Emotional competencies such as attention to emotion and emotional clarity have been extensively studied in the literature. Depending on the context, their role shows different patterns of association with emotion regulation and psychopathological states.

In the current study, we aim to understand when and how attention to emotion and emotional clarity are related to the co-occurrence of anxiety and depression.

Data were collected on attention to emotion, emotional clarity, anxiety, and depression. A sample of 258 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 14.6, SD = 1.7, 54.5% girls) was examined to investigate the moderating role of attention to emotion and emotional clarity on the relationship between anxiety and depression after controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status.

showed that high levels of attention to emotion and low levels of emotional clarity were associated with increased risk for anxiety and depression. Balanced levels of attention to emotion and emotional clarity were also associated with increased risk for anxiety and depression. However, low levels of attention to emotion and high levels of emotional clarity showed no statistically significant association with the occurrence of anxiety and depression.

Overall, this positive imbalance of low attention to emotion and high emotional clarity appears to be the most favorable emotional states for coping with internalizing problems, suggesting less harmful effects of attention to emotion.

No significant relationships.

The concept of motivation pervades our professional and personal lives. Motivation is almost impossible to be observed directly, it is a construct for the interpretation of a behaviour that “calls the attention”.

This work reviews the current available data on the phenomenological description of motivation and the abnormalities of motivation.

Non-systematic review of the literature with selection of scientific articles published in the past 10 years; by searching Pubmed and Medscape databases using the combination of MeSH descriptors. The following MeSH terms were used: “motivation”, “psychopathology”, “phenomenology”.

Abnormalities in motivation may involve diminution or exacerbation. Anhedonia is the absence of pleasure in relation to usually pleasurable activities, it occurs in depression and schizophrenia where the pleasurable intrinsic motivation that acts as incentive for behaviour may be lost. In mania it may be increased so that mundane activities become unduly fascinating and rewarding.

Countless theories have been proposed to explain human motivation but each sheds light on specific aspects of motivation, neglecting others. This diversity creates confusion because most theories have areas of conceptual overlap and disagreement. To facilitate the development of studies, an agreement should be achieved on an operational definition of motivation.

No significant relationships.

Delirium is a condition which impacts nearly half of older adults during hospital admission. It presents with a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Despite this, specialised knowledge and ownership of the condition remain unclear.

To compare evidence surrounding the roles of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the overall pathophysiology of delirium and consider the impact this could have in practice.

Using PRISMA systematic review guidelines, five medical research databases were screened for papers discussing the role of neuronal and/or non-neuronal cells in the pathophysiology of delirium between 2011 and 2021.

Fifteen papers which met the inclusion criteria were then categorised into discussing neuronal (n=2), non-neuronal (n=4) or both (n=9) types of cells’ roles in the pathophysiology of delirium. Delirium was often caused by a homeostatic imbalance secondary to acute illness leading to deterioration of neural synapses and therefore signal transmission. However, it was also argued that activated non-neuronal cells, particularly microglia and astrocytes, played a significant role through disruption of the blood brain barrier. This was likely to play a role in the more severe clinical presentations of delirium.

The pathophysiology of delirium is multifactorial with neuronal and non-neuronal cells implicated in neurological disruption. There is no clear agreement on how these mechanisms vary according to aetiology and, ultimately, the severity of delirium. Further research will help refine these theories, which will support the pharmacological and clinical management of the condition.

No significant relationships.

A delusion of pregnancy is defined as a fixed false belief that one is pregnant in the absence of any evidence to support the pregnant state. Different mechanisms have been advanced to explain this phenomenon.

Herein, we present a case of hyperprolactinemia with delusion of pregnancy during the use of Amisulpride.

Herein, we present a case of hyperprolactinemia with delusion of pregnancy during the use of Amisulpride.

This case concerns a 39-year-old, divorced Tunisian woman with the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder,She has never been pregnant. She was taking Amisulpride at the dose of 400 mg per day with 100mg of Haldol Decanoate. In June 2021, she was admitted to our department as she expressed the thought that she was pregnant. No other psychotic symptoms were reported. There was no history of alcohol or illicit drug use. The physical examination was normal. The blood pregnancy test was negative. A measure of serum prolactin was performed and revealed a high prolactin level at 700 ng/ml. Amisulpride was discontinued. We then recorded the serum prolactin level at one month and then at three months after we stopped Amisulpride. We found that as her prolactin levels decreased her complaint of pregnancy also diminished. Actually, the patient has a normal level of prolactin and has no pregnancy delusion.

Clinicians should be aware that delusion of pregnancy in psychotic patients may be caused by side effects of the treatment. Monitoring of serum prolactin levels in patients under Amisulpride may help to improve the management of these patients.

No significant relationships.

The covid-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on the mental health of the entire population.

To determine the dynamics of emotional disorders in medical students in the context of the covid-19 pandemic.

Methods of research. An online survey of medical university students was conducted during the covid-19 pandemic. The Beck scale was used.

Results and its discussion. According to a dynamic study of emotional disorders in medical students, which was held during 12 months of covid-19 pandemic, emotional disturbance in the form of depressive manifestations associated with the covid-19 pandemic did not reduced. In addition, the results of the study indicated a change in the structure of depressive manifestations in the surveyed in favor of milder depressive manifestations (27.2%; 24.0%) and a decrease in the prevalence of moderate and severe manifestations of depression (3.0%; 5.3%).

The long-covid pandemic has a negative effect on the mental health of medical students and lead to emotional disturbances in the form of depressive manifestations of varying severity. The compensatory possibilities of mental activity proceed unilaterally with a change in the structure of emotional disorders; adaptation to a stress factor is not formed. Disclosure of interest.– The authors have not supplied a conflict of interest statement.

No significant relationships.

There is a growing and renewed interest in the use of hallucinogenic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially since the FDA approval of ketamine treatment for resistant depression. The response to hallucinogenic psychedelic substances (ayahuasca, psilocybin, LSD, ketamine) in the treatment of depression and addictions calls for a theoretical explanatory model.

Provide a descriptive / explanatory psychopathological model of the response to treatment with hallucinogenic drugs based on the descriptions of the subjects and the comparison with other extreme life experiences.

Relevant published literature on subjective experiences in treatment with hallucinogenic drugs for depression and addictions is reviewed. It is compared with subjective experiences in life changing experiences.

Intense emotional states, mystical-type experiences including feelings of oneness, transcendence, ineffability, and the complex emotion of awe seem to be consistently presented as psychic elements related to the efficacy of these treatments. The genetic and cultural (memetic) evolutionary value of these emotions in the cohesiveness of human groups and the genesis of affective symptoms, and in the recalibration of cognitions and emotions, is discussed.

The efficacy of hallucinogenic drugs used in the treatment of depression and addictions is accompanied by complex and varied emotions but with common psychopathological elements that could mediate their action.

No significant relationships.

The overlap between imagery and perception has long fascinated philosophers and scientists. Many scientists considered how the mind is capable of constructing an internal world without intervention of the external environment. Descriptions of their core characteristics often draw attention to differential features, but other currents reveal that many of these are shared rather than unique and differential.

The authors aim to analyse and discuss conceptualisation, similarities and differences of imagery and perception at the level of phenomenology, at the intersection with other psychopathological concepts, and thus reassemble them within a common framework.

A brief literature review was developed based on relevant works containing subject matter most relevant to the topic.

Perception is conceived as a transformation of raw sensory stimuli into sensory information that is then decoded into meaningful at the cortical level. Imagery, in turn, corresponds to the internal mental representation of the world, actively drawn from memory. The differentiation between these concepts at a phenomenological level is analysed and discussed. Additionally, their individual role is evaluated in the pshycopathological expression of alterations of perception such as hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, pareidolic illusions, abnormal imagery, sensory deprivation and also of dreams, in an analytical perspective of integration and simultaneous conceptual differentiation.

Understanding imagery, its nature and formal characteristics is required for better recognising the nature of perceptions and related psychopathological alterations, as well as the mechanisms uniting these concepts. Further research is needed as these entities represent features of useful clinical and diagnostic significance.

No significant relationships.

Despite existing observations of religious delusions in epilepsy in classical psychiatric literature, such clinical cases are rare in current practice.

To reveal features of disease progression, interference of combined mental pathology, treatment specifics, markers of possible harmful behavior.

Psychopathological, Multichannel eyes closed resting EEG in interictal period.

Patient N, 39 years old, manifested her illness at age 13 with affective bipolar disorder; phases lasted several months each. From age 19, rare recurrent generalized convulsive paroxysms preceded by an aura; non-convulsive paroxysms were observed. The patient was uncritical of paroxysms and discontinued anticonvulsive therapy. At age 29 and 30 she suffered two psychotic attacks (lasting several weeks) with sensory delusions of meaning, staging, persecution, megalomaniacal ideas of apocalyptic content (ideas that she was responsible for possible outbreak of nuclear war, coming of the Apocalypse, her son was the antichrist). Delusional behavior (tried to take the naked infant out into the cold, throwing him out of the window). Anticonvulsive therapy accompanied by antipsychotic medications. Schizoaffective disorder and epilepsy diagnosed. From age 35, acute psychotic attacks with apocalyptic delirium preceded by the same aura lasted maximum one day, followed by partial amnesia. Epileptiform polyspikes (up to 150 μV) registered in the right temporal-central EEG leads.

Presence of religious delusion in combined schizoaffective disorder and epilepsy, requires special approach: combination of anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Religiosity of patient should be taken into account as well.

No significant relationships.

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) was proposed by Richard A. Gardner in 1985. It is assumed to occur in some distressing marriage break-ups, when a parent “brainwashes” his children so they reject the other parent in an unjustified way. But, is it the result of a conscious act as Gardner suggests? Or could it also appear as part of a shared psychosis?

To assess the possibility of the appearance of PAS as a consequence of paranoid contagion or shared psychosis.

We present the case of a 45-year-old patient and her 9-year-old daughter, who is allegedly assaulted by her father during visits, according to both. Mother and daughter continually request attention in the emergency department for this reason, with no obvious injuries. A bibliographic review is carried out on the PAS and shared psychosis. We compare the existing data with our case.

A paranoid cognitive style is observed in the 45-year-old patient, and it is observed that her daughter stops rejecting the father when she spends time separated from her. The contagion of delirium is the nuclear mechanism of shared psychosis. It is known that children with PAS may have distorted memories and incorporate beliefs of others through suggestion. There is also an inverse relationship between the number of visits by the alienated parent and the undervaluation of the child. We have not found any studies linking shared psychosis with PAS.

The existing bibliography on PAS is scarce. The possibility of an existing paranoid contagion mechanism has not been addressed yet.

No significant relationships.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 era, there has been a major shift of psychiatry and psychotherapy practice to the online venues, or what has been broadly known as telepsychiatry. A practice that has been very practical since then. And yet, there has been a debate about the patients’ degree of satisfaction with the therapeutic process, especially with a modality like group therapy, which has not been widely researched.

The objective of this pilot is to assess the level of patients’ satisfaction among both online and in-person participants of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) skills group as a part of comprehensive outpatient DBT program.

27 DBT skills group participants completed an online form including demographic data, type and duration of group attended, in addition to the Arabic version of the Satisfaction with Therapy and Therapist Scale- Revised (STTS-R).

The majority of the 27 participants were females (88.9%), of which 81.4% were 18-34 years old and 77.4 % at least had a university degree. Among all the participants, 63% were online group attendants versus 37% in-person. The mean total of patient’s satisfaction with the in-person group was 53.5 in comparison to 49.2 in online group participants. Also, 90% of in-person group participants reported that the group helped them in dealing with presenting problem to an extent in comparison to 82.2% of online participants.

Although the COVID-19 pandemic mandated more use of telepsychiatry, in-person DBT skills group participants reported higher satisfaction of their therapy in comparison to online group participants.

No significant relationships.

Lead as an industrial pollutant can be detected at all stages of the working and living environment. Lead, based on its properties, solubility and mobility, accumulates in the soil, so that the average concentrations of oil in the soil are between 15 and 25 mg/kg (Radojević at all., 1999). Due to increased human activity, the amount of copper in the air, soil and water has increased. Glutathione (GSH) is an essential cofactor of many enzymes, such as: formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glyoxalase, prostaglandin endoperoxide isomerase, dehydrochlorinase and others. GSH is a biological redox in the metabolism of erythrocytes, it also plays a role in the transport of amino acids. Reactive forms of oxygen cause oxidative biomolecules (lipids, proteins, DNA) (Freidovich, 1999; Massaad i Klann, 2010).

The aim of this research was to examine the protective role of supplements GSH in conditions of chronic intoxication with sublethal doses of lead acetate and copper II sulfate.

The preparation of biomaterials for testing and making homogenates of brain tissue of albino rats of Wistar strain was performed and the activity of acid and alkaline DNase was measured spectrophotometrically (Kocić i sar., 1998).

Lead otherwise “as soft Lewis acid” has a pronounced affinity for interaction with “soft bases” such as S-atoms of the thiol group in antioxidants, natural biomolecules and supplements in this case in glutathione.

It can be said that GSH is a desirable supplement and antioxidant in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in rats exposed to lead poisoning.

No significant relationships.

Hearing music inside our heads is frequent, however some hear it more vividly, constantly and involuntarily. Musical Hallucinations (MH), first described by Baillarger in 1846, are a complex type of auditory hallucination characterized by perception of melodies, music, or songs.

This work aims to review the literature considering MH.

Pubmed and Google Scholar search using MeSH term “musical hallucinations”

MH occurs in 0.16% of the population. They´re usually perceived as frightening or annoying. Proposed mechanisms include spontaneous activity triggered by sensory deprivation from hearing impairment, like in visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome, and some authors even include MH as a subtype of this syndrome. Indeed, 60% of all patients with MH have hearing impairment or deafness. Other less frequent causes include focal brain lesions involving the auditory pathway and cortex, temporal epilepsy, metabolic or drug intoxication. Psychiatric conditions are uncommon but not impossible, especially in affective disorders. MH most frequently consist in familiar tunes, sometimes of personal significance, religious songs (especially in older patients), childhood songs, folk and popular songs from the radio - suggesting that musical perception is never unlearned but represents a “parasitic memory”, an unchangeable memory feature which can be experienced by relevant neuronal circuit stimulation. Most patients with MH were reported to have no extraordinary musical skills.

MH are rare and strongly associated with hearing loss, though investigation of other causes should be sought. Treating the underlying cause is important but remission is not guaranteed.

No significant relationships.

Acute psychotic states characterized by clinical lability and dream-like qualities are a staple of classic psychopatology. An excessive focus on diagnostic criteria for bipolar or schizophrenia-spectrum disorders risks missing this particular set of patients; defined through their dynamic presentation as much as by any cluster of symptoms or types of course.

To explore the concept and relevance of oneroid-like cyclic psychosis through a clinical case and review.

We report the case of a 37 year old woman with bipolar disorder (three previous instances of manic episodes with psychotic symptoms) and various gynecological issues that required hormone therapy. After a couple of days having difficulty sleeping, the patient developed a clinical picture consisting of wide and sudden oscillations between hyperactive and inhibited psychomotor activity, moods of dread and ecstasy, and states of disorganized thought and childlike activities with perplexity and mutism. Frequent behaviors as if experiencing visual alucinations and repeated allusions to feeling as if in a dream. These symptoms lasted for 2-3 weeks, after treatment with risperidone and lithium. A narrative review concerning the case was also performed.

Kleist’s ‘innate instability’ permeates much of the previous literature. Similar entities highlight different issues closely related to various biological rhythms: atypical psychosis and epilepsy, puerperal psychosis and estrogen dysregulation, cyclic psychosis and sleep disorders, delirious mania and effectiveness of electro-convulsive-therapy, etc.

Our findings point to the clinical relevance of oneiroid cyclic psychosis as innate instability. Further studies on the role of biological rhythms and its repercussions on daily practice are required.

No significant relationships.

Pseudologia fantastica is a psychiatric phenomenon that occurs equally in men and women (1). The condition was first described in 1891 and contains fantasized events (2). Most of the time the fantasized events are not entirely unbelievable. They are based upon blurred fantasy and reality and are stable over time (1,3).

We present a case of possible pseudologia fantastica to raise awareness about this phenomenon and possible treatment.

A literature search in English was performed using Pubmed with the following MeSh terms ‘pseudologia fantastica’.

We present a 20-year old women diagnosed with an intellectual disability (IQ=80) and a post traumatic stress disorder. She received treatment in an outpatient setting for a couple of years. The patient was treated by EMDR therapy and individual therapy sessions. She rejected other forms of therapy or any medication. During the treatment her symptoms were getting worse. The symptoms contained an increase of nightmares and moments of dissociation. The patient was telling she wasn’t able to eat, sleep and function on a daily basis. In individual sessions she reported life-events which worsened over time including; being a victim of rape, seeing her rapist in the subway, being touched and chased by a stranger on her bicycle. Literature search shows that confrontation is one of the treatment methods for this phenomenom.

The treatment of a patient with pseudologia fantastica requires attention for details and acknowledging the possibility of fantasized events, confronting techniques and maintaining an alliance between patient and therapist (2,4).

No significant relationships.

The capacity for lying is a common human phenomenon with evolutionary explanations, in which one seeks to deceive usually to avoid harmful or undesired consequences. The spectrum of lies is vast and varies from the content to the motivation. Pathological lying has the potential to affect mental evaluations thus motivating an important discussion regarding this behaviour.

The authors aim to explore the psychopathological concept and spectrum of pathological lies, from their underlying motives to their implications and challenges in psychiatric diagnosis with recourse to a clinical case example.

A review of pertinent literature on the topic with focus on that which is most relevant to the theme was included. The authors present the clinical case of a middle-aged female who presented with mythomania which included the fabrication of having attempted murder.

The literature demonstrates a relationship between compulsive lying and personality disorders. Head trauma and other central nervous system issues may also play a role. Some traits may facilitate the detection of deception, such as dramatic and unmotivated constructs with a positive self-portrayal. The clinical case description correlates the personality factors associated with mythomania, namely antisocial personality disorder, differing from the typical presentation as her fabrications portrayed her negatively.

The implication of pathological lying is that it may interfere with mental assessment thus altering, by way of deception, the psychiatric evaluation as lies may be difficult to detect upon a first evaluation. The psychiatrist should be alerted to the possibility of fabrication when dealing with a patient with predisposing factors.

No significant relationships.

Ischemic colitis (IC) is a rare condition due to hypoperfusion in the large intestine. Usually the etiology is unidentified, but many drugs are known to induce it because of their anticholinergic effects. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman, with the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder, in treatment with quetiapine and venlafaxine. She attended the hospital due to diffuse abdominal pain, diarrhea and hematochezia in the last two days. An abdominal CT scan is made, showing parietal thickening and submucosal edema in the colon, without any tumoral findings, suggesting IC.

To point up the correlation between IC and the intake of psychotropic drugs.

We conducted a narrative review of the literature through the presentation of a case. Articles were selected based on their clinical relevance.

There are reported cases of IC related to antipsychotics, but any drug with anticholinergic effects can potentially cause it. Anticholinergics reduce intestinal motility, leading to colonic ileus and dilatation. Both quetiapine and venlafaxine, taken by the patient, have these effects. Common obstructive and non-obstructive processes are excluded due to the absence of any other pathological signs. For these reasons, the diagnosis of IC secondary to treatment with quetiapine and venlafaxine is made.

Many psychotropic drugs can produce IC owing to their anticholinergic effects, being this chance increased when taken simultaneously with other drugs with same effects. IC is a rare but fatal side effect, which makes it important to consider it in the differential diagnosis in patients in treatment with psychotropics who suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms.

No significant relationships.

Withdrawal symptoms are common upon discontinuation of many psychotropic drugs. Catatonia, a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by a number of motor, behavioral, emotional, and autonomic abnormalities, has been described as a withdrawal syndrome in a growing number of case reports, but it is not well recognized. Treatment of catatonia usually includes benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. Standard consensus states that the use of neuroleptics should be avoided, as they are thought to worsen catatonia.

With this case report, we attempt to contribute to the finding in literature that the withdrawal of clozapine may be associated with catatonia, and how reintroduction of clozapine could be indicated for its treatment.

A clinical case is presented of a 37-year-old female with a history of schizophrenia, presenting with altered mental status and new onset of catatonic signs and symptoms in the setting of a 7-day emetic syndrome. The possibility that vomiting prevented proper absorption of clozapine is postulated, causing the patient to present clinical features compatible with malignant catatonia.

The patient required treatment with benzodiazepines, electroconvulsive therapy and clozapine re-initiation, leading to improvement of catatonic symptoms within a few days.

This case serves as a reminder to consider alternative diagnostic hypotheses in cases of catatonic syndrome unresponsive to standard treatments. When the clinical suspicion of drug withdrawal is high, restarting the discontinued medication, even an antipsychotic agent, may be indicated.

No significant relationships.

Lithium can induce renal and neurotoxic effects, particularly if it is combined with a neuroleptic or if there is an intercurrent condition. The neurological sequelae may be irreversible.

To show the renal and neurotoxic effects of lithium and the risk of its association with haloperidol.

A case of irreversible lithium neurotoxicity wih renal sequelae.

This case report is about a 57-year-old patient with a bipolar disorder type 1. She was well stabilized on lithium.On December 2020, the patient had an increased level of creatinine, therefore her medication was stopped. She developed a manic episode then she was switched on Haldol 25mg and lithium. After 4 days, she had a neuroleptic malignant syndrome with renal and neurological sequelae.. She was referred to us after her discharge from intensive care. The patient was agitated, anxious, sad with a superficial contact and a well-structured speech. She had delusional ideas of prejudice about her husband. On physical examination, she had a parkinsonian syndrome, moderate organic renal failure with a clearance of 45.93 ml/min. On the cerebral MRI, she had a diffuse cotico-subcortical atrophy with bilateral frontal predominance and vascular leukopathy. The most probable cause was the iatrogenic effects of the association of lithium and haloperidol. We decided to stop all medications and the patient got better.

Recognizing the neurotoxic effect of lithium and making an early diagnosis is a crucial determinant in the evolution of the disease and its irreversibility. Polypharmacy and comorbidities appear to be important precipitating factors for lithium toxicity.

No significant relationships.

We frequently receive patients with atypical psychiatric symptoms admitted in our department after consulting other psychiatrists and triying several treatments.

To highlight the factors of misdiagnosis in patients of our department.

We recruited 70 patients during their appointment or during their hospital admission in our department between March and April 2021. We collected the patients’ socio-demographic and clinical data using a pre-designed questionnaire.

Patients were aged between 17 and 68 years with a sex ratio (M/F) of 1. Mood disorders accounted for 24.6% of disorders (N=17) whereas schizophrenia 66.7% (N=46). Patients resided in urban areas in 88.6% of cases (N=69). The average number of hospitalizations was 2.7 with extremes ranging from 0 to 14. The average time between the onset of the symptoms and the first consultation was 1 year. The mean time from onset to hospitalization was 4.37 years. The rate of consulting a psychiatrist prior to admission was 42.8%. The diagnosis was corrected during the follow-up of the patients in 24.3% of cases. Conventional neuroleptics were prescribed as first-line treatment in 42.85% of cases. Due to poor tolerance or ineffectiveness of the treatment, 31.42% of patients had to change treatment.

Patients, who were desperate to find an adequate treatment for their disorders, put a lot of hope in the Razi psychiatric hospital. But after several years of evolution of their disease, we are faced with a therapeutic impasse. Raising awareness of mental illnesses is necessary for an early and adequate treatment.

No significant relationships.

Evidence supports clozapine as the best treatment in terms of efficacy, effectiveness and well-being, and as the gold standard in treatment-resistant psychotic disorders. Clozapine remains still underused, suffering initiation delays from 1.1 to 9.7 years. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of data about patterns of use, showing high variability worldwide (0.6-189.2/100. 000 inhabitants).

The main objective of this work is to carry out an analysis of the use of clozapine in our mental health catchment area. Thus, off-label use, the percentage of patients with clozapine depending on diagnosis, age and sex, and its use in mono and polytherapy are established. Besides, dosage and time between the first contact and the start of treatment with clozapine are recorded.

A descriptive study has been developed on the patients with clozapine who consulted in the catchment area of the Jerez Mental Health Service between 2018 and 2019. Data were extracted from medical records.

From our population of 456.752 inhabitants, 449 patients received clozapine. 278 (61.9%) had a schizophrenia diagnosis; 33 (7.3%) delusional disorder and 34 (7,6%) schizoaffective disorder. The off-label use of clozapine was 19,1 %. The average mean dose used was 246,2 mg/day and 59% of the patients on clozapine were on polytherapy. Only 14,7% of these patients had a previous trial with clozapine on monotherapy.

Rates of polytherapy, previous trials of clozapine monotherapy, off label use, rates of discontinuation and other variables are to be considered to precisely map the adequate use of clozapine in clinical settings.

No significant relationships.