeletal Anatomy of the Mesosuchia” (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, November 20th, 1888), and also by Mr. Lydekker in the “Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia,” part iv, Suppt., p. 232. Mr. Lydekker, at the time he compiled the Catalogue, brought a east of part of the skull of M. supercilicsus to compare with the numerous skulls in the Eyobury Collection.

While spending a few days recently examining the sections on the North Devon coast, with a view to obtaining a clearer conception of the tectonic structure of that region, I was deeply impressed by the great number of minor overfolds and with the great uncertainty in the relations of the various beds thereby brought about. In many cases where the dip appears to be constantly to the south, through a considerable thickness of strata, closer examination shows repeated isoclinal folds. The western face of Little Hangman Hill at Combe Martin exhibits such a condition very well. Throughout the whole coast which I examined, from Combe Martin to the southernmost part of Bideford Bay, the axes of the minor folds are inclined to the north in this way, so as to frequently produce the appearance of steady southern dip and greatly to increase the apparent thickness of the strata. In speculating as to the possible cause of the constant direction in which the axes of these folds are inclined, an explanation occurred to me which I believe to be the correct one, and which may be applied generally to a large number of cases. As I have been unable to find it in the works I have been able to consult, it may be desirable to publish it, since it may aid considerably the elucidation of the true structure and history of complicated districts.

A glance at a geological map shows Blackheath and Greenwich Park at the western end of the Lower Tertiary escarpment which is conspicuous on the southern side of the Thames as far eastward as Erith.

For some years past a Committee of Littleborough and Rochdale geologists, consisting of Messrs. W. H. Sutcliffe, Walter Baldwin, W. A. Parker, S. S. Platt, and others, have devoted themselves to the task of working out the beds of shale containing clay-ironstone nodules, a portion of the Middle Coal-measures at Sparth Bottoms, half a mile south-west of Rochdale Town Hall, in beds estimated to occur 135 feet above the Royley Mine Coal-seam.

In the clay-ironstone nodules occur well-preserved ferns, Calamites, Sigillariœ, shells of Carbonicola acuta and other Coal-measure lamellibranchs, whilst the number of Arthropoda obtained is probably unsurpassed in any locality of this formation.

The first Arthropod obtained from Sparth Bottoms was noticed by Mr. Walter Baldwin, F.G.S., under the name of Prestwichia, rotundata, Prestw., sp. (Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, part 6, 1901, pp. 149–155, with a plate); the second in 1903, by the same geologist, who identified it as Bellinurus bellulus, König (op. cit., vol. xxviii, part 8, pp. 198–202). The third and most important discovery was made by Mr. W. A. Parker, F.G.S., namely, a new species of fossil Scorpion, which was described and figured in 1904 by Messrs. Baldwin & Sutcliffe under the name of Eoscorpius Sparthensis (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lx, p. 396, fig. 2). These geologists have continued their researches, of which a brief account was given by me at the York Meeting of the British Association (1906). Many subsequent finds have been most obligingly confided to me by these gentlemen, and through the kindness of Mr. W. H. Sutcliffe the specimens figured have since been presented to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), the only condition imposed being that they should be described.