Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T06:02:12.856Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2022

Line Khatib
Line Khatib
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Quest for Democracy
Liberalism in the Modern Arab World
 , pp. 203 - 223
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdalla, Ahmed. The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt 1923–1973 (Cairo and New York: The American University of Cairo Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Abdalla, Nadine. “Youth Movements in the Egyptian Transformation: Strategies and Repertoires of Political Participation,” Mediterranean Politics, 21, no. 1 (2016): 44–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1081445Google Scholar
Abdel Fattah, Esraa. “Loaded Victory: Egypt’s Revolution and Where It Stands Post-30 June,” in Meinardus, Ronald (ed.), Liberalism in the Arab World – Just a Good Idea? (Cairo: Al-Mahrosa for Publishing, 2014): 115–128.Google Scholar
Abdel Kouddous, Sharif. “A Lifetime of Resistance in Syria,” The Nation (September 1, 2011), www.thenation.com/article/archive/lifetime-resistance-syria/Google Scholar
Abdel Meguid, Ahmed, and Faruqi, Daanisch. “The Truncated Debate: Egyptian Liberals, Islamists, and Ideological Statism,” in Fahmy, Dalia F. and Faruqi, Daanish (eds.), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017): 253–290.Google Scholar
Abdelrahman, Maha. Civil Society Exposed: The Politics of NGOs in Egypt (Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Abdulhamid, Ammar. “Syria: Mobilizing the Opposition,” in Azarva, Jeffrey, Pletka, Danielle and Rubin, Michael (eds.), Dissent and Reform in the Arab World: Empowering Democrats (American Enterprise Institute, 2008): 83–92, www.jstor.com/stable/resrep03025.14Google Scholar
Abou El Fadl, Khaled. “Egypt’s Secularized Intelligentsia and the Guardians of Truth,” in Fahmy, Dalia F. and Faruqi, Daanish (eds.), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017): 235–252.Google Scholar
Abou El Fadl, Khaled. “The Ugly Modern and the Modern Ugly: Reclaiming the Beautiful in Islam,” in Safi, Omid (ed.), Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender and Pluralism (Oxford: Oneworld, 2003): 33–77.Google Scholar
Aboulenein, Ahmed. “Morsy Assumes Power: Sacks Tantawi and Anan, Reverses Constitutional Decree and Reshuffles SCAF,” Daily News Egypt (August 12, 2012), https://dailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/12/morsy-assumes-power-sacks-tantawi-and-anan-reverses-constitutional-decree-and-reshufles-scaf/Google Scholar
Abu Rabi’, Ibrahim. Contemporary Arab Thought: Studies in Post 1967 Arab Intellectual History (London: Pluto Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Abu Samra, Muhammad. “Liberal Critics, ʿUlamaʾ and the Debate on Islam in the Contemporary Arab World,” in Hatina, Meir (ed.), Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ‘Ulama’ in the Middle East (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009): 265–289.Google Scholar
Abu-‘Uksa, Wael. Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Abu Zayd, Nasr. Critique of Religious Discourse, 3rd ed. (Casablanca: Arab Cultural Center, 2007).Google Scholar
Abu Zayd, Nasr. Mafhum al-Nas: Dirasa fi ‘ulum al-Quran [The Concept of the Text: A Study of the Quranic Sciences] (Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-’Amma li-l-Kitab, 1990).Google Scholar
Adam, Luay. Watan fi Watan: Muhammad al-Maghut [A Nation within a Nation: Muhammad al-Maghut] (Damascus: Dar al-Mada, 2001).Google Scholar
Adwan, Mamdouh. “Mamdouh Adwan athna‘ mu’tamar itihad al-kutab al-‘arab 1979.” YouTube, uploaded by SyrianGirl47 (July 1, 2011), www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zb1dbHuSgv8Google Scholar
Agencies in Damascus. “Haitham Maleh Jailed for Three Years by Syrian Court,” The Guardian (July 4, 2010).Google Scholar
Ahmari, Sohrab. “The Failure of Arab Liberals,” Commentary Magazine (May 1, 2012), www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-failure-of-arab-liberals/Google Scholar
Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Ajami, Fouad. The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Ajami, Fouad. “The Arab Road,” Foreign Policy, no. 47 (Summer 1982a): 3–25.Google Scholar
Alaimo, Kara. “How the Facebook Arabic Page ‘We Are All Khaled Said’ Helped Promote the Egyptian Revolution,” Social Media + Society (July–December 2015).Google Scholar
Alarian, Riad. “Imagining a Free Syria,” UNA-UK Magazine (March 20, 2017), https://una.org.uk/imagining-free-syriaGoogle Scholar
Al-Akhdar, Al-‘Afif. Al-Mithaq al-‘Aqlani (PUBLISHER, 2007), https://elaph.com/ElaphWeb/ElaphWriter/2007/11/281513.htmlGoogle Scholar
Al-Anani, Khalil. “Egypt’s Democratization: Reality or Mirage?” Open Democracy (May 9, 2005), www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_2491jsp/Google Scholar
Al-Aqqad, ‘Abbas Mahmud. Al-Hukum al-Mutlaq fi al-Qarn al-‘Ishreen [Absolutist Governance in the 20th Century] (Cairo: 1929).Google Scholar
Al-Aqqad, ‘Abbas Mahmud. Hitler fi al-Mizan [Hitler in the Balance] (Cairo, 1940).Google Scholar
Al-Ashmawi, Muhammad Said. Usul al-shari’a, 4th ed. (Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli al-Saghir, 1996).Google Scholar
Arabic News. “Al-Atasi Forum and the Culture of Fear,” Arabic News (March 13, 2001), www.arabicnews.com/ansub/daily/day/010313/2001031316.htmlGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, Holger. Raging Against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Al-Barnamij Al-Siyasi. National Democratic Gathering (December 20, 2001), mafhoum.com/press2/77taj.htmGoogle Scholar
Al-Ghudwy, Abdallah. “George Sabra ‘li-Zaman al-Wasl’: Sira‘at Muqbila fi al-Mu‘arada,” Zaman Al-Wsl (August 8, 2017), www.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/80760Google Scholar
Al-Hafiz, Yasin. Al-Aʻmal al-kamilah li-Yasin al-Ḥafiẓ ( al-Ṭabʻah 1. ed.). (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Waḥda al-ʻArabiya, 2005).Google Scholar
Al-Hafiz, Yasin. Al-La ʻaqlaniya fī al-siyasa: Naqd al-siyasat al-ʻArabiyah fī al-marḥalah ma baʻda al-Naṣiriya (al-Ṭabʻah 1. ed., Mufakkir al-ʻArabi). (Beirut: Dar al-Ṭaliʻa lil-Ṭibaʻah wa-al-Nashr, 1975).Google Scholar
“Al-Haqiqa al-Gha‘iba: al-kitab allazi qatala Faraj Fouda.” Kharej al-Nas. Al-Jazeera TV (September 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Ali, Kecia. Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on the Quran, Hadith and Jurisprudence (Chino Valley, AZ: Oneworld, 2006).Google Scholar
Ali, Souad. A Religion, Not a State: Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq’s Islamic Justification of Political Secularism (Utah: University of Utah Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Al-Kawakibi, ‘Abd al-Rahman. Ṭabaʾiʿ al-Istibdad wa-Masariʿ al-Istiʿbad [The Nature of Despotism], second edition with introduction by Muhammad Imarah (Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Shorouk, 2009).Google Scholar
Al-Khayyir, Abd al-Aziz. “A Conversation with ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-Khayyir.” YouTube, uploaded by DayPressNews (July 20, 2013), www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIOe6nwupsQGoogle Scholar
“Al-liberaliyun al-arab wa al-dimucratiya.” Fi al-‘umq. AlJazeera, (May 12, 2014), www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_K_w7meM9EGoogle Scholar
Al-Maghut, Muhammad. Al-a‘mal al-shi‘riya (Damascus: Dar al-Mada, 2006).Google Scholar
Al-Maghut, Muhammad. Day‘at Tishrin. (Damascus, 1974).Google Scholar
Al-Maghut, Muhammad. Kasak ya Watan. (Damascus, 1978).Google Scholar
Al-Muwatana, Sada. “Sada al-muwatana: watha’iqi ‘an al-munadel ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-Khayyir.” YouTube, uploaded by Sada Almuwatana Prog (November 2, 2012), www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDcHOeSPWSkGoogle Scholar
Al-Nabulsi, Shakir. Man hum al-libiraliyun al-arab al-judud wa ma huwa khitabuhum (2004).Google Scholar
Al-Qassemi, Sooud S. “Qatar’s Brotherhood Ties Alienate Fellow Gulf States,” Al Monitor (January 23, 2013), www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/qatar-muslim-brotherhood.html#ixzz3a7KolL8aGoogle Scholar
Al-Raziq, Ali Abd. Al-Islam was usul al-hukum: bahth fi al-khilafa wa al-hukuma fi al-Islam [Islam and the Foundations of Governance: A Study of the Caliphate and Government in Islam], with commentary by Mamduh Haqi (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, 1925).Google Scholar
Al-Ruwaini, ‘Abla. Haka al-ta’er saadallah wanus (Cairo: dar meret, 2005).Google Scholar
Al-Saleh, Asaad. “Approaching Sa’dallah Wannus’s Drama: The Manifestos of a New Arab Theater,” Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, no. 39 (Annual 2019): 190–205.Google Scholar
Al-Sawwah, Wael. “Hassan ‘Abbas wa Rabi‘ Dimashq: al-quwwa al-na‘ima,” in Sara, Fayez (ed.), Hassan ‘Abbas bi-‘uyun mu‘asira (Partners: November 2020): 22–34.Google Scholar
Al-Shorbaji, Mahmoud. “Hikim niha’i bi-rafd tajdid jawaz safar Ayman Nour,” Masrawi (June 6, 2020), www.masrawy.com/news/news_cases/details/2020/6/6/1803171Google Scholar
Al-Shubashi, Sharif (interview). “Al-hijab: hal al-mar’a ‘ora kay nughatiha?” fi falak al-mamnu’. France 24 (November 25, 2016).Google Scholar
Al-Turk, Riad. “The Old Man of the Syrian Opposition,” Fanack.com (October 23, 2018), https://fanack.com/syria/faces/riad-al-turk/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIvLT98-GX5wIVELbICh10TgIlEAAYASAAEgJ89_D_BwEGoogle Scholar
Al-Wardani, Mahmud. “Al-Islam wa usul al-hukum li al-shaykh Ali Abd al-Raziq: al-kitab allazi wallada alaf al-kutub,” Al-Khaleej newspaper (UAE), File 32, No 7534 (January 4, 2000).Google Scholar
Amnesty International, Smothering Freedom of Expression: The Detention of Peaceful Critics (June 6, 2002), www.refworld.org/docid/3cff2aa74.htmlGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International, Syrian Refugee Crisis by Cartoonist Ali Ferzat (May 18, 2020), www.amnesty.org.uk/syrian-refugee-crisis-cartoonist-ali-ferzatGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Leslie. “The Authoritarian Executive? Horizontal and Vertical Accountability in Nicaragua,” Latin American Politics & Society, 48, no. 3 (Summer 2006): 141–169.Google Scholar
“Anwar Sadat Issues ‘Law of Shame,’ Veto Gate (Egypt), 22 January 2014.” Translated by Kevin Moore, The Edinburgh Arabic Initiative (February 9, 2014), edinburgharabicinitiative.wordpress.com/2014/02/09/anwar-sadat-issues-law-of-shame/Google Scholar
“April 6 Youth Movement,” Carnegie Endowment (September 22, 2010), https://carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/22/april-6-youth-movement-pub-54918Google Scholar
Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (ACRPS). The Arab Opinion Index, www.dohainstitute.org/en/ProgramsAndProjects/Pages/programDetailedpage.aspx?PageId=4Google Scholar
“Arab Reform Issues: Vision and Implementation.” The Alexandria Statement (Bibliotheca Alexandrina: March 2004), https://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/docs/reform/alex2004.htmGoogle Scholar
Aras, Bulent, and Idil Oztig, Lacin. “Has the Arab Spring Spread to the Caucasus and Central Asia? Explaining Regional Diffusion and Authoritarian Resistance,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 23, no. 3 (February 16, 2021): 516–532, https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1888249Google Scholar
Arslanian, Ferdinand. “The Left in the Syrian Uprising,” in Hinnebusch, and Imady, (eds.), The Syrian Uprising: Domestic Origins and Early Trajectories (London and New York: Routledge, 2018).Google Scholar
“As’ilat al-thawra al-Suriya al-mulihha fi zikraha al-‘ashira…ru’iya siasiya wa shahadat haiyya,” Markaz Harmoon lil-dirasat al-mu‘asira (Harmoon Center for Contemporary Studies, March 16, 2021), www.harmoon.org/reports/ذكرا-في-الملحّة-السوريّة-الثورة-أسئلةGoogle Scholar
Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political regimes, Translated from French by Christopher Sutcliffe, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Azimi, Negar. “Egypt’s Youth Have had Enough,” OpenDemocracy.net (August 31, 2005), www.opendemocracy.net/en/enough_2794jsp/Google Scholar
Korany, Bahgat. “Restricted Democratization from Above: Egypt,” in Korany, Bahgat, Brynen, Rex and Noble, Paul (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World: Comparative Perspectives (vol. 2) (Boulder Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1998): 39–69.Google Scholar
Bar’el, Zvi. “60,000 Political Prisoners and 1,250 Missing: Welcome to the New Egypt,” Haaretz (September 11, 2016), www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-60-000-political-prisoners-and-1-250-missing-welcome-to-the-new-egypt-1.5440308Google Scholar
Baron, Beth. Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics (Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Barr, Cameron W. “Syrians Test New Signs of Freedom,” The Christian Science Monitor (February 13, 2001), www.csmonitor.com/2001/0213/p1s4.htmlGoogle Scholar
Barut, Jamal. Ḥarakat al-tanwir al-ʿarabiyya fi al-qarn al-tasiʿ ʿashar: halaqat halab dirasa wa-mukhtarat [The Arab Enlightenment Movement in the Nineteenth Century: A Study and Extracts from the Aleppo Circle] (Damascus, Syria: the Syrian Ministry of Culture Publications, 1994).Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of its Lesser Rural Notables, and their Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. “Some Observations on the Social Roots of Syria’s Ruling Military Group and the Causes of its Dominance,” Middle East Journal 35, no. 3 (1981): 331–344.Google Scholar
“Bayan hawla al-intikhabat al-suriya” (November 2020), www.ipetitions.com/petition/TheSyrianelectionsGoogle Scholar
Beinin, Joel and Lockman, Zachary. Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, Communism, Islam and the Egyptian Working Class (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring,” Comparative Politics, 44, no. 2 (2012): 127–149.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring,” Comparative Politics, 44, no. 2 (January 2012): 127–149Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective,” Comparative Politics, 36, no. 2 (2004): 139–157.Google Scholar
Benchemsi, Ahmed. “Arab Liberalism Is Alive and Well, Thank You,” Free Arabs (February 22, 2015), https://web.archive.org/web/20150812095527/www.freearabs.com/index.php/ideas/102-stories/2166-jb-span-arab-liberalism-jb-span-is-alive-and-wellGoogle Scholar
Benchemsi, Ahmed. “Invisible Atheists: The Spread of Disbelief in the Arab World,” New Republic (April 24, 2015), https://newrepublic.com/article/121559/rise-arab-atheistsGoogle Scholar
Berman, Paul. Terror and Liberalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).Google Scholar
Binder, Leonard. Islamic liberalism: A critique of development ideologies. (University of Chicago Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Bitar, Karim Emile. “Arab Liberals Must Realize that the Enemies of Their Enemies Aren’t Necessarily Their Friends,” Your Middle East (March 12, 2014), https://yourmiddleeast.com/2014/03/12/arab-liberals-must-realize-that-the-enemies-of-their-enemies-arenaet-necessarily-their-friends/Google Scholar
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Ismaʿil Pasha.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Pasha, Accessed June 8, 2021.Google Scholar
Browers, Michaelle. Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan, and Stilt, Kristen. “A Haphazard Constitutional Compromise,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (April 11, 2011), https://carnegieendowment.org/2011/04/11/haphazard-constitutional-compromise-pub-43533Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan. The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf (Cambridge University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. “The Decline of Pluralism in Mubarak’s Egypt,” Journal of Democracy, 13, no. 4 (2012): 6–14.Google Scholar
Brözel, T. A. “The Noble West and the Dirty Rest? Western Democracy Promoters and Illiberal Regional Powers,” Democratization, 22, no. 3 (2015): 519–535.Google Scholar
Brumberg, Daniel. “Islamists and the Politics of Consensus,” Journal of Democracy, 13, no. 4 (2002): 109–115.Google Scholar
Brumberg, Daniel. “The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy,” Journal of Democracy, 13, no. 4 (2002): 56–68.Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. “The End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy, 13, no. 1 (2002): 5–21.Google Scholar
Caten, George. “Harakat Kifaya al-misriya tatajawaz al-ahzab al-aydiyologiya,” al-Hiwar al-Mutamaden, No. 1238 (June 24, 2005).Google Scholar
Cavatorta, Francesco and Aarts, Paul. Civil Society in Syria and Iran: Activism in Authoritarian Contexts (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012).Google Scholar
Cavatorta, Francesco and Durac, Vincent. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism (New York: Routledge, 2011).Google Scholar
Cavatorta, Francesco. “The EU and the Arab world: Living up to the EU’s normative expectations,” The Arab Spring of discontent: A collection from e-International relations (2011): 14–17.Google Scholar
Center for Human Rights Legal Aid, Freedom of Academic Research (Cairo: September 1996), www.wluml.org/node/262Google Scholar
Centre Arabe de Recherches et d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (CAREP). www.carep-paris.org/Google Scholar
Chalcraft, John. Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Cody, Edward. “Sadat Presses Bill to Punish Dissent,” The Washington Post (February 21, 1980).Google Scholar
“Court to consider withdrawing Ayman Nour’s Citizenship,” The Cairo Post (January 23, 2014), https://archive.vn/20140131075204/http://thecairopost.com/news/78414/politics/court-to-consider-withdrawing-ayman-nours-citizenship#selection-465.7-469.203Google Scholar
Daher, Joseph. “Pluralism Lost in Syria’s Uprising: How the Opposition Strayed from its Inclusive Roots,” The Century Foundation (May 7, 2019), https://tcf.org/content/report/pluralism-lost-syrias-uprising/?agreed=1Google Scholar
Dannreuther, Roland. “Russia and the Arab Spring: Supporting the Counter-Revolution,” Journal of European Integration, 37, no. 1 (2015): 77–94.Google Scholar
Davidson, Phil. “Mai Skaf: Syrian Actor and Democracy Activist Exiled by the Asad Regime,” Independent (July 30, 2018), www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mai-skaf-may-skaf-syria-actor-assad-activist-exile-syrian-refugee-a8469876.htmlGoogle Scholar
Dawn, C. Ernest. From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973).Google Scholar
Debeuf, Koert. “From Arab Spring to Arab Revolution: Three Years of ALDE Representation in the Arab World,” in Meinardus, Ronald (ed.), Liberalism in the Arab World – Just a good idea? (Cairo: Al-Mahrosa for Publishing, 2014): 157–167.Google Scholar
Deeb, Marius. “Labour and Politics in Egypt, 1919–1939,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10, no. 2 (May 1979): 187–203.Google Scholar
“Detainee Goes on Hunger Strike after Two Years’ Imprisonment for Writing Unpublished Theological Research Paper.” Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (July 4, 2005), https://eipr.org/en/press/2005/07/detainee-goes-hunger-strike-after-two-years%E2%80%99-imprisonment-writing-unpublished. Press Release.Google Scholar
Dickinson, Elizabeth. “What happened to Arab Liberalism? Four years after the Arab Spring, activists are trying to revive an enfeebled movement,” Politico Magazine (December 17, 2014), www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/arab-spring-anniversary-113637Google Scholar
Duib, ‘Ammar. “George Sabra…Khitab Did al-Tarikh,” Alaraby Aljadid (July 28, 2017), www.alaraby.co.uk/التاريخ-ضد-خطاب-صبرا-جورجGoogle Scholar
Draege, Jonas Bergan. “The Formation of Syrian Opposition Coalitions as Two-Level Games,” Middle East Journal, 70, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 189–210.Google Scholar
Dunne, Michele, and Hamzawi, Amr. “Egypt’s Secular Political Parties: A Struggle For Identity And Independence,” Carnegie Endowment (March 31, 2017), https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/03/31/egypt-s-secular-political-parties-struggle-for-identity-and-independence-pub-68482Google Scholar
Dunne, Michele. “Interview with Wael Nawara, Secretary General of the Ghad,” Carnegie Endowment (November 3, 2010), http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/41861Google Scholar
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. Freedom of belief and the Arrests of Shi’a Muslims in Egypt (August 2004), available on EIPR.org, https://eipr.org/en/publications/freedom-belief-and-arrests-shia-muslims-egyptGoogle Scholar
“Egypt Detains Human Rights Lawyer Representing anti-Sisi Protesters,” Middle East Eye (September 22, 2019), www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-detains-award-winning-human-rights-lawyer-representing-protestersGoogle Scholar
“Egypt Elections: Democratic Front Party,” Carnegie Endowment (September 20, 2011), http://egyptelections-carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/20/al-ghabha-al-dimuqrati-the-democratic-front-partyGoogle Scholar
“Egypt’s Morsi rescinds controversial decree,” AlJazeera (December 9, 2012), www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/12/9/egypts-morsi-rescinds-controversial-decreeGoogle Scholar
“Egypt’s National Salvation Front,” BBC News (December 10, 2012), www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20667661Google Scholar
“Egypt: Opponents of Sisi Launch Anti-Regime Group,” Middle East Monitor (December 31, 2019), www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191231-egypt-opponents-of-sisi-launch-anti-regime-group/Google Scholar
“Egypt’s Parliament Speaker Favourably Compares Sisi to Hitler,” Middle East Eye (October 2, 2019), www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-top-lawmaker-praises-hitler-parliament-speechGoogle Scholar
Eickelman, Dale F., and Piscatori, James. Muslim politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
‘Eid, ‘Abd al-Razzak. “Al-nukhab al-suriya wa taraf al-ikhtiar bayn al-dimucratiya wa al-libraliya!” Shafaf al-Sharq al-Awsat (August 5, 2005), www.metransparent.com/old/texts/abdelrazak_eid/abdelrazak_eid_syrian_elite_democracy_and_liberalism.htmGoogle Scholar
‘Eid, ‘Abd al-Razzak and ‘Abd al-Jabbar, Muhammad. Al-dimucratiya bayn al-‘ilmaniya wa al-islam (Damascus: Dar al Fikr, 1999).Google Scholar
El-Badawi, Emran. “Conflict and Reconciliation: ‘Arab liberalism’ in Syria and Egypt,” in Fahmy, Dalia F. and Faruqi, Daanish (eds.), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017).Google Scholar
El Deeb, Sarah. “A Sinister Night for 3 Women in Egypt Protest Wave,” Associated Press (November 28, 2013), https://apnews.com/article/423356fa778644638db78ebad821b4f8Google Scholar
El-Ghobashy, Mona. “Egypt Looks Ahead to a Portentous Year,” Middle East Report (February 2, 2005).Google Scholar
El Haddaji, Hicham. “The Congruent Critique of Despotism in ‘Abd Al-Rahman Al-Kawakibi and Shaykh ‘Ali Abdel-Raziq,” AlMuntaqa, 1, no. 3 (2018): 92–103, https://doi.org/10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0092. Accessed August 5, 2020.Google Scholar
El-Hosseiny, Salma. “Syria: Reveal the Whereabouts of Razan, Samira, Nazem and Wa’el,” ISHR (December 12, 2018), www.ishr.ch/news/syria-reveal-whereabouts-razan-samira-nazem-and-waelGoogle Scholar
El-Mahdi, Rabab. “Egypt: A Decade of Ruptures.” In Khatib, Lina and Lust, Ellen (eds.), Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism (Washington: John Hopkins University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
El-Mahdi, Rabab. “Enough: Egypt’s Quest for Democracy,” Comparative Political Studies, 44, no. 5 (June 2009): 1011–1039.Google Scholar
Elmasry, Mohamad. “Egypt’s protests: Sisi’s Iron Fist is No longer Enough,” Middle East Eye (September 30, 2019), www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/egypt-protests-sisi-iron-fist-is-no-longer-enoughGoogle Scholar
El-Naggar, Mona. “Equal Rights Takes to the Barricades,” New York Times (February 1, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/world/middleeast/02iht-letter02.htmlGoogle Scholar
Saadawi, El, Nawal and Heba Raouf Ezzat. Al-Mar’a wa al-Din wa al-Akhlaq [Women, Religion and Ethics.] (Beirut: Dar al Fikr, 2000)Google Scholar
Sheikh, El, Mayy. “A Voice of Dissent in Egypt is Muffled but not Silent,” The New York Times (May 2, 2014), www.nytimes.com/2014/05/03/world/middleeast/an-egyptian-voice-of-dissent-is-muffled-but-not-silenced.htmlGoogle Scholar
Erhaim, Zaina. “How the Syrian Revolution was Organized—And How it Unraveled,” Newlines Magazine (March 16, 2021), https://newlinesmag.com/essays/how-the-syrian-revolution-was-organized-and-how-it-unraveled/?fbclid=IwAR0gw1j8MtRDblGQu44Zk4gAUQ22dbxbFWoG34Wq1DoYmr7mALN56oRHAGoogle Scholar
Fadel, Leila. “Examining the Years since Egypt’s Arab Spring,” NPR Morning Edition (February 11, 2015), www.npr.org/2015/02/11/385396424/examining-the-4-years-since-egypts-arab-springGoogle Scholar
Fadl, ‘Essam. “Asharq Al-Awsat talks to Egypt’s April 6 Youth Movement founder Ahmed Maher,” Asharq al-Awsat (February 10, 2011), https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/features/asharq-al-awsat-talks-egypts-april-6-youth-movement-founder-ahmed-maherGoogle Scholar
Fahmy, Khaled. All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmet Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2002).Google Scholar
“Farag Fouda: Nakun aw la-Nakun.” Muni’a Min al-Tadawul, Al-Ghad TV (July 29, 2019).Google Scholar
Fares, Ra’ed. “Building a Free Syria One Town at a Time,” Oslo Freedom Forum (May 23, 2017), https://oslofreedomforum.com/talks/building-a-free-syria-one-town-at-a-time-/Google Scholar
Fares, Raed. “Building a free Syria One Town at a Time.” YouTube, uploaded by Oslo Freedom Forum (July 7, 2017), www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlWt-kI7_LQGoogle Scholar
Fares, Raed. “Liqa’ sareeh ma‘a Ibn Kafranbel, Ra’ed al-Fares, yuhawiruhu Mousa Al-Omar.” YouTube, uploaded by Mousa Al-Omar (March 24, 2014), www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9fqH5Km-ysGoogle Scholar
Faruqi, Daanish, and Fahmy, Dalia F.. “Egyptian liberals, from revolution to counterrevolution,” in Fahmy, and Faruqi, (eds.), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017): 1–27.Google Scholar
Fathallah, Najlaa. “Yusri Nasrallah: ‘amr sakhif’ tahwil al-fan li-khidmat al-siyasa,” Alrai Media (October 7, 2007), www.alraimedia.com/article/419252Google Scholar
Fathi, Yasmine. “SCAF’s Proposal for Constitution ‘Abuses Will of the People,’ Charge Critics,” Ahram Online (November 3, 2011), https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/25802/Egypt/0/SCAFs-proposal-for-constitution-abuses-will-of-the.aspxGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, Edmund. Liberalism: The Life of an Idea, 2nd ed. (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Fawcett, Edmund. Liberalism: The Life of an Idea (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Fishere, Ezzeldine C. “Egypt’s dictatorship is sitting on a powder keg,” Washington Post (October 17, 2019), www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/17/egypts-dictatorship-is-sitting-powder-keg/Google Scholar
Franjiya, Samer. “Al-irth al-mudamer li niqad al-liberaliyin al-‘arab’” [The destructive legacy of the critics of “Arab Liberals”], Al-Hayat newspaper (May 9, 2015).Google Scholar
Freeden, Micheal. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Freeden, Micheal. Reassessing Political Ideologies: The Durability of Dissent (London and New York: Routledge, 2001).Google Scholar
Fuda, Farag. Al-Haqiqa al-gha‘iba, 3rd ed. (Cairo: Dar al-Fikr, 1988).Google Scholar
Fuda, Farag. Al-Irhab (Cairo: Dar Misr al-Jadida, 1988).Google Scholar
Fuda, Farag. Al-Nadhir (Cairo: Dar Misr al-Jadida lil-Nashr wal-tawzi, 1983).Google Scholar
Fuda, Farag. Hiwar hawla al-‘almana (Cairo: Dar al-Nashr, 1986).Google Scholar
Fuda, Farag. Nakun aw la nakun [To be or not to be] (Cairo: Dar Misr al-Jadida, 1988).Google Scholar
Gengler, Justin, Tessler, Mark, Darwish al-Emadi, and Abdoulaye Diop. “Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab Gulf,” Mideast Foreign Policy, (July 25, 2011), https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/07/25/civil-society-and-democratization-in-the-arab-gulf/Google Scholar
George, Alan. Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom (London: Zed Books, 2003).Google Scholar
Gershoni, Israel, and Jankowski, James. Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900–1930 (London: Oxford University Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Gershoni, Israel, and Jankowski, James. Confronting Fascism in Egypt: Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Gershoni, Israel. “Egyptian Liberalism in an Age of ‘Crisis of Orientation’: al-Risala’s Reaction to Fascism and Nazism, 1933–39,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 31, no. 4 (1999): 551–576.Google Scholar
Gershoni, Israel. “Liberal Democratic Legacies in Modern Egypt: The Role of the Intellectuals, 1900–1950,” IAS (2012), www.ias.edu/ideas/2012/gershoni-democratic-legacies-egyptGoogle Scholar
“Ghad al-Thawra Party,” Al-Ahram Online (December 3, 2011), http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/26694.aspxGoogle Scholar
Ghaliyoun, Burhan. “Rad ‘ala al-liberaliyin al-‘arab,” Voltairenet (July 5, 2005), www.voltairenet.org/article90638.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ghonim, Wael. Revolution 2.0: The power of the people is greater than the people in power. A memoir (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012).Google Scholar
Gordon, Joel. “Egypt’s new liberal crisis,” in Fahmy, Dalia F. and Faruqi, Daanish (eds.), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017): 317–335.Google Scholar
Gordon, Joel. Nasser’s Blessed Movement: Egypt’s Free Officers and the July Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Greenfield, Danya, and Balfour, R., Arab Awakening: Are the US and EU Missing the Challenge? (Washington, DC: Atlantic Council, 2012).Google Scholar
Guazzone, Laura and Pioppo, Daniela. The Arab State and Neo-Liberal Globalization: The Restructuring of the State in the Middle East (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Guerin, Orla. “Revolution a Distant Memory as Egypt Escalates Repression,” BBC News (December 9, 2014), www.bbc.com/news/world-30381292Google Scholar
“Haitham el-Maleh,” Carnegie Middle East Center https://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=48368&lang=enGoogle Scholar
Hamed, Yehia. “Joe Biden’s Administration Should Start Listening to all Egyptians,” Middle East Eye (November 17, 2020), www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/joe-bidens-administration-should-start-listening-all-egyptiansGoogle Scholar
Hanssen, Jens and Weiss, Max (eds.) Arabic Thought Beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda (Cambridge University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Hassan, Oz. “Undermining the Transatlantic Democracy Agenda? The Arab Spring and the Saudi Arabia’s Counteracting Democracy Strategy,” Democratization, 22, 3 (2015): 479–495.Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir and Schumann, Christoph (eds.). Arab Liberal Thought after 1967: Old Dilemmas, New Perceptions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. “Arab Liberal Discourse: Old Dilemmas, New Visions,” Middle East Critique, 20, no. 1 (Spring 2011): 3–20.Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. “Arab Liberal Thought in Historical Perspective,” in Hatina, Meir and Schumann, Christoph (eds.), Arab Liberal Thought After 1967: Old Dilemmas, New Perceptions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).Google Scholar
Haugbølle, Rikke Hostrup, and Cavatorta, Francesco. “Will the Real Tunisian Opposition Please Stand Up? Opposition Coordination Failures under Authoritarian Constraints,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 38, no. 3 (2011): 323–341.Google Scholar
Hearst, David, and Hussein, Abdel-Rahman. “Egypt’s Supreme Court Dissolves Parliament and Outrages Islamists,” The Guardian (June 14, 2012), www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/14/egypt-parliament-dissolved-supreme-courtGoogle Scholar
Hearst, David. “Interview with Egyptian Opposition Leader Ayman Nour,” Middle East Eye (March 14, 2015), www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-interview-egyptian-opposition-leader-ayman-nourGoogle Scholar
Heydemann, Steven. “Mass Politics and the Future of Authoritarian Governance in the Arab world,” The Arab Thermidor: The Resurgence of the Security State, POMPES Studies (December 16, 2014), https://pomeps.org/mass-politics-and-the-future-of-authoritarian-governance-in-the-arab-worldGoogle Scholar
Heydemann, Steven. Upgrading authoritarianism in the Arab World (Analysis Paper No. 13, Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 2007).Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. “Calculated Decompression as a Substitute for Democratization: Syria,” in Korany, B., Brynen, R. and Noble, P. (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Vol. 2: Comparative Experiences (Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner, 1998): 223–240.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. “Liberalization without Democratization in ‘Post-Populist’ Authoritarian States,” in August Butenschøn, Nils, Davis, Uri and Sarkis Hassassian, Manuel (eds.), Citizenship and the State in the Middle East (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000): 123–145.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. “Syria: From ‘Authoritarian Upgrading’ to Revolution?” International Affairs, 88, no. 1 (2012): 95–113.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. “The Reemergence of the Wafd Party: Glimpses of the Liberal Opposition in Egypt,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16, no. 1 (1984): 99–123.Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples (Faber and Faber, 1991).Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962).Google Scholar
How to Start a Revolution. Directed by Ruaridh Arrow, performance by Ahmed Maher, Jamila Raqib, Ausama Monajed and Gene Sharp (TVF International, September 18, 2011), www.howtostartarevolution.org/Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).Google Scholar
Hussein, Taha. Fi al-shiʾr al-jahili [On pre-Islamic poetry] (Cairo: Dar al-kutub al-masriyyah 1926).Google Scholar
Hussein, Taha. Mustaqbal al-thaqafa fi Misr [The Future of Culture in Egypt] (Cairo: Matba ‘at al-Ma‘aref wa Maktabat Masr 1938).Google Scholar
“Interview with Bashar al-Asad,” Asharq al-Awsat (February 8, 2001) https://al-bab.com/documents-section/interview-president-bashar-al-assad-0. Accessed June 29, 2021.Google Scholar
Jamal, Amaney. Barriers to Democracy: The Other Side of Social Capital in Palestine and the Arab World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Jamil, Abd al-Sami’. “Kuluhum Qatalu Farag Fouda hayan, kuluhum yakhshunahu al‘an mayitan,” Daqaeq (May 14, 2020).Google Scholar
Jankowski, James. “The Egyptian Blue Shirts and the Egyptian Wafd, 1935–1938,” Middle Eastern Studies, 6, no. 1 (January 1970): 77–95.Google Scholar
Josua, Maria, and Edel, Mirjam. “The Arab Uprisings and the Return of Repression,” Mediterranean Politics (February 18, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2021.1889298Google Scholar
Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). Innovation in Islam: Traditions and Contributions (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Kassab, Beesan. “Why is Sisi afraid of the constitution and parliament,” Mada Masr (September 15, 2015), www.madamasr.com/en/2015/09/15/feature/politics/why-is-sisi-afraid-of-the-constitution-and-parliament/Google Scholar
Kassab, Elizabeth Suzanne. “The Arab Quest for Freedom and Dignity: Have Arab Thinkers Been Part of It?” Middle East Topics and Arguments, Vol. 1 (May 1, 2013), https://meta-journal.net/article/download/1038/988/Google Scholar
Kassab, Elizabeth Suzanne. Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in comparative Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Kassem, Maye. Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004).Google Scholar
Kawakibi, Salam. Personal Interview. By Line Khatib (2019 and 2021).Google Scholar
Kawakibi, Salam. Syrie: malgré la débâcle militaire, la renaissance de la société civile (Carep Paris, October 2020), www.carep-paris.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Syrie_malgre_la_debacle_militaire_la-renaissance_de_la_societe-civile_Salam_Kawakibi.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kedourie, Elie. Democracy and the Arab Political Culture (London: Frank Cass, 1994).Google Scholar
Kermani, Navid. “From Revelation to Interpretation: Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd and the Literary Study of the Quran,” in Taji-Farouki, Suha (ed.), Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Quran (Oxford University Press, 2004): 169–192.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. “Challenges of Representation and Inclusion: A Case Study of Islamic Groups in Transitional Justice,” in Fisher, K. J. and Stewart, R. (eds.), Transitional Justice and the Arab Spring (London and New York: Routledge, 2014): 131–145.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. “The Pre-2011 Roots of Syria’s Islamist Militants,” The Middle East Journal 72, 2 (Spring 2018): 209–228.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. “Syria, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar: The ‘Sectarianization’ of the Syrian Conflict and Undermining of Democratization in the Region,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2019): 385–403.Google Scholar
Khoury, Philip S. “Syrian Political Culture: A Historical Perspective,” in Antoun, Richard T. and Quataert, Donald (eds.), Syria: Society, Culture, and Polity (New York: State University of New York Press, 1991): 13–27.Google Scholar
Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945 (Princeton University Press, 1987).Google Scholar
Khoury, Philip S. Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus, 1860–1920 (Cambridge University Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. The Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001).Google Scholar
“‘Kifaya’ in Egypt,” The Washington Post (March 15, 2005) p. A22, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35379-2005Mar14.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kilo, Michel. “Michel Kilo Yatakalam athna’ mu’tamar itihad al-kutab al-‘Arab ‘am 1979.” YouTube, uploaded by SyrianGirl47 (July 1, 2011), www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hx9rxdNPqwEGoogle Scholar
Kilo, Michel. “Shahadat: Mishel Kilo,” al-Nahj 40 (1995).Google Scholar
Kilo, Michel. “Syria.. the road to where?” Contemporary Arab Affairs, 4, no. 4, (2011): 431–444.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David D. “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Is Taken into Military Custody,” The New York Times (July 3, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/world/middleeast/egypt.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kodmani, Hala. Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Du despotism et autres textes. (Arles: Actes Sud, 2016).Google Scholar
Kohn, Asher. “The Syrian Cartoonists who live and die by their pen,” Roads and Kingdoms (November 20, 2015), https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2015/drawn-in-blood/Google Scholar
Korany, Bahgat. “Restricted Democratization from Above: Egypt,” in Korany, Bahgat, Brynen, Rex and Noble, Paul (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World: Comparative perspectives (vol. 2) (Boulder Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1998): 39–69.Google Scholar
Krämer, Gudrun. “Islam and Pluralism,” in Brynen, Rex, Korany, Bahgat and Noble, Paul (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World: Theoretical Perspectives (vol. 1) (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1996): 113–128.Google Scholar
Kubba, Laith. “Arabs and Democracy: The Awakening of Civil Society,” Journal of Democracy, 11, no. 3 (2000): 84–90.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles (ed.). Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Langer, Emily. “Fadwa Suleiman, Syrian actress who led resistance to Assad regime, dies,” The Washington Post (August 19, 2017), www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/fadwa-suleiman-syrian-actress-who-led-resistance-to-assad-regime-dies/2017/08/18/78f12b44-841d-11e7-b359-15a3617c767b_story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Laroui, Abdallah. The Crisis of the Arab Intellectual: Traditionalism or Historicism? (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976).Google Scholar
Lee, Robert, Ben Shitrit, Lihi. “Religion, Society, and Politics in the Middle East,” in Lust, Ellen (ed.), The Middle East, 13th ed. (Los Angeles, London, Singapore, Washington DC: Sage, 2014).Google Scholar
Lesch, Ann M. “The Authoritarian State’s Power over Civil Society,” in Fahmy, and Faruqi, (eds.), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017): 121–174.Google Scholar
Lesch, David W. The New Lion of Damascus: Bashar al-Asad and Modern Syria (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Leverett, Flynt. Inheriting Syria: Bashar’s Trial by Fire (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
“Local Coordination Committees of Syria” Syria Untold (June 24, 2014), https://syriauntold.com/2013/06/24/local-coordination-committees-of-syria/Google Scholar
Loza, Pierre Roshdy. The Case of Abu Zayd and the Reactions it Prompted from Egyptian Society (Georgetown University: Masters’ Thesis, 2013).Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. Voices of the New Arab Public (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil. “Mubarak Pushes Egypt to Allow Freer Elections,” The New York Times (Febuary 27, 2005), www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/world/middleeast/mubarak-pushes-egypt-to-allow-freer-elections.htmlGoogle Scholar
“Macron gave Sisi France’s highest award on Paris visit: official,” France 24 (December 10, 2020), www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201210-macron-gave-sisi-france-s-highest-award-on-paris-visit-officialGoogle Scholar
Mardam Bey, Salma. La Syrie et la France: bilan d’une équivoque (1939–1945) (Paris: l’Harmattan, 1994).Google Scholar
Mardam Bey, Salma. Syria’s Quest for Independence 1939–1945 (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Mady, Abdel-Fattah. “Student Political Activism in Democratizing Egypt,” in Fahmy, Dalia F. and Faruqi, Daanish (eds), Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017): 199–232.Google Scholar
Maghraoui, Abdelslam M. Liberalism without democracy: nationhood and citizenship in Egypt, 1922–1936 (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
“Main Case of the Month: Aref Dalila,” English Pen, https://pen.org/advocacy-case/aref-dalila/Google Scholar
Majed, Ziad. “A dialogue with Zakaria Tamer” (translated by Syrian Translators group), Ziad Majed’s Blog (June 5, 2021), https://freesyriantranslators.net/2012/07/22/a-dialogue-with-zakaria-tamer-2/Google Scholar
Makdisi, Ussama. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth Century Ottoman Lebanon (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Marei, Fouad Gehad. “Local Coordination Committees,” in Zartman, J. K. (ed.), Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2020).Google Scholar
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt’s Liberal Experiment: 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Marrash, Francis. Ghabat al-Haqq [The Forest of Justice] (c. 1865).Google Scholar
Massad, Joseph. “Al-irth al-mudamer li al-liberaliyeen al-‘arab,” Al-Akhbar newspaper (April 7, 2015).Google Scholar
Massad, Joseph. “The destructive legacy of Arab Liberals,” The Electronic Intifada (March 30, 2015), https://electronicintifada.net/content/destructive-legacy-arab-liberals/14385Google Scholar
McDonald, Andrew. “Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq: A profile,” Jadaliyya (September 4, 2018), www.jadaliyya.com/Details/37930Google Scholar
Meijer, Roel. “Liberalism in the Middle East and the Issue of Citizenship Rights,” in Hatina, Meir and Schumann, Christoph (eds.), Arab Liberal Thought After 1967: Old Dilemmas, New Perceptions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015): 63–81.Google Scholar
Meijer, Roel. The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945–1958 (New York and London: Routledge, 2002).Google Scholar
Meital, Yoram. “The Struggle Over Political Order in Egypt: The 2005 Elections,” The Middle East Journal, 60, no. 2 (April 2006): 257–279.Google Scholar
Merrill, Jamie. “Syrian Cartoonist Ali Ferzat Turns Spotlight on UK’s Failure to Take in More Refugees,” The Independent (January 27, 2015), www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-cartoonist-ali-ferzat-turns-spotlight-uk-s-failure-take-more-refugees-10006638.htmlGoogle Scholar
Michel Kilo’s Commandments to the Syrian People, Zaman al-Wasl (19 April 2021) https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/62110/Google Scholar
Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Statement by 99 Syrian Intellectuals, 2, no. 9 (October 5, 2000), www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0010_sdoc0927.htmGoogle Scholar
Middle East Watch, Syria Human rights Workers on Trial, 4, no. 5 (March 1992).Google Scholar
Middle East Watch, Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Asad Regime (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Morayef, Heba. “Reexamining Human Rights Change in Egypt,” Middle East Report 274 (Spring 2015).Google Scholar
Moubayed, Sami. “Farewell Mohammad al-Maghut,” Mideast views (April 3, 2006), https://web.archive.org/web/20110714091009/www.mideastviews.com/articleview.php?art=104Google Scholar
“Muhammad al-Maghut.” Adab al-Sujun, AlJazeera (April 10, 2006).Google Scholar
Mukheylef, Ahmad Ali. “Dawr harakat Kifaya fi ‘amaliyat al-taghyir al-siyasi fi Misr ‘am 2011,” Majalat Buhuth al-Sharq al-Awsat, N. 45 (March 2020).Google Scholar
Murphy, Caryle. Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East the Egyptian Experience (New York, London: Scribner, 2002).Google Scholar
Nagler, Michael. “Lamp in the Storm,” Yes magazine (July 30, 2012), https://web.archive.org/web/20190829144859/www.yesmagazine.org/peace-justice/syria-lamp-in-the-stormGoogle Scholar
“Najlaa Fathi tarfud taqdim dawr walidat khalid said: Azhab ila midan al-tahrir mutakhafiya” Elfann (March 13, 2012), www.elfann.com/news/show/1010465Google Scholar
Nasser, Ghassan. “Al-thawra al-suriya fi zikraha al-‘ashira: al-masira wa al-ma’alat,” Tli‘na ‘al Huriya (March 16, 2021), https://freedomraise.net/المس-العاشرة-ذكراها-في-السورية-الثورة/.Google Scholar
Nasser, Ghassan. “Hiwar Ma‘a Hussein Hamada: al-I’tilaf yu ‘ani hashasha fi buniyatihi al-tanzimiya wa huwa mabni min kital wa ahzab wahmiya,” Harmoon Center for Contemporary Studies (April 1, 2021), www.harmoon.org/dialogues/بني-في-هشاشة-يعاني-الائتلاف-حمادة-حسين/.Google Scholar
Nasser, Ghassan. “Khairi al-Zahabi: al-dimucratiya wa al-muwatana huma al-bawaba al-wahida li-khalas suriya,” Harmoon Center for Contemporary Studies (January 28, 2021), www.harmoon.org/dialogues/هم-والمواطنة-الديمقراطية-الذهبي-خيري/.Google Scholar
National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces. https://en.etilaf.org/Google Scholar
Nawara, Wael. “Why General Sisi Should Not Run for President of Egypt,” Al-Monitor (September 20, 2013), www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/09/generalsisipresidentelection.html?ampGoogle Scholar
“No Room to Breathe: State Repression of Human Rights Activism in Syria.” Human Rights Watch, 19, no. 6(E) (October 2007), www.hrw.org/reports/2007/syria1007/syria1007webwcover.pdfGoogle Scholar
Noueihed, Lin, and Warren, Alex. The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-revolution and the Making of a New Era (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Nour, Ayman. “Al-Sisi yal‘ab bi-l nar wa nad‘u al-‘uqalaa bi rafd siyasatihi,” Arabi 21 (April 8, 2020), https://arabi21.com/story/1259526/ممارساته-لرفض-العقلاء-وندعو-بالنار-يلعب-السيسي-نور-أيمنGoogle Scholar
Nour, Ayman. “Egypt’s Choice is Clear: Democracy – or Chaos under Sisi,” Middle East Eye (January 23, 2020), www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/repression-corruption-and-poverty-egypt-has-recipe-new-uprisingGoogle Scholar
“Nour Vows to Lead Egypt Opposition,” AlJazeera (September 20, 2005), www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2005/9/20/nour-vows-to-lead-egypt-oppositionGoogle Scholar
Osman, Nadda. “Egypt’s Protests: Who is Demonstrating and Who is Being Arrested?” Middle East Eye (September 26, 2019), www.middleeasteye.net/news/arrests-egyptian-anti-sisi-protesters-broken-downGoogle Scholar
Parties and Movements, “Democratic Alliance for Egypt,” Jadaliyya (November 18, 2011). www.jadaliyya.com/Details/24648Google Scholar
Patterson, Molly, and Renwick Monroe, Kristen. “Narrative in Political Science.” Annual Review of Political Science 1, no. 1 (1998): 315–331.Google Scholar
Peel, Michael, Hall, Camilla, and Saleh, Heba. “Saudi Arabia and UAE prop up Egypt regime with offer of $8bn,” Financial Times (July 10, 2013), www.ft.com/content/7e066bdc-e8a2-11e2-8e9e-00144feabdc0Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. Syria under Bashar al-Asad: Modernization and the Limits of Change (London and New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
“President Bush Visits Prague, Czech Republic, Discusses Freedom,” Office of the Press Secretary, White House Archives (June 5, 2007), speech available at, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070605-8.htmlGoogle Scholar
Qadaya wa shahadat, No.1 (Spring 1990).Google Scholar
“Rahil Hassan Abbas… al-thaqafa al-suriya takhsar safiriha,” Al-Mudun (March 7, 2021), www.almodon.com/culture/2021/3/7/سفيرها-تخسر-الثقافة-عباس-حسان-رحيلGoogle Scholar
Ramadan, Oula and Swehat, Yassin. Muqarabat ‘an al-mujtama‘ al-madani al-Suri [Approaches to Syrian civil society] Al-Jumhuriya.net (October 15, 2020), www.aljumhuriya.net/en/content/approaches-syrian-civil-societyGoogle Scholar
Reid, Donald. “The National Bar Association and Egyptian Politics, 1912–1954,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 7, no. 4 (1974): 608–646.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sam. “Mai Skaf, Syrian Actress Who Defied Assad Regime, Dies at 49,” New York Times (July 27, 2018), www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/obituaries/mai-skaf-syrian-actress-who-defied-assad-regime-dies-at-49.htmlGoogle Scholar
Roumani, Rhonada. “Syria Launches Crackdown on Dissent,” The Christian Science Monitor (May 25, 2006), www.csmonitor.com/2006/0525/p06s01-wome.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, Bruce K. Egypt After Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam and Democracy in the Arab World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Sachedina, Abdulaziz. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Sadiki, Larbi. “Popular Uprisings and Arab Democratization,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 71–95.Google Scholar
Sadiki, Larbi. The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Safi, Omid (ed.). Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender and Pluralism (Oxford: Oneworld, 2003).Google Scholar
Safi, Omid. “Progressive Islam,” in Fitzpatrick, Coeli and Hani Walker, Adam (eds.), Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014).Google Scholar
Said, Edward. Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1978).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Al-din wa al-qanun: ru’ya qur’aniya (1998).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Interviewed by Abdul-Jabbar al-Rifa’ee. Current Islamic Issues (April 1998), www.jawdatsaid.net/en/index.php?title=Current_Islamic_IssuesGoogle Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Iqra’ wa rabika al-akram, Abhath fi sunan taghyir al-nafs wa al-mujtama’ (Damascus, 1988).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. “Jawdat Said.” YouTube, uploaded by Golan Films (Bir Ajam, May 30, 2011), www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VUN6Cj2B5oGoogle Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Kun ka-ibn adam (Damascus, 1996).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. “Law kan al-din bi al-‘aql,” Al-Majala (n.d.), www.jawdatsaid.net/index.php?title=بالعقل_الدين_لوكان.Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Lima haza al-ru‘ b kuluh mina al-islam wa keyfa bada’a al-khawf? [Why is Such Dread from Islam? (publisher’s proposed translation)] (2006).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Mazhab ibn Adam al-awal [The doctrine of the first (or better) son of Adam] (1966).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Mazhab ibn Adam al-awal: mushkilat al-‘unf fi al-‘amal al-siyasi, 5th ed. (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1993). Available at www.jawdatsaid.net/index.php?title=الخامسة_الطبعة_آدم_ابن_مذهب_مقدمة.Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. Mushkilat al-‘unf fi al-‘amal al-siyasi; Iqra’ wa rabika al-akram (1988).Google Scholar
Said, Jawdat. “The role of religious actors in peace-building,” Islam, Christianity and Europe (2009–2010), www.jawdatsaid.net/en/index.php/The_role_of_religious_actors_in_peace-building. SeminarGoogle Scholar
Said, Jawdat. “Personal Interview.” By Line Khatib (2017)Google Scholar
Saleh, Yassin al-Haj. “Syria War: The Love of My Life Disappeared Six Years Ago, but Still I Cling to Hope,” Middle East Eye (December 26, 2019), www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/syria-war-love-my-life-disappeared-six-years-ago-still-i-cling-hope?Google Scholar
Saleh, Yassin al-Haj. Al-thawra al-mustahila (Beirut: al-mu’asasa al-‘arabiya li al-dirasat wa al-nashr, 2017).Google Scholar
Sanders, Lewis, and Schülke, Brigitta, Albadry, Waffa and Bayer, Julia. “Razan Zaitouneh…wajh al-thawra al-suriya al-mughayab,” Deutsche Welle (March 15, 2021), www.dw.com/ar/المُغيّب-السورية-الثورة-وجه-زيتونة-رزان/a-56854643Google Scholar
Sayigh, Yezid. “A Melancholy Perspective on Syria,” Carnegie Middle East (April 8, 2014), https://carnegie-mec.org/2014/04/08/melancholy-perspective-on-syria-pub-55256Google Scholar
Schölch, Alexander. Egypt for the Egyptians! The Socio-Political Crisis in Egypt 1878–1882 (London: Ithaca Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Schülke, Brigitta, Sanders, Lewis and Albadry, Waffa. “Video: The missing face of the Syrian revolution,” DW news (March 15, 2021), https://fb.watch/4gzChmQG6Y/Google Scholar
Schumann, Christoph (ed.). Nationalism and Liberal Thought in the Arab East: Ideology and Practice (London: Routledge, 2010).Google Scholar
Schumann, Christoph. “The ‘failure’ of radical nationalism and the ‘silence’ of liberal thought in the Arab World,” in Schumann, (ed.), Nationalism and Liberal Thought in the Arab East: Ideology and Practice (New York and London: Routledge, 2010).Google Scholar
Schumann, Christoph. Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2008).Google Scholar
Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Selim, Gamal M. “Egypt under SCAF and the Muslim Brotherhood: The Triangle of Counter-Revolution,” Arab Studies Quarterly, 37, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 177–199.Google Scholar
Seurat, Michel. Syrie, l’Etat de barbarie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Kindle Edition, 2015).Google Scholar
Sfeir, George. “Basic Freedoms in a Fractured Legal Culture: Egypt and the Case of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd,” Middle East Journal, 53, no. 2 (1998): 402–414.Google Scholar
Shaaban, Ahmad B. Raffat al-farasha, Kifaya: al-Mady wa al-Mustaqbal (Cairo: Kefaya Publications, 2006).Google Scholar
Shahin, Emad El-Din. “Sentenced to Death in Egypt: How I Became Defendant 33—yet another casualty of the return to military rule,” The Atlantic (May 19, 2015), www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/05/death-sentence-egypt-emad-shahin/393590/Google Scholar
Shapiro, Samantha M. “Revolution Facebook-Style,” The New York Times Magazine (January 22, 2009), www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/magazine/25bloggers-t.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sharabi, Hisham. Arab Intellectuals and the West: The Formative Years 1875–1914 (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1970).Google Scholar
Sharp, Gene. From Dictatorship to Democracy: A conceptual framework for liberation. 1st English language edition. (Bangkok, Thailand: Committee for the Restoration of Democracy in Burma, 1994).Google Scholar
Shehata, Dina. “Youth Activism in Egypt,” Arab Reform Initiative (October 23, 2008).Google Scholar
Shehata, Dina. Islamists and Secularists in Egypt: Opposition, Conflict and Cooperation (London and New York: Routledge, 2009).Google Scholar
Sherry, Virginia. “Syria: The Price of Dissent.” Human Rights Watch, vol. 7, no. 4, (July 1995), www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Syria.htmGoogle Scholar
Shorbagy, Manar. “Understanding Kefaya: The New Politics in Egypt,” Arab Studies Quarterly, 29, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 39–60.Google Scholar
Sika, Nadine. “Youth Political Engagement in Egypt: From Abstention to Uprising,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 39, no. 2 (2012): 181–199.Google Scholar
Sing, Manfred. “Arab Post-Marxists after Disillusionment: Between Liberal Newspeak and Revolution Reloaded,” in Hatina, Meir and Schumann, Christoph (eds.), Arab Liberal Thought After 1967: Old Dilemmas, New Perceptions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015): 155–157.Google Scholar
Sivan, Emmanuel. “Arab Nationalism in the Age of Islamic Resurgence,” in Gershoni, Israel and Jankowski, James (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism in the Middle East (Columbia University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Sivan, Emmanuel. “The Clash within Islam,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 45, no. 1 (2003): 25–44.Google Scholar
“Statement of the 1000.” Committees for the Revival of Civil Society in Syria (Syria, 2001). Web Archive. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060517183030/www.mowaten.org/politics/politics-home.htmGoogle Scholar
Stork, Joe. “Egypt’s Political Prisoners,” Open Democracy (March 6, 2015), www.hrw.org/news/2015/03/06/egypts-political-prisonersGoogle Scholar
Stork, Joe. “Three Decades of Human Rights Activism in the Middle East and North Africa: An Ambiguous Balance of Sheet,” in Beinin, Joel and Vairel, Frederic (eds.), Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa, 2nd ed. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2013): 83–106.Google Scholar
“Syrian National Council Mission and Program,” Syrian National Council, www.syriancouncil.org/en/mission-statement.htmlGoogle Scholar
Syrian National Policy Group. Petition “Bayan hawla a‘mal al-lajna al-dasturiya al-Suriya [To have a meaningful implementation of the Security Council Resolutions in Syria],” (October 2020), http://chng.it/8xBrT7GvGoogle Scholar
“Syrian Opposition Figure Asma al-Faisal Dies in Canada,” Enab Baladi (January 8, 2018), https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2018/01/syrian-opposition-figure-asma-al-faisal-dies-canada/Google Scholar
“Syria War: Peace Talks Restart in Geneva,” BBC news (May 16, 2017), www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-middle-east-39934868Google Scholar
“Tahta al-mijhar—Ahat al-Huriya.” YouTube, uploaded by AlJazeera Channel (March 12, 2014), www.youtube.com/watch?v=yroOTxnkZJIGoogle Scholar
Tamer, Georges. “Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 43, no. 1 (2011): 95–193.Google Scholar
Tamir, Zakariya. Tigers on the Tenth Day and Other Stories [translator: Denys Johnson-Davies] (London: Quartet Books, 1985).Google Scholar
“Tashwish al-Mu‘arada,” Ayman Nour’s Facebook page, https://fb.watch/6qOR_iVZQq/Google Scholar
Tessler, Mark, and Jamal, Amaney. “Citizen Attitudes in Selected Arab Countries About Whether Democracy is the Best Form of Government,” Arab Barometer Project (2010), www.arabbarometer.orgGoogle Scholar
“The Beirut-Damascus Declaration,” Free Syria (July 12, 2006). Web Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20080207083503/www.free-syria.com/en/loadarticle.php?articleid=6924Google Scholar
“The situation in the Middle East,” Resolution 1680, United Nations Security Council (May 17, 2006) UN doc 06-35177, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1680Google Scholar
“The Syrian National Council,” Carnegie Middle East Center (September 25, 2013), http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48334Google Scholar
Thomassen, Bjørn. “Notes Towards an Anthropology of Political Revolutions,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 3 (2012): 679–706.Google Scholar
Thompson, Elizabeth. How the West Stole Democracy from the Arabs: The Syrian Arab Congress of 1920 and the Destruction of Its Historic Liberal-Islamic Alliance (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Tibi, Bassam. Arab Nationalism: Between Islam and the Nation State (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997).Google Scholar
Tli‘na ‘al Huriya [FreedomRaise], https://freedomraise.net/Google Scholar
“UN envoy on stalled Syria talks in Geneva: ‘we can’t continue like this,’” SWI swissinfo.ch (January 30, 2021), www.swissinfo.ch/eng/unenvoy-on-stalled-syria-talks-in-geneva---we-can-t-continue-like-this-/46331318Google Scholar
Vidal, Marta. “Fighting for democracy and a free Syria,” Qantara.de (November 22, 2019), https://en.qantara.de/node/38119Google Scholar
Wa hunak ashia’ kathira kan yumken an yatahadath ‘anha al-mar’ [There are many things one can talk about.]. Directed by Omar Amiralay. ARTE (1997).Google Scholar
Wall, Melissa and el-Zaher, Sahar. “‘I’ll Be Waiting for You Guys’: A YouTube Call to Action in the Egyptian Revolution,” International Journal of Communication 5 (2011), www.researchgate.net/publication/298060207_I%27ll_Be_Waiting_for_You_Guys_A_YouTube_Call_to_Action_in_the_Egyptian_RevolutionGoogle Scholar
Wannous, Sa‘dallah. “Ana al-Janaza wa al-mushayi‘un ma‘an” [I am the funeral and the bereaved]. al-A‘mal al-kamila (Damascus: Al Ahali, 1996).Google Scholar
Wannous, Sa‘dallah. Bayanat li-masrah ‘arabi jadid (Beirut: dar al-fikr al-jadid, 1988).Google Scholar
Wannous, Sa‘dallah. Haflat Samar min ajl Khamsa Huzeiran (1968) [A Soirée for the 5th of June] translated by Roger Allen. The Mercurian 5.2 (Fall 2014), https://the-mercurian.com/2016/06/17/soiree-for-the-fifth-of-june/Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi: Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism (London: OneWorld, 2015).Google Scholar
“We will not be silenced: April 6, after court order banning group,” Ahram Online (April 28, 2014), https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/100015.aspxGoogle Scholar
“Who’s who: Michel Kilo,” The Syrian Observer (September 27, 2013), https://syrianobserver.com/EN/who/34536/whos_who_michel_kilo.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “The Salafi Movement in Jordan,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32, no. 2 (2000): 219–240.Google Scholar
Wilson, John F. “Modernity and Religion: A Problem of Perspective,” in Nicholls, William (ed.), Modernity and Religion (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1987): 9–18.Google Scholar
Wittes, Tamara Cofman. “The 2005 Egyptian Elections: How Free? How Important?” Brookings (August 24, 2005), www.brookings.edu/research/the-2005-egyptian-elections-how-free-how-important/?ampGoogle Scholar
Yacoubian, Mona. “Syria Timeline: Since the Uprising Against Assad,” United States Institute of Peace (January 1, 2021), www.usip.org/syria-timeline-uprising-against-assadGoogle Scholar
Yazbeck, Dalia Ghanem, and Kuznetsov, Vasily. “The ‘Comrades’ in North-Africa,” in Popescu, Nicu and Secrieru, Stanislav (eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles? (Luxembourg: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2018): 73–82.Google Scholar
Youssef, Bassem. “Egypt’s secularists repeating Islamists’ mistakes,” CNN online (July 20, 2013), www.cnn.com/2013/07/19/opinion/youssef-egypt-political-upheaval/Google Scholar
Youssef, Bassem. “Scaling Free Speech: The Reputation and Replication of AlBernamag.” YouTube, uploaded by Concordia (Programming Partner: The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy) (October 14, 2015), www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0RK-yhZsZQGoogle Scholar
Zachs, Fruma. The Making of a Syrian Identity: Intellectuals and Merchants in Nineteenth Century Beirut (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2005).Google Scholar
Zaitouneh, Razan [@razanz], http://mme.cm/WWTT00 عبر @NOW_ar.” Twitter (December 1, 2013), https://twitter.com/razanz/status/407151933191761921Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Farhat J. Lawyers, the Rule of Law, and Liberalism in Modern Egypt (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1968).Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Radwan. “Power and Policy in Syria: Intelligence Services,” Foreign Relations and Democracy in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012).Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Radwan. “The Syrian Revolution: The Role of the ‘Emerging Leaders’,” in Revolution and Political Transformation in the Middle East: Agents of Change (Vol 1) (Washington DC: Middle East Institute, August 2011).Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. “A False Spring in Damascus,” Orient, 44, no. 1 (2003): 39–62.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the first years in power (London and New York: I. B.Tauris, 2007).Google Scholar
Zubaida, Sami. “Civil Society, Community, and Democracy in the East,” in Kaviraj, Sudipta and Khilnani, Sunil (eds.), History and Possibilities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001): 232–249.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Line Khatib, University of St Andrews, Scotland
  • Book: Quest for Democracy
  • Online publication: 27 October 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108591331.007
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Line Khatib, University of St Andrews, Scotland
  • Book: Quest for Democracy
  • Online publication: 27 October 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108591331.007
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Line Khatib, University of St Andrews, Scotland
  • Book: Quest for Democracy
  • Online publication: 27 October 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108591331.007
Available formats
×