Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T23:02:50.453Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Understanding and Shaping Trade Rules for the Digital Era

from Part I - New and Old Challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2019

By
Mira Burri
Edited by
Manfred Elsig ,
Michael Hahn  and
Gabriele Spilker
Manfred Elsig
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Michael Hahn
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Gabriele Spilker
Affiliation:
Universität Salzburg
Get access

Summary

The chapter provides an overview of the current and emerging trends in disruptive technologies and discusses the sweeping effects of digitization at different levels of the economy. The chapters focus then shifts to the effects of digitization on trade and explores the implications for trade policy. In order to understand what needs to be changed or at least calibrated in existing external trade policies, we need to know what we have in terms of existing regulatory frameworks – both at the international and at the regional and bilateral levels. It is the objective of the chapter’s third part to attend to this need as well as to show how selected countries have responded to the digital challenge and formulated distinct or less distinct responses in their respective external trade policies. Here, in particular, an understanding of the digital agenda of the United States, as well as of the new templates for electronic commerce, is essential and the chapter conveys this knowledge by focusing on the most advanced model so far - that of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The chapter goes on to contextualize and assess the impact of the existing legal frameworks, as shaped by preferential trade agreements.

Keywords

digital tradeelectronic commerceWTOpreferential trade agreementsBig Datadata flows
Type
Chapter
Information
The Shifting Landscape of Global Trade Governance
World Trade Forum
 , pp. 73 - 106
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaronson, S. 2015. “Why Trade Agreements Are Not Setting Information Free: The Lost History and Reinvigorated Debate over Cross-Border Data Flows, Human Rights and National Security,” World Trade Review 14(4):671–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, H. 2015. “Protection of Non-Trade Values in WTO Appellate Body Jurisprudence: Exceptions, Economic Arguments, and Eluding Questions,” Journal of International Economic Law 18: 383–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benkler, Y. 2000. “From Consumers to Users,” Federal Communications Law Journal 52: 561–79.Google Scholar
Benkler, Y. 2011. “Growth-oriented Law for the Networked Information Economy: Emphasizing Freedom to Operate Over Power to Appropriate,” In: Kauffman Taskforce on Law, Innovation and Growth (Ed.), Rules for Growth: Promoting Innovation and Growth through Legal Reform. Kansas City, MO: Kauffman Foundation, pp. 313–42.Google Scholar
Bennett, C. J. and Bayley, R. M.. 2016. “Privacy Protection in the Era of ‘Big Data’: Regulatory Challenges and Social Assessments,” In: van der Sloot, B., Broeders, D., and Schrijvers, E. (Eds.), Exploring the Boundaries of Big Data. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, pp. 205–27.Google Scholar
Bughin, J. et al. 2016. Digital Europe: Pushing the Frontier, Capturing the Benefits. Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 1997. EC Electronic Communications and Competition Law. London: Cameron May.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 2009. “Trade versus Culture in the Digital Environment: An Old Conflict in Need of a New Definition,” Journal of International Economic Law 12: 17–62.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 2015a. “The International Economic Law Framework for Digital Trade,” Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches Recht 135: 10–72.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 2015b. “The EU, the WTO and Cultural Diversity,” In: Psychogiopoulou, E. (Ed.), Cultural Governance and the European Union: Protecting and Promoting Cultural Diversity in Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 195–204.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 2015c. Public Service Broadcasting 3.0: Legal Design for the Digital Present. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 2017a. “The Regulation of Data Flows in Trade Agreements,” Georgetown Journal of International Law 48:408–48.Google Scholar
Burri, M. 2017b. “The Governance of Data and Data Flows in Trade Agreements: The Pitfalls of Legal Adaptation,” UC Davies Law Review 51:65–132.Google Scholar
Burri, M. and Cottier, T. (Eds.) 2012. Trade Governance in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burri, M. and Schär, R. 2016. “The Reform of the EU Data Protection Framework: Outlining Key Changes and Assessing Their Fitness for a Data-Driven Economy,” Journal of Information Policy 6:479–511.Google Scholar
Chander, A. 2012. “Facebookistan,” North Carolina Law Review 90:1807–42.Google Scholar
Chander, A. 2014. “How Law Made Silicon Valley,” Emory Law Journal 63:639–94.Google Scholar
Chander, A. 2016. “National Data Governance in a Global Economy,” UC Davis Legal Studies Research Paper 495.Google Scholar
Chander, A. and Lê, U.P.. 2013, “Free Speech,” UC Davis Legal Studies Research Paper Series Research Paper 351:1–51.Google Scholar
Chander, A. and Lê, U.P.. 2015. “Data Nationalism,” Emory Law Journal 64: 677–739.Google Scholar
Castro, D. and McQuinn, A.. 2015. Cross-border Data Flows Enable Growth in All Industries. Washington, DC: Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H. and Van Alstyne, M.. 2015. “Permissionless Innovation,” Communications of the ACM 58: 24–6.Google Scholar
Cho, S. and Kelly, C. R.. 2013. “Are World Trading Rules Passé?,” Virginia Journal of International Law 53: 623–66.Google Scholar
Cimino, C., Hufbauer, G. C. and Schott, J. J.. 2014. “A Proposed Code to Discipline Local Content Requirements,” Peterson Institute of International Economics Policy Brief 4.Google Scholar
Copenhagen Economics. 2010. Expanding the Information Technology Agreement (ITA): Economic and Trade Impacts, Final Report for the European Commission.Google Scholar
Dittmar, J. E. 2011. “Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126: 1133–72.Google Scholar
Drake, W. J. 2016. “Background Paper for the Workshop on Data Localization and Barriers to Transborder Data Flows,” September 14–15, 2016, World Economic Forum, Geneva.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2017. “The World’s Most Valuable Resource Is No Longer Oil, but Data,” print edition, May 6, 2017.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2015. A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe, COM (2015) 192 final, May 6, 2015.Google Scholar
European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA). 2014. Privacy and Data Protection by Design – from Policy to Engineering. Brussels: ENISA.Google Scholar
Ezrachi, A. and Stucke, M. E.. 2016. Virtual Competition: The Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-driven Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fefer, R. et al. 2017. Digital Trade and US Trade Policy. Congressional Research Service, CRS Report R44565.Google Scholar
Flew, T. 2014. New Media: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Floridi, L. 2014. The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gao, H. 2012. “Googling for the Trade−Human Rights Nexus in China: Can the WTO Help?” In: Burri, M. and Cottier, T. (Eds.), Trade Governance in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–75.Google Scholar
Gasser, U. 2015. “Perspectives on the Future of Digital Privacy,” Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches Recht 135:335–448.Google Scholar
Gasser, U. 2016. “Recoding Privacy Law: Reflections on the Future Relationship Among Law, Technology, and Privacy,” Harvard Law Review 130: 61–70.Google Scholar
Gasser, U. and Palfrey, J.. 2012, “Fostering Innovation and Trade in the Global Information Society: The Different Facets and Roles of Interoperability,” In: Burri, M. and Cottier, T. (Eds.), Trade Governance in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123–53.Google Scholar
Grimmelmann, J. 2016. Internet Law. Oregon City, OR: Semaphore Press.Google Scholar
Henke, N. et al. 2016. The Age of Analytics: Competing in a Data-Driven World. Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
Hestermeyer, H. P. and Nielsen, L.. 2014. “The Legality of Local Content Measures under WTO Law,” Journal of World Trade 48: 553–92.Google Scholar
Human Rights Council. 2011. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, A/HRC/17/27, May 16, 2011.Google Scholar
Jovanovic, B. and Rousseau, P. L.. 2005. “General Purpose Technologies,” In: Aghion, P. and Durlauf, S. N. (Eds.), Handbook of Economic Growth. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 1182–1224.Google Scholar
Kauffman Taskforce on Law, Innovation and Growth. 2011. Rules for Growth: Promoting Innovation and Growth through Legal Reform. Kansas City, MO: Kauffman Foundation.Google Scholar
Kommerskollegium. 2012. Everybody Is in Services: The Impact of Servicifcation in Manufacturing on Trade and Trade Policy. Stockholm: National Board of Trade.Google Scholar
Kommerskollegium. 2015. No Transfer, No Production: Report on Cross-border Data Transfers, Global Value Chains, and the Production of Goods. Stockholm: Swedish Board of Trade.Google Scholar
Kommerskollegium. 2016. Trade Regulation in a 3D Printed World. Stockholm: Swedish National Board of Trade.Google Scholar
Kuner, C. 2011. “Regulation of Transborder Data Flows under Data Protection and Privacy Law: Past, Present and Future,” OECD Digital Economy Paper 187.Google Scholar
Lanz, R. and Maurer, A.. 2015. “Services and Global Value Chains – Some Evidence on Servicification of Manufacturing and Services Networks,” WTO Working Paper ERSD 3.Google Scholar
Manyika, J. et al. 2011. Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition, and Productivity. Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
Manyika, J. 2013. Disruptive Technologies: Advances That Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy. Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
Manyika, J. 2016. Digital Globalization: The New Era of Global Flows. Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute.Google Scholar
Mayer-Schönberger, V. and Cukier, K.. 2013. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. New York: Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Meltzer, J. P. 2016. “Maximizing the Opportunities of the Internet for International Trade,” E15 Expert Group on the Digital Economy – Policy Options Paper. Geneva: ICTSD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2015. Emerging Policy Issues: Localisation Barriers to Trade, TAD/TC/WP(2014)17/FINAL, May 12, 2015.Google Scholar
OECD, WTO and World Bank Group. 2014. Global Value Chains: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implications for Policy. Report prepared for submission to the G20 Trade Ministers Meeting Sydney, July 19, 2014.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3rd ed. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. 2017. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Portfolio.Google Scholar
Schwartz, P. M. 2013. “The EU-US Privacy Collision: A Turn to Institutions and Procedures,” Harvard Law Review 126: 1966–2009.Google Scholar
Schwartz, P. M. and Solove, D. J.. 2014. “Reconciling Personal Information in the United States and European Union,” California Law Review 102: 877–916.Google Scholar
Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R.. 1999. Information Rules. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Solove, D. J. 2006. “A Taxonomy of Privacy,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 154: 477–560.Google Scholar
Tuthill, L. and Roy, M.. 2012. “GATS Classification Issues for Information and Communication Technology Services,” In: Burri, M. and Cottier, T. (Eds.), Trade Governance in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 157–78.Google Scholar
Torrey, Z. 2018, “TPP 2.0: The Deal without the US: What’s New about the CPTPP and What Do the Changes Mean?” The Diplomat, February 3, 2018, available at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/tpp-2-0-the-deal-without-the-us/.Google Scholar
United States International Trade Commission (USITC). 2013. Digital Trade in the US and Global Economies, Part 1, Investigation No 332–531. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
United States International Trade Commission (USITC). 2014. Digital Trade in the US and Global Economies, Part 2, Investigation No 332–540. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
US President’s Advisory Council on Science and Technology. 2014. Big Data and Privacy: A Technological Perspective, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
van Oranje-Nassau, C. et al. 2008. Responding to Convergence, Prepared for the Dutch Independent Telecommunications and Post Regulator. Oxford: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Weber, R. H. and Burri, M.. 2012. Classification of Services in the Digital Economy. Bern: Stämpfli.Google Scholar
Werbach, K. 2002. “A Layered Model for Internet Policy,” Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law 1: 37–67.Google Scholar
Whitt, R. S. 2013. “A Deference to Protocol: Fashioning a Three-dimensional Public Policy Framework for the Internet Age,” Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal 31: 689–768.Google Scholar
Whitt, R. S. and Schultze, S.. 2009. “The New ‘Emergence Economics’ of Innovation and Growth, and What It Means for Communications Policy,” Journal of Telecommunication and High Technology Law 7:217–315.Google Scholar
WTO. 1996. Ministerial Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, WT/MIN(96)/16.Google Scholar
WTO. 1997. European Communities and Their Member States, Schedule of Specific Commitments, Trade in Services, Supplement 3, GATS/SC/31/Suppl. 3.Google Scholar
WTO. 2003. Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, Submission by the European Communities WT/GC/W/497.Google Scholar
WTO. 2006. Communication from the European Communities and Its Member States, Draft consolidated GATS Schedule, S/C/W/273.Google Scholar
WTO. 2010. Council for Trade in Services, Audiovisual Services, Background Note by the Secretariat, S/C/W/310.Google Scholar
WTO. 2011. Communication from the European Union and the United States: Contribution to the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, S/C/W/338.Google Scholar
WTO. 2012. 15 Years of the Information Technology Agreement: Trade, Innovation and Global Production Networks. Geneva: WTO.Google Scholar
Wu, T. 1999. “Application-Centered Internet Analysis,” Virginia Law Review 85: 1163–204.Google Scholar
Wunsch-Vincent, S. 2003. “The Digital Trade Agenda of the US: Parallel Tracks of Bilateral, Regional and Multilateral Liberalization,” Aussenwirtschaft 1: 7–46.Google Scholar
Wunsch-Vincent, S. and Hold, A.. 2012. “Towards Coherent Rules for Digital Trade: Building on Efforts in Multilateral versus Preferential Trade Negotiations,” In: Burri, M. and Cottier, T. (Eds.), Trade Governance in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 179–221.Google Scholar
Yu, P. K. 2014. “Trade Agreement Cats and Digital Technology Mouse,” In: Mercurio, B. and Kuei-Jung, N. (Eds.), Science and Technology in International Economic Law: Balancing Competing Interests. Abington: Routledge, pp. 185–211.Google Scholar
Zittrain, J. L. 2008. The Future of the Internet – and How to Stop It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Zittrain, J. L. et al. 2017. “The Shifting Landscape of Global Internet Censorship,” Berkman Klein Center Research Publication No. 2017-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×