To evaluate arterial (PaCO2), end-tidal (PETCO2) and carbon dioxide tension difference during mechanical ventilation with extratracheal airways, 60 patients ASA physical status I-II, receiving general anaesthesia for minor extra-abdominal procedures were randomly allocated to receive either a cuffed oropharyngeal airway (group COPA, n=30) or a laryngeal mask (group LMA, n=30). The lungs were mechanically ventilated by IPPV using a 60% nitrous oxide and 1–1.5% isoflurane in oxygen mixture (VT8 mL kg−1; RR=12 b min−1; I/E=1/2). After PETCO2 had been stable for at least 10 min after airway placement, haemodynamic variables and PETCO2 were recorded and an arterial blood sample was obtained for measurement of PaCO2. No differences in anthropometric parameters, smoking habit, haemodynamic variables and incidence of untoward events were observed between the two groups. Airway manipulation, to maintain adequate ventilation, was required in only nine patients in the cuffed oropharyngeal airway group (30%)(P < 0.0005); however,in no case was it necessary to remove the designated extratracheal airway due to unsuccessful mechanical ventilation. The mean difference between arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure was 0.4±0.3 KPa in the laryngeal mask group (95% confidence intervals: 0.3–0.5 KPa) and 0.3±0.26 KPa in the cuffed oropharyngeal airway group (95% confidence intervals: 0.24–0.4 KPa) (P =NS). We conclude that in healthy adults who are mechanically ventilated via the cuffed oropharyngeal airway, the end-tidal carbon dioxide determination is as accurate an indicator of PaCO2 as that measured via the laryngeal mask, allowing capnometry to be reliably used to evaluate the adequacy of ventilation.

We have compared the efficacy of granisetron with perphenazine in the prevention of vomiting after tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 90 paediatric patients, ASA I, aged 4–10 years, received granisetron 40 mg kg−1 or perphenazine 70 mg kg−1 (n=45 each) intravenously immediately after an inhalation induction of anaesthesia. A standard general anaesthetic technique was employed throughout. A complete response, defined as no emesis with no need for another rescue antiemetic, during the first 3 h (0–3 h) after anaesthesia was 87% with granisetron and 78% with perphenazine (P=0.204). The corresponding incidence during the next 21 h (3–24 h) after anaesthesia was 87% and 62% (P=0.007). No clinically serious adverse events were observed in any of the groups. We conclude that granisetron is a better anti-emetic than perphenazine for the long-term prevention of post-operative vomiting in children undergoing general anaesthesia for tonsillectomy.

The suitability of tramadol suppositories for inclusion in our hospital formulary for the treatment of mild to moderate post-operative pain was evaluated. In an open randomized trial, rectal tramadol was compared with our standard treatment acetaminophen/codeine suppositories. We expected tramadol to be equally effective as our current standard but with fewer side effects. Forty patients were treated with either tramadol suppositories 100 mg 6 hourly (qds) or acetaminophen/codeine suppositories 1000/20 mg qds.Patients were comparable with regard to demographic data and type of surgery and anaesthesia. Post-operative pain was scored with the aid of a Visual Analogue Scale before each drug administration, at rest and during movement. Side effects, notably nausea and vomiting, were recorded by interviewing the patients and by inspecting the nursing report. There was no difference in pain scores between the two groups. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in the tramadol-treated (84%) than in the acetaminophen/codeine treated group (31%). The relative risk of experiencing an episode of nausea under treatment with tramadol was 2.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–5.3; P=0.0001) as compared with acetaminophen/codeine. We conclude that for acute treatment of mild to moderate post-operative pain frequent nausea and vomiting makes tramadol suppositories less suitable than acetaminophen/codeine.

Sixteen patients suffering from rheumatoid or osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint were studied. All patients complained of pain and limitation of active movement of the shoulder joint. Combined neural blockade of the suprascapular nerve (SSNB) and articular branches of the circumflex nerve (ACNB) was carried out using 4 mL of 1% prilocaine and 4 mL of 6% aqueous phenol. Following this procedure, the mean value for pain intensity decreased by 69% (VASP 2.7) and for abduction, adduction and flexion increased by 36–67% over a mean time of 13 weeks. Functional external and internal rotation of the shoulder joint also increased after neural blockade. These findings were significant (P<0.05). Further clinical evaluation of combined SSNB and ACNB in relation to previously reported methods of neural blockade of the shoulder joint is warranted using a randomized, controlled, comparative study. Conventional power calculations (80% power, 5% test) indicate that 17 patients per group would be necessary to detect one standard deviation (about 2 VASP) or 64 per group to detect a change of 0.5 standard deviations.

Intensive care patients with organ failure often suffer an acute catabolic state. Leptin is a 16-kDa hormone which is produced by mature adipocytes and correlates with human energy expenditure. We investigated whether continuous venovenous haemofiltration, which may eliminate molecules up to 20–30 kDa, is capable of removing human leptin. Leptin measurements were made in the plasma of 15 patients with sepsis before continuous venovenous haemofiltration (T0) and during the procedure at 24 h (T1), 48 h (T2), and 72 h (T3), using samples taken before and after haemofiltration. In addition, measurements were made in the ultrafiltrate at T1–T3. The plasma leptin level at T0 was 17.6 ng mL−1. The concentration at T1 was 17.5 ng mL−1 pre-filter and 26.5 ng mL−1 post-filter (T2: 14.2/23.2 ng mL−1; T3: 12.4/16.3 ng mL−1).This concentration effect after haemofiltration was also seen with albumin. The values measured at T3 tended to be lower than those recorded at T1. The mean leptin levels in the ultrafiltrate were 0.15–0.18 ng mL−1. The range of leptin levels in the ultrafiltrate was thus only 0.5–3% of that measured in plasma. We conclude that human leptin is only minimally elimininated into the ultrafiltrate by continuous venovenous haemofiltration and that plasma leptin levels may decrease during sepsis.

In a double-blind, randomized, controlled study, 61 patients who received a standardized anaesthetic for day case arthroscopic knee surgery were studied. Group T (n=31) received tramadol 1.5 mg kg−1, and group F (n=30) received fentanyl 1.5 μg kg−1 at the induction of anaesthesia. All patients also received 20 mL of intra-articular bupivacaine 0.5% at the end of surgery. Assessments were made of pain at rest and on movement, analgesic requirements and side-effects at hourly intervals up to 6 h and by means of a postal questionnaire at 24 h and 48 h post-operatively. Group F had higher pain scores than group T at 4 h only [VAS 3.3 (1.6–5.5) vs. 2.4 (1–4), P=0.039, respectively; median (interquartile range)]. There were no other significant differences between the groups in terms of pain scores, supplemental analgesic requirements or incidence of side-effects. We conclude that tramadol offers little benefit clinically compared with fentanyl when used at induction of anaesthesia for day case arthroscopic knee surgery. Further studies are indicated in patients with more severe pain to determine the role of tramadol in post-operative analgesia.

Droperidol and dimenhydrinate are inexpensive anti-emetic drugs. Droperidol, especially, has been studied extensively, but there are no studies on the combination of both drugs for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. One hundred and forty male hospitalized patients undergoing nasal surgery were randomized to receive one of four anti-emetic regimes: placebo, dimenhydrinate (1 mg kg−1), droperidol (15 μg kg−1), or the combination of both drugs (droperidol 15 μg kg−1+dimenhydrinate 1 mg kg−1) administered after induction of anaesthesia. Patients in the dimenhydrinate-group and the combination-group received a second dose of dimenhydrinate 6 h after the first administration to mitigate the short half-life of the drug. For general anaesthesia a standardized technique, including benzodiazepine premedication, propofol, desflurane in N2O/O2, vecuronium, and a continuous infusion of remifentanil, was used. Post-operative analgesia and anti-emetic rescue medication were standardized. Episodes of vomiting, retching, nausea, and the need for additional anti-emetics were recorded for 24 h. The main endpoint of this study was the number of patients who were completely free of post-operative nausea and vomiting (Fisher's Exact Test) Furthermore, the severity of post-operative nausea and vomiting was analysed using a standardized scoring algorithm. The incidence of patients completely free of post-operative nausea and vomiting was 62.9% in the placebo-group, 77.1% in the dimenhydrinate-group (P =0.21), and 82.9% in the droperidol-group (P =0.07). This increased to 94.3% in the combination-group (P =0.0015). In all three treatment groups the severity of post-operative nausea and vomiting was reduced significantly compared with placebo treatment (P =0.0003). The incidence of side effects was similar in the four groups. Dimenhydrinate was ineffective in reducing the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting and droperidol only reduced the severity of post-operative nausea and vomiting. However, the combination of both drugs significantly reduces the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting when compared with placebo treatment.

Little is known about the performance of ultrasonic nebulizers during different ventilation patterns when these nebulizers are used to deliver drugs to intubated, ventilated patients. A method that enables the performance of an ultrasonic nebulizer to be evaluated is described. We used an in vitro model to examine the performance of the DeVilbiss Ultra-Neb 2000 ultrasonic nebulizer under positive pressure ventilation. Performance was measured at different rates of nebulization and under changing conditions of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), inspiratory flow rate, inspiratory time and minute volume. The volume of saline nebulized was unchanged by variations in positive end expiratory pressure from 0 to 5 cm to 10 cm H2O, in minute ventilation and in inspiratory flow rate. An increase in the inspiratory time resulted in an increase in the volume of saline nebulized and this volume was greater as the power setting of the nebulizer was increased. We conclude that ultrasonic nebulizers may be affected by different patterns of ventilation and that this simple in vitro assessment of nebulizer function in an intensive care setting may be of value prior to nebulizer use.

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the requirement of sufentanil is reduced in elderly patients when the opiate is primarily used to facilitate mechanical ventilation in a medical intensive care unit. A further aim was to study whether elderly patients developed withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing prolonged sufentanil administration. We have studied prospectively two groups of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 96 h; group 1 age < 60 years (n=316 or 68%) and group 2 age > 70 years (n=150 or 32%). In all patients sufentanil and midazolam were administered continuously in order to facilitate ventilatory support. After an initial intravenous bolus injection of sufentanil 3.0–8.0 μg kg−1, the dosage was adjusted to the patients needs (0.75–1.0 μg−1 kg−1 h) using a modified Ramsey score by accepting between 3b and 4a as the end point. The amount of sufentanil administered and side effects were recorded at 24-h intervals. Seventy-two hours following the start of sedation with sufentanil/midazolam the dose of sufentanil required for sedation increased significantly (P <0.05) in both groups when compared with the first 24 h. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in sufentanil requirement at any time during the study. This suggests that tachyphylaxis develops to a similar degree in patients in both age groups. In addition, weaning in the elderly was characterized by a similar degree of withdrawal-like symptoms suggesting that independent of age, there are similar receptor related reactions once the opiate is withdrawn.

The anti-emetic efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron and tropisetron in combination with a low dose of droperidol in patients with high probability for post-operative nausea and vomiting undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy was compared. Patients were randomly allocated in a double-blind manner to receive either ondansetron 8 mg (n=45) or tropisetron 5 mg (n=43) at the end of surgery. A standardized general anaesthetic technique was used, including droperidol 0.75 mg. The incidence of nausea was 36% and 49% (P=0.28), and vomiting occurred in 13% and 14% of the patients in the ondansetron and tropisetron groups, respectively. The onset time for rescue medication was significantly sooner after tropisetron than ondansetron (3 h 18min vs. 6 h 25min; P=0.007). There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy between prophylactic ondansetron and tropisetron combined with droperidol in a high-risk population. However, ondansetron appeared to be more effective in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting in the early hours after surgery compared with tropisetron.

Two daily doses of oral Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 (600 and 1200, respectively, containing 50 and 100 mg of the marker harpagoside) were compared with placebo over 4 weeks in a randomized, double-blind study in 197 patients with chronic susceptibility to back pain and current exacerbations that were producing pain worse than 5 on a 0–10 visual analogue scale. The principal outcome measure, based on pilot studies, was the number of patients who were pain free without the permitted rescue medication (tramadol) for 5 days out of the last week. The treatment and placebo groups were well matched in physical characteristics, in the severity of pain, duration, nature and accompaniments of their pain, the Arhus low backpain index and in laboratory indices of organ system function. A total of 183 patients completed the study. The numbers of pain-free patients were three, six and 10 in the placebo group (P), the Harpagophytum 600 group (H600) and the Harpagophytum 1200 group (H1200)respectively (P=0.027, one-tailed Cochrane–Armitage test). The majority of responders’ were patients who had suffered less than 42 days of pain, and subgroup analyses suggested that the effect was confined to patients with more severe and radiating pain accompanied by neurological deficit. However, subsidiary analyses, concentrating on the current pain component of the Arhus index, painted a slightly different picture, with the benefits seeming, if anything,to be greatest in the H600 group and in patients without more severe pain, radiation or neurological deficit. Patients with more pain tended to use more tramadol, but even severe and unbearable pain would not guarantee that tramadol would be used at all, and certainly not to the maximum permitted dose. There was no evidence for Harpagophytum-related side-effects, except possibly for mild and infrequent gastrointestinal symptoms.

The bispectral index, a value derived from the electroencephalogram, has been proposed as a measure of anaesthetic effect. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bispectral index during midazolam–fentanyl anaesthesia for cardiac surgery for its possible role as a predictor of increases in systolic blood pressure during endotracheal intubation and sternotomy. After institutional approval 15 consenting patients, scheduled for elective cardiac surgery, were selected for the study. Anaesthesia was induced in all patients with a loading dose of fentanyl 7.5–10 μg kg−1, midazolam 0.15 mg kg−1 and pancuronium 0.1 mg kg−1. After a further bolus dose of fentanyl 10–12.5 μg kg−1 prior to the start of incision and sternotomy, maintenance infusion rates of fentanyl 4–6 μg kg−1 h−1 and midazolam 0.1 mg kg−1 h−1 were started and continued through surgery at the discretion of the anaesthetist and guided by the presenting clinical and haemodynamic responses. The control of anaesthesia was never based on the value of the bispectral index. The mean bispectral index value decreased from 95.7 (3.1) at base-line to 59.5 (12.0) after induction of anaesthesia and then remained below 70 throughout surgery. However, there was an important interindividual variability in bispectral index values despite standardized dosages of fentanyl and midazolam. There was no significant correlation between the bispectral index values in the pre-intubation and pre-incision period and the changes in systolic blood pressure during endotracheal intubation and sternotomy, respectively. In conclusion, the large intersubject variability in the bispectral index values should be investigated further in the light of the great variability in the clinical effects of midazolam and fentanyl. The lack of significant correlation between the bispectral index values and the haemodynamic responses suggest that the bispectral index, which is a helpful monitor of anaesthetic depth, is not a very reliable monitor of global anaesthetic adequacy during total intravenous anaesthesia with a combination of midazolam and fentanyl in cardiac surgical patients.

Epidural analgesia is one of the preferred methods of analgesia for labour. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate current practice in obstetric analgesia in departments of anaesthesia and to make a comparison with former surveys from Germany and other countries. Questionnaires on the practice of pain relief, especially epidural analgesia, during labour and delivery were sent to 1178 anaesthesic departments in Germany in the second half of 1996. Five hundred and thirty-two completed replies were received, which represent 46.9% of all German obstetric units. The majority of the departments of anaesthesia practising epidural analgesia have an epidural rate of less than 10% and 10.2% of the departments do not offer this method to their parturients. In 86.8% of all units performing epidural analgesia, the epidural catheter is placed by an anaesthetist. Only 6.5% of the units provide a 24-h epidural service which is exclusively assigned to labour and delivery. In 77.8% of the units, this service is not exclusively assigned to obstetrics, but also to other duties. Of the obstetric units offering epidural analgesia, 14.7% have no epidural service at night. Plain local anaesthetics for epidural analgesia are used by 55.9% of the departments, a combination of local anaesthetics with epidural opioids by 28.7%. Epidural analgesia is predominantly (82.2%) maintained by intermittent bolus administration. Although the rate of epidural analgesia increased during recent decades, this method is not offered to all parturients. Further improvements in the use of epidural analgesia for labour seem to be necessary.

An 86-year-old man on whom a transurethral resection of prostate was performed under spinal anaesthesia developed profound bradycardia and hypotension with disturbance of consciousness during transfer to the recovery room. Initial treatment with atropine produced rapid improvement in cardiovascular and cerebral function. A further hypotensive episode (without bradycardia) occurred approximately 1 h later but responded rapidly to methoxamine. The patient made a full recovery during an overnight stay on the High Dependency Unit. Possible mechanisms for this event are discussed, with the proposal that the concomitant administration of captopril and the relative unavailability of Angiotensin II may have significantly contributed to the problem.

A case of right hemidiaphragm rupture and abdominal herniation into the thorax occurring during the immediate post-operative course of double-lung transplantation is reported. This complication has not been reported previously. We examine the possible aetiology and suggest that the direct cause could be an increase in intra-abdominal pressure during chest physiotherapy.