Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T03:25:32.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Behavior is what can be reinforced

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

George Ainslie
George Ainslie
Affiliation:
Jefferson Medical College at the Coatesville V.A. Medical Center, Coatesville, Pa. 19320
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , March 1985 , pp. 53 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainslie, G. (1975) Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulse control. Psychological Bulletin 82:463–96. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, G. (in press) Aversion with only one factor. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 5, The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value, ed. Commons, M., Herrnstcin, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Ballinger. [taHR]Google Scholar
Almay, B. G. L., Johansson, F., von Knorring, L., Terenius, L. & Wahlstrom, A. (1978) Endorphins in chronic pain. 1. Differences in CSF endorphin levels between organic and psychogenic pain syndromes. Pain 5:153–57. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alston, W. P. (1974) Can psychology do without private data? Behaviorism 1:71–102. [CA]Google Scholar
Amir, S. & Amit, Z. (1978) The pituitary gland mediates acute and chronic pain responsiveness in stressed and non-stressed rats. Life Sciences 24:439–48. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, J. H., Kremer, E. F., Risch, S. C. & Janowsky, D. S. (1984) Pre-and postdexamethasonc Cortisol concentrations in patients with chronic pain syndromes. Psychiatry Research. In press. [JHA]Google Scholar
Atkinson, J. H., Kremer, E. F., Risch, S. C., Morgan, C. D., Azad, B. F., Ehlers, C. L. & Bloom, F. E. (1983) Plasma measures of betaendorphin/beta-lipotropin-like immunoreactivity in chronic pain syndrome and psychiatric subjects. Psychiatry Research 9:319–27. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badia, P., Culbertson, S. & Harsh, J. (1973) Choice of longer or stronger signalled shock over shorter or weaker unsignalled shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: 19 25–32. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakul, D. A., Demjen, S. & Kaganov, J. (1981) A cognitive behavioral treatment of chronic headache. Headache 21:81–86. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1973) The correlation based law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 20:137–53. [tarHR, CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beecher, H. K. (1956) Rclationship of significance of wound to the pain experienced. Journal of the American Medical Association 161:1609. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beecher, H. K. (1959) Measurement of subjective Responses: Quantitative effects of drugs. Oxford University Press. [HM, RM]Google Scholar
Blanchard, E. B., Andrasik, F. A., Arena, J. G. & Teders, S. J. (n.d.) The effects of differing chronic pain experience on the psychophysical scaling of pain descriptors. Manuscript. State University of New York at Albany. [taHR]Google Scholar
Blunter, D., Zorick, F., Heilbronn, M. & Roth, T. (1982) Biological markers for depression in chronic pain. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 47:713–15. [JHA]Google Scholar
Bodnar, R. J., Kelly, D. D., Spiaggia, A., Ehrenberg, C. & Clusman, M. (1978) Dose dependent reductions by naloxone of analgesia induced In cold-water stress. Pharmacology. Biochemistry & Behavior 667–72. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowers, K. S. (1968) Pain, anxiety, and perceived control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32:569–602. [JJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16:681–84. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunswik, E. (1952) The conceptual framework of psyehology. In: International encyclopedia of unified science, vol. 1, no. 10. University of Chicago Press. [rHK]Google Scholar
Buxton Hopkin, D. A. (1980) Hazards and errors in anaesthesia. Springer Verlag. [KG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bykov, K. (1959) The cerebral cortex and the internal organs. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. [DJB]Google Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1971) Elicitation, reinforeement and stimulus control. In: The nature of reinforcement, ed. Glazer, R.. Academic Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1983) Behavior analysis and behavior synthesis in the extrapolation from animal to human behavior. In: Animal models of human behavior, ed. Davey, G. G. L.. Wiley. [AWL]Google Scholar
Catchlove, R. & Cohen, K. (1982) Effects of a directive return to work approach in the treatment of workman's compensation patients with chronic pain. Pain 14:181–91. [HM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, C. R. (1977) Sensory decision theory methods in pain research: A reply to Rollman. Pain 3:295–305. [HM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chesher, G. B. & Chan, B. (1977) Foot-shock induced analgesia: Its reversal by naloxone and cross tolerance with morphine. Life Sciences 21:1569–74. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. (1957) Perceiving: A philosophical study. Cornell University Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Clark, W. C. (1984) Applications of multidimensional scaling to problems in experimental and clinical pain: An introduction. In: New approaches to pain measurement in man. ed. Bromm, B.. Elsevier. [WCC]Google Scholar
Clark, W. C. & Yang, J. C. (1983) Applications of sensory decision theory to problems in laboratory and clinical pain. In: Pain measurement and assessment. ed. Melzaek, R.. Raven Press. [WCC]Google Scholar
Coid, J., Allolio, B. & Rees, H. (1983) Raised plasma metenkephalin in patients who habitually mutilate themselves. Lancet 2:545–46. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colpaert, F. C. (1979) Can chronic pain be suppressed despite purported tolerance to narcotic analgesia? Life Sciences 24:1201–10. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dallenbach, K. M. (1939) Pain: History and present status. American Journal of Psychology 52:331–47. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms. Bradford Books. [taHR]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–90. [GO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeVries, G. H., Chance, W. T., Payne, W. R. & Rosencrans, J. A. (1979) Effect of autoanalgesia on CNS enkephalin receptors. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 11:741–44. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driver, D. (1984) Good nutrition and pain control vital with burns. Medical Post. 04 17 p. 64. [JJ]Google Scholar
Elmore, A. M. (1979) A comparison of the psychophysical and clinical response to biofeedback for temporal pulse amplitude reduction and biofeedback for increases in hand temperature in the treatment of migraine. Thesis, psychology department. State University of New York at Stony Brook. [taHR]Google Scholar
Etzel, B. C. & Gcwirtz, J. L. (1967) Experimental modification of caretakermaintained high-rate operant crying in a 6-and a 20-week-old infant (infans tyrannotearus): Extinction of crying with reinforeeinent of eyecontact and smiling. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 5:303–17. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccini, E., Uzumaki, H., Govoni, S., Missale, C., Spano, P. F., Covelli, V. & Trabncchi, M. (1984) Afferent fibers mediate the increase of metenkephalin elicited in rat spinal cord by localized pain. Pain 18:25–32. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flor, H., Haag, G., Turk, D. C., & Koehler, H. (1983) Efficacy of EMG biofeedback, psychotherapy, and conventional medical treatment for chronic rheumatic back pain. Pain 17:21–31. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. A. (1981a) Representations: Philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science. MIT Press. [WCC]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1981b) The mind-body problem. Scientific American 244:114–23. [WCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. A., Garrett, M. F. & Bever, T. G. (1974) The psychology of language. McGraw-Hill. [taHR]Google Scholar
Fordyce, W. E. (1976) Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. C. V. Mosby. [WCC, HL. taHR, KCS, DCT]Google Scholar
Fordyce, W. E. (1978) Learning processes in pain. In: The psychology of pain, ed. Sternbach, R. A.. Haven Press. [UTP, taHR]Google Scholar
Fordyce, W. E. (1983a) The validity of pain behavior measurement. In: Pain measurement and assessment, ed. Melzack, R.. Raven Press. [KC, taHR]Google Scholar
Fordyce, W. E. (1983b) Behavior is behavior is.… Contemporary Psychology 9:730. [HM]Google Scholar
Fordyce, W. E., Fowler, R. S., Lehman, J. F. & DeLateur, B. J. (1968) Some implications of learning in problems of chronic pain. Journal of Chronic Diseases 21:179–90. [JHA, JJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geaeh, P. (1957) Mental acts. Humanities Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Gibbon, J., Berrynian, R. & Thompson, R. L. (1974) Contingency spaces and measures in classical and instrumental conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:585–605. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, G. (1982) Spartans and behaviorists. Behaviorism 10:137–49. [GA GG]Google Scholar
Graham, G. & Stephens, G. L. (1984) Are qualia a pain in the neck for functionalists? American Philosophical Quarterly. [GG]Google Scholar
Hanson, N. R. (1969) Perception and discovery. Freeman, Cooper & Co. [CPS]Google Scholar
Hefferline, R. F. & Keenan, B. (1963) Amplitude-induction gradient of a small-scale (covert) operant. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 6:307–15. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, J. L. (1982) Circulating opioids: Possible physiological roles in central nervous function. Neuroscicnce and But-behavioral Reviews 6:229–45. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermstein, R. J. (1970) On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13:243–66. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1969) Pain as a puzzle for psychology and physiology. American Psychologist 24:103–13. [WCC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. & Hilgard, J. R. (1975) Hypnosis in the relief of pain. William Kaufman. [taHR]Google Scholar
Hinson, J. M. & Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Hill-climbing by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 39:25–47. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holroyd, K. A., Andrasik, F. & Westbrook, T (1977) Cognitive control of tension headache. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:121–33. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, R. (1960) Awareness during surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 33:463–66. [KC, rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behavior. Appleton-Century. [taHR]Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1952) A behavior system. Yale University Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
International Association for the Study of Pain (1979) Pain terms: A list with definitions and notes on usage. (Recommended by the IASP Subcommittee on Taxonomy). Pain 6:249–52. [HM]Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1963) General psychopathology. 7th ed. Trans. Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W.. Manchester University Press. [HM]Google Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Houghton Mifflin. [JJ]Google Scholar
(1982) A two-tiered theory of emotions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:434–35. [JJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B. (1979) Signal detection theory and pain research. Pain 7:305–12. [HM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, B. (1980) Professor Rollman's response. Pain 9:382. [HM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, E. (1961) The life and work of Sigmund Freud. Basic Books. [PK]Google Scholar
Kantor, J. R. (1963) The scientific evolution of psychology, vol. 1. Principia Press. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, D. D. (1981) Somatic sensory system. 4. Central representations of pain and analgesia. In: Principles of neural science, ed. Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. H.. Elsevier. [taHR]Google Scholar
Kleinknecht, R. A. & Donaldson, D. (1975) A review of the effects of diazepam on psychomotor performance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 161:399–411. [JHA]Google ScholarPubMed
Koenig, P. (1973) The placebo effect in patent medicine. Psychology Today 1:60. [taHR]Google Scholar
Kremer, E. F., Block, A. & Atkinson, J. H. (1983) Assessment of pain behavior: Factors that distort self-report. In: Pain measurement and assessment, ed. Melzack, R.. Raven Press. [JHA]Google Scholar
Lacey, H. M. & Rachlin, H. (1978) Behavior, cognition and theories of choice. Behaviorism 6:177–202. [HL, taHR]Google Scholar
Langer, E. J., Janis, I. L., & Wolfer, J. A. (1975) Reduction of psychological stress in surgical patients. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1:155–65. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leavitt, F. & Garron, D. C. (1979) The detection of psychological disturbance in patients with low back pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2:149–54. [HM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenburg, C. B., Glass, H. P. & Davitz, L. J. (1970) Pain in relation to the stage of the patient's illness and occupation of the perceiver. Nursing Research 19:392–98. [MG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, J. D., Gordon, N. C. & Fields, H. L. (1979) The role of endorphins in placebo analgesia. In: Advances in pain research and therapy, vol. 3, ed. Bonica, J. J., Liebeskind, J. C. & Albe-Fessard, D.. Raven Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Lippman, G. & Meyer, M. E. (1967) Fixed interval performance as related to instructions and to subject's verbalisations of the reinforcement contingency. Psychonomic Science 8:135–36. [UTP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locurto, L. C., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J. (1981) Autoshaping and conditioning theory. Academic Press. [rHR]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (in press a) The growth of behaviorism. In: Points of view in the modern history of psychology, ed. Buxton, C.. Academic Press. [AWL]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (in press b) The origins of behaviorism. In: Points of view in the modern history of psychology, ed. Buxton, C.. Academic Press. [AWL]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W., Pena-Correal, T. E., Rodriguez, M. L. & Kabela, E. (1984) Sensitivity to reinforcement in humans: Variations in reinforcer amount and delay. Submitted. [AWL]Google Scholar
Lowe, C. F. (1979) Determinants of human operant behavior. In: Advances in the analysis of behavior, vol. 1: Reinforcement and the organization of behavior, ed. Zeiler, M. D. & Harzem, P.. Wiley. [UTP]Google Scholar
Lowe, C. F. (1983) Radical behaviorism and human psychology. In: Animal models of human behavior, ed. Davey, G. C. L.. Wiley. [AWL, UTP]Google Scholar
McCaul, K. D. & Malott, J. M. (1984) Distraction and coping with pain. Psychological Bulletin 95:316–33. [WCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCollam, J. B., Burish, T. G., Maisto, S. A. & Sobell, M. B. (1980) Alcohol's effects on physiological arousal and self-reported affect and sensations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89:224–33. [MG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlashen, T. H., Evans, F. J. & Orne, M. T. (1969) The nature of hypnotic-analgesia and placebo response to experimental pain. Psychosomatic Medicine 31:227–46. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, S. F., Seligman, M. E. P. & Solomon, R. L. (1969) Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. In: Punishment and aversive behavior, ed. Campbell, B. A. & Church, R. M.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [taHR]Google Scholar
Mann, R. E., Vogel-Sprott, M. & Genest, M. (1983) Alcohol and cognition. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 44:900–905. [MC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, J. W. (1975) Emotions as reflected in patterns of endocrine integration. In: Emotions, their parameters and measurement, ed. Levi, L.. [JHA]Google Scholar
Mason, J. W., Brady, J. V. & Tolliver, G. A. (1968) Plasma and urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid responses to 72-hour avoidance sessions in the monkey. Psychosomatic Medicine 30:608–30. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. E. & Logue, A. W. (1978) Choice in a “self-control” paradigm: Effects of a fading procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 30:11–17. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meites, J., Bruni, J. F., Van Vugt, D. A. & Smith, A. F. (1979) Relation of endogenous opioid peptides and morphine to neuroendocrine functions. Life Science 24:1325–36. [JHA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melzack, R. (1973a) How acupuncture can block pain. Impact of Science on Society 23:1–8. [taHR]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. (1973b) The puzzle of pain. Penguin. [taHR]Google Scholar
Melzack, R., ed. (1983) Pain measurement and assessment. Raven Press. [tarHR]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Casey, K. L. (1968) Sensory, motivational and central control determinants of pain: A new conceptual model. In: The skin senses, ed. Kenshalo, D.. Charles C. Thomas. [RM]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Wall, P. D. (1965) Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 150:971. [GP, taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melzack, R. (1970) Psychophysiology of pain. International Anesthesiology Clinics 8:3–34. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melzack, R. (1982) The challenge of pain. Penguin Education. [PDW]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. (1983) The challenge of pain. Basic Books. [JJ, RM]Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y., Fang, V. S., Tricon, B. J., Robertson, A. & Piyaka, S. J. (1982) Effect of dexamethasone on plasma prolactin and cortisol levels in psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 139:763–66. [JHA]Google ScholarPubMed
Merskey, H. (1964) An investigation of pain in psychological illness. D. M. thesis, Oxford. [HM]Google Scholar
Merskey, H. (1968) Psychological aspects of pain. Postgraduate Medical Journal 44:297–306. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merskey, H. (1983) Development of a universal language of pain syndromes. In: Advances in pain research and therapy, ed. Bonica, J. J., Lindblom, V. & Iggo, A.. Raven Press. [JHA]Google Scholar
Merskey, H. & Spear, F. G. (1967) Pain: Psychological and psychiatric aspects. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell. [HM]Google Scholar
Michael, J. (1982) Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 37:149–55. [UTP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millan, M. J., Przewlocki, R. & Herz, A. (1981) A non-β-endorphinergic adenohypophyseal mechanism is essential for an analgetic response to stress. Pain 8:343–53. [JHA]Google Scholar
Mischel, H. N., Fuhr, R. & McDonald, M. (1984) Children's dental pain: The effects of cognitive coping training in a clinical setting. Manuscript, Stanford University. [WCC]Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1981) Objective and subjective rules for delay of gratification. In: Cognition in human motivation and learning, ed. d'Ydewalle, G. & Lens, W.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [AWL]Google Scholar
Mitchell, K. R., & White, R. G. (1977) Behavioral self-management: An application to the problem of migraine headaches. Behavior Therapy 8:213–22. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morichi, R. & Pepeu, G. (1979) A study of the influence of hydroxyzine and diazepam on morphine antinociception in the rat. Pain 7:173–80. [GP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [MC, taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nouwen, A. & Solinger, J. W. (1979) The effectiveness of EMG biofeedback training in low back pain. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 4:103–11. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orne, M. T. (1962) On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist 17:776–83. [KGS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paalzow, G. & Paalzow, L. (1973) The effect of caffeine and theophylline on nociceptive stimulation in the rat. Acta Pharmaeologica et Toxicologica 32:22–32. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned reflexes. Trans. Anrep, G. V.. Oxford University Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Peele, D. B., Casey, J. & Silberberg, A. (1984) Primacy of interresponse time reinforcement in accounting for rate differences under variable-ratio and variable-interval schedules. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10:149–67. [CPS]Google Scholar
Pinsky, J. J., Griffin, S. E., Agnew, D. C., Kamdar, M. D., Crue, B. L. & Pinsky, L. H. (1979) Aspects of long-term evaluation of pain unit treatment program for patients with chronic intractable benign pain syndrome: Treatable outcome. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society 44:53–69. [HM]Google Scholar
Place, U. T. (1981) Skinner's Verbal behavior. 1. Why we need it. Behaviorism 9:1–24. [HL]Google Scholar
Platt, J. R. (1979) Interresponse time shaping by variable-interval-like interresponse-time reinforcement contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 31:3–14. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popper, K. R. (1959) The logic of scientific discovery. Basic Books. [KGS]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1980) Brains and behavior. In: Readings in philosophy of psychology, vol. 1, ed. Block, N.. Harvard University Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1971) On the tautology of the matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:249–52. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H. (1976) Behavior and learning. W. H. Freeman. [taHR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1977a) Reinforcing and punishing thoughts. Behavior Therapy 8:659–65. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1977b) Review of Cognition and Behavior Modification by Mahoney, M. J.. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis. [rHR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1978) A molar theory of reinforcement schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 30:345–60. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H. (1984) Mental yes. Private, no. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:566–67. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razran, G. (1961) The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex. Psychological Review 68:81–147. [DJB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review 74:71–80. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1984) Associations between Pavlovian CS's and context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10:195–204. [rHR]Google Scholar
Roback, A. A. (1923) Behaviorism and psychology. Cambridge University Bookstore. [AWL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollman, G. B. (1977) Signal detection theory measurement of pain: A review and critique. Pain 3:187–211. [HM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollman, G. B. (1979) Signal detection theory pain measures: Empirical validation studies and adaptation-level effects. Pain 6:9–21. [HM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rollman, G. B. (1980) On the utility of signal detection theory pain measures. Pain 9:375–79. [HM]Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1979) Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton University Press. [rHR, CPS]Google Scholar
Russell, W. R. & Spalding, J. M. K. (1950) Treatment of painful amputation stumps. British Medical Journal 2:68–73. [JJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybstein-Blinchik, E. (1979) Effects of different cognitive strategies on chronic pain experience. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2:93–101. [rHR, DCT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind. Hutchinson. [TRM, taHR, CPS]Google Scholar
Sanders, S. (1980) Assessment of uptime in chronic low back pain patients: Comparison between self-report and automation. Paper presented at Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York, N.Y. [JHA]Google Scholar
Savin, H. (1980) Introduction: Behaviorism. In: Readings in philosophy of psychology, ed. Block, N.. Harvard University Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. (1960) The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Schneider, B. A. (1969) A two-state analysis of fixed-interval responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:677–89. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, B. & Gamzu, E. (1977) Pavlovian control of operant behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [tarHR]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1980) Minds, brains and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:417–57. [GA, DJB, taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimp, C. P. (1975) Perspectives on the behavioral unit: Choice behavior in animals. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 2, ed. Estes, W. K.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [CPS]Google Scholar
Shimp, C. P. (1976) Organization in memory and behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 26:113–30. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimp, C. P. (1982) Reinforcement and the local organization of behavior. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior 2. Matching and maximizing accounts, ed. Commons, M. L., Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Ballinger. [rHR]Google Scholar
Siegel, S., Hinson, R. E. & Krank, M. D. (1981) Morphine-induced attenuation of morphine tolerance. Science 212:1533–34. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmel, M. (1962) Phantom experiences following amputation in childhood. Journal of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 25:69–72. [JJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1935) The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. Journal of General Psychology 12:40–65. [taRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1938) The behavior of organisms. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [GA, UTP, tarHR]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1945) The operational analysis of some psychological terms. Psychological Review 52:270–77. [DJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan. [PK, rHR]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1969) Contingencies of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [UTP]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1979) The shaping of a behaviorist. Knopf. [AWL]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1984) The operational analysis of psychological terms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:547–53. [rHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1973) On the notion of cause with application to behaviorism. Behaviorism 1:25–64. [taHR]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R., ed. (1980) Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior. Academic Press. [taHR]Google Scholar
Sternbach, R. C. (1983) Fundamentals of psychological methods in chronic pain. In: Advances in pain research and therapy, ed. Bonica, J. J. et al. Raven Press. [HM]Google Scholar
Szasz, T. S. (1957) Pain and pleasure: A study of bodily feelings. Tavistock Publications. [HM]Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, P. (1977) Levels of integration of the operant. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R. & Honig, W. K.. Prentice-Hall. [tarHR]Google Scholar
Teske, K., Daut, R. L. & Cleeland, C. S. (1983) Relationships between nurses' observations and patients' self-reports of pain. Pain 16:289–96. [MG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, S. N. (1978) The formal mechanics of mind. Cornell University Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. E. (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review 55:189–208. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turk, D. C., Meichenbaum, D. H. & Genest, M. (1983) Pain and behavioral medicine: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. Guilford Press. [MG, tarHR, DCT]Google Scholar
Turner, J. A. (1982) Comparison of group progressive relaxation training and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for chronic low back pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 50:757–65. [DCT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tursky, B., Jamner, L. & Friedman, R. (1982) The pain perception profile: A psychophysical approach to the assessment of pain report. Behavior Therapy 13:376–94. [GG, MG, taHR, KGS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tursky, B. & Sternbach, R. A. (1967) Further physiological correlates of ethnic differences in responses to shock. Psychophysiology 4:67–74. [taHR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wall, P. D. (1976) Modulation of pain by nonpainful events. In: Advances in pain research and therapy, vol. 1, ed. Bonica, J. J. & Albe-Fessard, D.. Raven Press. [GP]Google Scholar
Wall, P. D. (1979) On the relation of injury to pain. Pain 6:253–64. [PDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Wall, P. D. (1984) Introduction. In: Textbook of pain, ed. Wall, P. D. & Melzack, R.. Churchill Livingstone. [PDW]Google Scholar
Wall, P. D. & McMahon, S. B. (1984) Microneuronography and its relation to perceived sensation. Pain. In press. [PDW]Google Scholar
Wall, P. D. & Sweet, W. H. (1967) Temporary abolition of pain. Science 155:108–9. [JJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walters, A. (1963) The psychological aspects of bodily pain. Applied Therapeutics 5:853–56. [HM]Google ScholarPubMed
Watson, J. B. (1913) Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20:158–77. [AWL, taHR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1970) Behaviorism. W. W. Norton & Company (Orig. publ. 1924). [GA, tarHR]Google Scholar
Weiner, H. (1977) Psychobiology and human disease. Elsevier. [JHA]Google Scholar
Weisenberg, M. (1975) Editor's comment: Section 7, surgical intervention to pain. In: Pain: clinical and experimental perspectives, ed. Weisenberg, M.. C. V. Mosby. [taHR]Google Scholar
Weisenberg, M. (1977) Pain and pain control. Psychological Bulletin 84:1008–44. [GA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winokur, A., Amsterdam, J., Caroff, S., Snyder, P. J. & Brunswick, D. (1982) Variability of hormonal responses to a series of neuroendocrine challenges in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 139:39–42. [JHA]Google ScholarPubMed
Wittgenstein, L. (1922) Tractatus logico-philosophicus. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [CPS]Google Scholar
Weisenberg, M. (1958) Philosophical investigations. 3rd ed. Trans. Anscombe, G. E. M.. Macmillan. [taHR, CPS]Google Scholar
Wolitzer, H. (1983) In the Palomar Arms. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. [taHR]Google Scholar
Zuriff, G. E. (1979) Ten inner causes. Behaviorism 7:1–8. [GA, taHR]Google Scholar