The study aims to assess the level of stress in students being university entrance, which isusing the LSSI a psychological test that measures the stress and classifies it into four phases: alarm, resistance, near-exhaustion, and exhaustion. We seek to understand whether theassessment to go to university increases the level of stress on the student or not and it ispossible to discern ways to manage stress, thus improving the quality of student life and learning. Psychological test was applied in two groups of students from the same school in the city of Guarulhos, a group that will undergo evaluation to join a university called the experimental group and another group that will not undergo this evaluation, we call this thecontrol group. Each group had 30 people. We conclude that the experimental group is themore students with symptoms of stress, 78.2%. In the control group had 45% of people with symptoms of stress only. In both groups we find most people with stress in the resistance phase predominantly psychological symptoms. In both groups, the percentage of women with symptoms of stress is higher than that of men. Through the results of this research we can seethat there is a need to think about ways to manage stress of people who will be subject toevaluation, it was proven that this increases the chances of the person to be affected by stressand this can be harmful to health and to their learning.

Aim of the study: to examine the role of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptors in psychosocial (PS) stress in mice. PS stress was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by resident-intruder paradigm (Brzózka et al. 2010). After 3 weeks PS stress anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) were estimated in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebellum. Identically stressed and control mice (N = 15) were injected with WIN55212.2 (3 mg/kg) ± Rimonabant (3 mg/kg). Functional Observational Battery (FOB) (Golub et al., 2004), Open Field (OF), Prepulse Inhibition test (PPI) were studied. All behavioral recordings were done at night. Stressed mice showed significantly lowered AEA and OEA in Hippocampus, significant increase of 2-AG in Cortex, decrease of OEA in Striatum and increase of 2-AG in Cerebellum. Stressed mice displayed significantly lowered body weight gain, higher scratching activity, decrease of righting reflex time in FOB, higher distance travelled, time moving and hyperactivity in OF. In stressed mice WIN55212.2 significantly lowered rearings, increased righting reflex time, reduced distance travelled, time moving and hyperactivity in OF. Rimonabant did not significantly antagonize the effect of WIN55212.2 in stressed mice, but in controls. In controls WIN55212.2 significantly increased the number of scratches, reduced distance travelled, time moving and climbing and increased the startle response amplitude in PPI. The latter effect was significantly antagonized by Rimonabant. To sum up significant stress effects could be recorded in behavior, but less in PPI. PPI seems to be dependent on CB1-receptor processes but in case of stress endocannabinoids-activities may contribute.

Women's employment in the global market now has been increasing as a result of globalization and internationalization of labour. This study has two main objectives in its attempt to analyze the relations of gender. The global market, and health in the workplace. First, the article tries to elucidate the structural content of work as seen in the work organization; and second, to elaborate the ideological content of work as defined by ideologies of the organization, of the state and of the market production system. The study used quantitative methodology through surveys of 630 women workers in 23 establishments, as well as qualitative methodology using 10 interviews and focus group discussions. The study showed that assembly line work was also reported to be boring , fast-paced and requires upskilling regularly. Most of the respondents (76.3%) did overtime work. Quantitative overload was significantly related to a number of symptoms of psychological health issues such as poor work motivation, low self-esteem, absenteeism, and tardiness. The study showed that ill health under a global economy results from the impact of measures designed to enhance the profitability of capital- from shiftwork, overtime, apprenticeship, homeworking, subcontracting, teleworking, part-time work, and piece-rate work exposure to dangerous chemicals, industrial injuries, stress, or a damaged and polluted environment. This study tried to develop additional theorizing on the relations of women, global market and health using health sociology and medical anthropology.

This was a cross sectional study, which aimed to determine the interaction between situational, factors, role stressors, hazard exposure and personal factors among 246 nurses consisting most of females (78.5%) from the different wards and units in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). The dominance of female sin the profession reinforce the prevailing notion that the caring professions such as nursing are relegated to women. This gives the study its gender perspective. Almost half (49.6%) of the respondents reported being ill due to work in the past year, and 56.1% missed work because of an illness. Correlation statistics using the Spearman's rho showed organizational role stressors was most significant in burnout among nurses in the Philippine's largest tertiary hospital. Organizational role stressors consisted of ten dimensions, namely: 1) Inter-role Distance (IRD); 2) Role Stagnation (RS); 3) Role Expectation Conflict (REC); 4) Role Erosion (RE); 5) Role Overload (RO); 6) Role Isolation (RI); 7) Personal Inadequacy (PI); 8) Self-role Distance (SRD); 9) Role Ambiguity; and 10) Resource Inadequacy (RIn). The contribution of the study is in advancing new concepts in the already existing framework of burnout, and thus, can assist nurses and hospital administration on how to control this problem.

This was a cross sectional study, which aimed to determine the interaction between situational, factors, role stressors, hazard exposure and personal factors among 246 nurses consisting most of females (78.5%) from the different wards and units in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). The dominance of female sin the profession reinforce the prevailing notion that the caring professions such as nursing are relegated to women. This gives the study its gender perspective. Almost half (49.6%) of the respondents reported being ill due to work in the past year, and 56.1% missed work because of an illness. Correlation statistics using the Spearman's rho showed organizational role stressors was most significant in burnout among nurses in the Philippine's largest tertiary hospital.

Organizational role stressors consisted of ten dimensions, namely:

1. 1) Inter-role Distance (IRD);

2. 2) Role Stagnation (RS);

3. 3) Role Expectation Conflict (REC);

4. 4) Role Erosion (RE);

5. 5) Role Overload (RO);

6. 6) Role Isolation (RI);

7. 7) Personal Inadequacy (PI);

8. 8) Self-role Distance (SRD);

9. 9) Role Ambiguity; and

10. 10) Resource Inadequacy (RIn).

The contribution of the study is in advancing new concepts in the already existing framework of burnout, and thus, can assist nurses and hospital administration on how to control this problem.

The Philippines has established many export zones as a response to the Structural Adjustment Programs of the World Bank in order to stabilize its economy. The study aimed at looking into the problems caused by organizational factors such as job autonomy, content of job, nature of task, hazard exposure and management styles to mental health of women workers. This was conducted in an export zone involving 31 industries and an interview with 613 women workers. The results showed that there were several interactions between variables which include the following- the need for new quality for products is associated with the need to upgrade knowledge and skills, fast-pace work is associated with heavy physical load, poor health and safety policies at work with exposure to vapors, and participation in benchmarking with better policies on promotion and training.Hazardous work was also correlated with boring and repetitive jobs, work pressure and those without autonomy in accomplishing work. Mental type of task was less repetitious and less boring but with greater work pressure. Manual work as in assembly-line type of work was correlated too with work pressure and lesser autonomy in accomplishing work. Those with health and safety programs had lesser boring jobs, lesser work pressure, better salaries, more autonomy in accomplishing work, and lesser hazard exposures.The study proposed for a massive review of the existing regulations for work and its relations to mental and psychological health. This study has policy implication and can serve as a basis for advocacy work.

This research aims to elucidate data on occupational factors among supervisors in manufacturing industries and associated health problems in the Philippine setting. The sample consisted of 23 establishments and from this, 47 supervisors were taken, and interviewed using survey questionnaires and focus group discussions. Among the 47 supervisors, 51% were from garments industry while 49% from electronics industry, and 66% were women. Work among supervisors was reported to be challenging and stimulating but regular upgrading of skills was needed. Based on the personal interviews conducted among the supervisors, the issues in the workplace included information overload, keeping abreast with developments in their fields of expertise, the need to be multiskilled, stress brought about by information technology, the new pedagogy in the workplace affecting occupational stress, and the need for new organizational strategies. On logistic regression, occupational stress among supervisors was found to be significantly associated with heavy load stress, mental requirements of work, massive technical/office work, and the use of microelectronics equipment needing concentration and literacy in IT, and regular upgrading of skills. Based on these findings, we can conclude that occupational factors play a significant role in influencing the health of supervisors.

Stress and Burnout syndrome represents serious phenomenon influencing many professions. Among highly exposed professions belong medical and assessment doctors. We have conducted a research pilot study to determine the difference in occurrence of burn out syndrome in medical and assessment doctors and in a control - non medical group.

The study included assessment doctors (n = 150) - aged 30 to 80 years of age, 72% were women, which corresponds to the representation of women in the field and meets the representativeness of the sample. The control group consisted of clinical medical doctors (n = 60) control non medical group (n = 87). Standardized psychological methods were used: Shiron Melamedova-scale (SMBM), Beck Depression Inventory-II, Strategies for managing stress - SVF 78, NEO-BIG FIVE. The highest occurrence of stress load and burn out syndrome was found in assessment doctors. Highest occurrence of depression was found in this group too. The study suggests that the profession of assessment medical doctor represent a specific profession with high demands.

The endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) are bioaccumulative chemical pollutants that can disturb the hormone mediated neuroendocrine functions and thereby may be implicated in various psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Several monoaminergic neurotransmitters interact with the arginine-vasopressin (AVP)-related neuroendocrine system. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of chlorobenzenes /ClB/, monurone /MU/ and diurone /DU/ in subtoxic exposure doses on AVP release and on the monoamine activated AVP secretions.

Pituicytes, separated by enzymatic and mechanical methods from neurohypophysis of Wistar rats were used. Fourteen-day-old primary neurohypophysis cell cultures were treated with dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT) (10-6M) as monoamine activators and with EDC (ClB, MU, DU) (10-6M) for two hours. AVP levels from the conditioned media were detected by RIA methods.

DA and 5HT treatment significantly increased the AVP levels in the cell culture medium as compared to the untreated control (DA:171.9 pgAVP/mg prot, 5HT:182.2 pgAVP/mg prot, control:47.3 pgAVP/mg prot). EDC treatment in itself did not change the AVP levels (CIB:42.1 pg AVP/mg prot, MU:53.3 pgAVP/mg prot, DU:46.3 pgAVP/mg prot), however, in combination with DA and 5HT, EDC caused a significant increase of AVP levels as compared to that observed after treatment with only DA and 5HT (DA+CIB:198.3 pgAVP/mg prot, 5HT+CIB:217.2 pgAVP/mg prot, DA+MU:193.9 pgAVP/mg prot, 5HT+MU:198.7 pgAVP/mg prot, DA+DU:188.5 pgAVP/mg prot, 5HT+DU:201.4 pgAVP/mg prot).

The medium AVP concentrations were increased after the monoamine activation. CIB, MU and DU influenced the monoamine activated AVP release from the neurohypophysis cells. This work was supported by: TAMOP 4.2.1/B-09/1/KONV-2010-0005.

A substantial number of human epidemiological data, as well as animal experimental studies, suggest that prenatal stress (PS) is closely related with abnormal behavior and mental and cognition disorder in depression, but the pathophysiology of it was unraveling . Recent years, glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, with its receptors is considered to be associated with the neuronal excitotoxicity in depression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal stress on mGluRI expression in offspring rat hippocampus, striatum, prefrontal cortex. A rat model of prenatal constraint stress was adopted, the pregnant rats were randomly divided into late-stressed group which pregnant rats were given restraint stress (3 times/day for 7days and 45 minutes each time) at the 14–20d of gestation , mid-prenatal stress group at the 7–13d of gestation1-month-old offspring rats and control group which were not given any restraint stress (n = 6 for each group). In this study, we used forced swimming test on one month offspring rats, the immobile timing was significantly increased in late-stressed group (P < 0.05) as well as the female rats (P < 0.05) . The expression of mGluR1 and mGluR5 among the three regions were determined by Western-blot. The expression of mGluR1 was significantly increased in the late-stressed group in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex(P < 0.05) and the expression of mGluR5 was significantly increased in the late-stressed group among the three regions(P < 0.05). The results suggest that PS may cause depressive-like behavior of offspring rats and the mGluRImay have an important role in it.

The role of chronic stress in the origin and development of depression has long been demonstrated. At the psychological level, it has been shown that chronic stress plays a critical role in the development of cognitive vulnerability, which predisposes to develop depressive symptoms. At the neurobiological level, tt has been shown that chronic stress produces dysregulation of the HPA axis, with the resulting increase in cortisol levels, and an array of neurobiological consequences, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonergic neurotransmission. In recent years, an extensive body of research contributed to better understand the underlying mechanisms that link chronic stress with depression. This integrative point of view takes into account these contributions, therefore introducing possible strategies aimed at developing more effective approaches in the clinical practice, including both the therapeutic and the preventive, focusing on the psychopharmacological and the psychotherapeutic levels.