Mortality among psychiatric patients has been found to be higher than the general population, not only in those long-term residents in old-fashioned psychiatric hospitals or attending hospital-based psychiatric services (Harris & Barraclough, 1998) but also in those treated in modern community-based systems of care (Amaddeo et al., 1995; Grigoletti et al., 2009).

Authors are a necessary and most appreciated basis for the publishing of any scientific journal. They should be welcomed for their creativity, originality and productivity, not stigmatized in general as cheaters and criminals because a very few were tempted beyond their control to cut the slices a bit too thin, overdo the utilization of leftover data, listed too many authors to a paper, forgot to report a harmless study to an ethical committee, or in very few cases commit severe actions of fraud.

The managerial way of thinking, meeting every author with systems of control and limitations is like poison to creative minds. Instead of appointing editors as policemen, we may preferably meet the vast majority of classical scholarly working scientists with trust, confidence and support, facilitating the process of disseminating the results from their creative minds – and of course consequently show the deliberately cheating researchers the door when they act unfaithfully to the scientific society.

Individuals with schizophrenia have higher mortality rates compared to the general community. Apart from an increased risk of suicide, people with schizophrenia have an increased risk of death related to a wide range of comorbid physical conditions. There is evidence to suggest that much of this mortality is avoidable. The provision of assertive management of comorbid physical disorders has the potential to help close the differential mortality gap. While the primary data are robust, there is less empirical evidence to guide policy makers and service providers when dealing with these problems. Focused clinical programs aimed at reducing risk factors (e.g. smoking, obesity) and shared care between mental health teams and primary care providers can help reduce the burden of avoidable deaths. In light of recent evidence suggesting that the mortality gap has widened in recent decades, there is an urgent need to address the burden of avoidable deaths in those with serious mental illnesses.

Depression is frequently seen in patients with medical illnesses yet the link between medical illnesses and depression remains unclear. There is increasing data to suggest that the array of depressive symptoms experienced by the medically-ill may involve inflammation. The activation of the immune system and the subsequent release of innate immune products such as cytokines can have important effects on behaviour. The treatment of choice for chronic viral hepatitis C, interferon-alpha IFN-α, acutely induces the production and release of other innate immune cytokines, and has been indicated to cause clinically significant depression in 30% of patients receiving treatment. This in turn can impair quality of life and affect treatment compliance. We and others use IFN-α induced depression as a model to identify alterations in psychological and biological pathways that predispose to depression in the medically-ill, and thus provide an explanatory link between inflammation and the subsequent behavioural changes. In this editorial, we aim to describe the main biological pathways involved in IFN-induced depression and to discuss psychological, clinical and biological factors that have been found to predict those who will develop more severe psychiatric symptoms during treatment with IFN-α. Among these, particular attention would be given to psychological traits, genetic polymorphisms regulating inflammation and serotonergic function, and changes in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Locating psychiatric wards in general hospitals has long been seen in many countries as a key element in the reform of services to promote community integration of the mentally ill. In the UK, however, this is no longer a policy priority, and the recent trend has been towards small freestanding inpatient units, located either within the communities they serve, or on general hospital sites, but separate from the main building. Whether locating the psychiatric wards in the general hospital is essential to psychiatric reform has been little discussed, and we can find no relevant evidence.

Perceived strengths of general hospital psychiatric wards are in normalisation of mental health problems, accessibility to local communities, better availability of physical health care resources, and integration of psychiatry with the rest of the medical profession, which may faclilitate recruitment. However, difficulties seem to have been encountered in establishing well-designed psychiatric wards with access to open space in general hospitals. Also, physical proximity may not be enough to achieve the desired reduction in stigma, and complaints from the general hospital may sometimes result in undue restrictions on psychiatric ward patients. There are strong arguments both for and against locating psychiatric wards in general hospitals: an empirical evidence base would be helpful to inform important decisions about the best setting for wards.

Declaration of Interest: None.

The British Journal of Psychiatry is an independent mainstream general psychiatric journal that competes reasonably well with others in the field. It does so by keeping a healthy balance between the demands of its readers, its contributors and the need for good science. It publishes an eclectic mix of original articles, reviews, editorials, reappraisals, comment, opinion and extras, the latter including poetry, short summaries, literature and psychiatry, and a touch of humour. These contributions are not always in keeping with the harsh requirements of the impact factor, but we judge that this makes for a better all-round journal that advances psychiatry in all its manifold aspects and is anything but dull.

Over the past ten years, the National Health Service in England has introduced home treatment teams throughout the country. Despite this, and the fact that England now has the fourth lowest number of beds per capita in Europe, no mental health service has been able to dispense with acute admission beds altogether. One unintended consequence of new investment in community alternatives to inpatient care is that the threshold for admission has risen and acute wards now accommodate a patient group that is more severe with regard to levels of disturbance and social disadvantage. This has compounded the challenge of providing high quality inpatient care and repeated national surveys suggest that acute admission wards are the weakest link in the English mental healthcare system. In response to this, the Royal College of Psychiatrists has established an accreditation scheme for acute admission wards. Only 22 of the first 132 wards to have completed the review process so far are considered to be excellent. Although 59 wards (45% of the total) failed to meet one or more essential standard, 43 of these were able to rectify the problem.

Declaration of Interest: None.

Given the uncontested role of psychiatric illnesses in both fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviours, efforts are continuously made in improving mental health care provision. In cases of severe mental disorder, when intensified treatment protocols and continuous supervision are required due to individual's impaired emotional, cognitive and social functioning (including danger to self and others), psychiatric hospitalisation is warranted. However, to date there is no convincing evidence that in-patient care prevents suicide. In fact, quite paradoxically, both admissions to a psychiatric ward and recent discharge from it have been found to increase risk for suicidal behaviours. What elements in the chain of well-intentioned approaches to treating psychiatric illness and suicidality fail to protect this vulnerable population is still unclear. The same holds true for the identifications of factors that may increase the risk for suicide. This editorial discusses current knowledge on this subject, proposing strategies that might improve prevention.

This article reviews common sources of suffering in patients with advanced illness, identifies challenges in appropriately diagnosing and treating depression in this setting, and examines the relationship between depression and other key clinical outcomes in the setting of advanced disease. A systematic literature review was conducted. Most of the existing research on patients with advanced illness has been conducted with cancer patients. Approximately 18 percent of patients with advanced illness meet criteria for major or minor depression; multiple psychiatric co-morbidities occur frequently. Prevalence rates increase as patients become sicker. However, depression is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated in the setting of advanced illness. One of the key clinical challenges is differentiating depression from grief. Both psychosocial and psychopharmacologic interventions have been shown to be effective in treating depression in patients with advanced cancer. In conclusion, depression is a regular complication of advanced illness, reduces quality of life, compromises family member function, interferes with treatment decisions, and may shorten survival. However, numerous effective treatment approaches, including both medications and psychotherapy, exist and can be used to alleviate depression.

An extensive literature documented a mortality differential for natural causes between psychiatric patients and the general population. Less clear is the pattern for cancer diseases. Methodological problems arise when trying to explain such mortality gap: selection bias and reverse causation; time-dependent confounders that are also intermediate variables; complex relationships within a life course have to be considered. We try to explain such problems in terms of causal graphs. Excess risk for causes of death which are not attributable to higher prevalence of risk factors or treatment side-effects and higher mortality rates for avoidable causes have been also documented. These findings underline the need for research on health promotion and preventive programs targeted to psychiatric patients.

Research has found that depression is more common among individuals with diabetes and is associated with worse diabetes outcomes including treatment nonadherence, worse glycemic control, higher risk of diabetes complications, greater functional impairment, and increased risk of mortality. These patterns of association have led to an increase in research investigating the relationship between diabetes and depression. There remain important questions about the relationship between depression and diabetes and an unmet need for treatment approaches that are successful in ameliorating depression and improving diabetes outcomes. The current commentary discusses several conceptual issues related to the measurement of depression in diabetes, argues for the importance of health behavior and treatment adherence in approaching the problem of depression in diabetes, and provides an example of a treatment approach that incorporates the treatment of depression with strategies aimed at improving treatment adherence in order to maximize effects on diabetes outcomes.

The author makes the case for the necessity of inpatient psychiatric services in a comprehensive, community based, system of care. The editorial begins with an historical perspective on mental hospitals. It then discusses acute and intermediate psychiatric inpatient units. A section also covers forensic units, also indispensable for a region or population of any size. The editorial concludes with a call for recognizing the purpose and value of inpatient services and thus using them most effectively.

Declaration of Interest: None.

The role of editor of a journal attracts the vision of a scholar isolated in an ivory tower selecting “la crème” of the submitted papers, with no other preoccupations that the scientific rigour. This, is of course, only one of the many roles – or, as this editorial calls them, lives – of an editor. The essential skills are many and more complex, and an editor will encounter many problems that are related to such diverse issues as anticipating scientific trends, investigating misbehaviours, settling ethical disputes, and interfacing with the lay press. It is exciting and rewarding, and never predictable.

Even though randomised controlled trials are the design of choice for evaluating the efficacy of health care interventions, they are not immune to bias that may affect research process and validity of results. In the present paper we discussed how trial quality may be appraised considering both whether a clinical trial is reported in a comprehensive and complete way (consistently with what had been declared in the study protocol), and whether the characteristics of the trial itself are associated with risk of bias.

Trial protocols are documents that describe the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations and aspects related to the organization of clinical trials. Trial protocols provide the background and rationale for conducting a study, highlighting specific research questions that are addressed, and taking into consideration ethical issues. Trial protocols must meet a standard that adheres to the principles of Good Clinical Practice, and are used to obtain ethics approval by local Ethics Committees or Institutional Review Boards.

World Psychiatry, the official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), is now published in five languages (English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French) and reaches more than 33,000 psychiatrists in 121 countries. It received recently its first impact factor, 3.896. The publication of the journal has two objectives. The first is to reach as many psychiatrists of the various countries of the world as possible, disseminating information on recent significant clinical, service and research developments in a language that can be assimilated by the vast majority of them. The second is to give voice to psychiatrists of all regions of the world, encouraging submission of research papers, commentaries and reports on innovative service modalities. Related to this second objective has been the establishment by the WPA of a task force aiming to promote dissemination of psychiatric research conducted in low and middle income countries. Among the objectives of this task force is to advise and support the editors of high quality journals produced in those countries in their efforts to achieve indexation.

Declaration of Interest: None.

Run-in periods are frequently used when designing a clinical trial. In this paper we analysed the implications of runin periods for interpreting the results of clinical trials and applying these results in clinical practice. Study reports should indicate in details how run-in periods were carried out.