Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T20:40:28.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 18 - Soils and Livestock-Based Tropical Systems

from Part IV - Management Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2019

Pedro A. Sanchez
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adámoli, J, Macedo, J, de Azevedo, LG and Madeira Netto, J. 1986. Caracterização da região dos Cerrados. Solos dos Cerrados. Tecnologías e Estratégias de Manejo, Goedert, WJ (ed.). Embrapa, São Paulo, pp. 3374.Google Scholar
Alkemade, R, Reid, RS, van den Berg, M, de Leeuw, J and Jeuken, M. 2013. Assessing the impacts of livestock production on biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 2090020905.Google Scholar
Alvarez, S, Rufino, MC, Vayssières, J, Salgado, P, Titonell, P, Tillard, E and Bocquier, F. 2014. Whole-farm nitrogen cycling and intensification of crop–livestock systems in the highlands of Madagascar: An application of network analysis. Agricultural Systems 126: 2537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amézquita, E, Thomas, RJ, Rao, IM, Molina, DL and Hoyos, P. 2004. Use of deep-rooted tropical pastures to build-up an arable layer through improved soil properties of an Oxisol in the Eastern Plains (Llanos Orientales) of Colombia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103: 269277.Google Scholar
Amézquita, E, Rao, IM, Rivera, M, Corrales, II and Bernal, JH (eds.). 2013. Sistemas Agropastoriles: Un Enfoque Integrado para el Manejo Sostenible de Oxisoles de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Documento de Trabajo No. 223. CIAT-CORPOICA, Cali.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, CS and Robins, MF, 1971. Effects of phosphorus on the growth, chemical composition and critical phosphorus percentages of some tropical pasture grasses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22: 693706.Google Scholar
Ara, MA and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Nitrogen contribution of the legume to a grazed pasture. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–1989. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 153164.Google Scholar
Asner, GP and Archer, SA. 2010. Livestock and the global carbon cycle. Livestock in a Changing Landscape, Volume 1, Steinfeld, H, Mooney, HA, Schneider, F and Neville, LE (eds.). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 6982.Google Scholar
Assmann, AL, Soares, AB and Assmann, TA (eds.). 2008. Integração Lavoura-Pecuária para a Agricultura Familiar. Instituto Agronómico do Paraná, Londrina.Google Scholar
Ayarza, MA. 1988. Potassium Dynamics in a Humid Tropical Pasture in the Peruvian Amazon. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Google Scholar
Ayarza, MA, Dextre, R and Sanchez, PA. 1989. Persistence of grass–legume mixtures under grazing. TropSoils Technical Report 1986–1987. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 2126.Google Scholar
Ayarza, MA, Sanchez, PA and Lara, D. 1991. Potassium dynamics in a legume-based pasture. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–1989. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 173181.Google Scholar
Bekure, S, de Leuw, PN, Grandin, BE and Neate, PJH. 1991. Maasai Herding. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Blezinger, S. 2004. Mineral intake critical for reproductive performance. www.cattletoday.com/archive/2004/February/CT311.shtmGoogle Scholar
Boddey, RM and Victoria, RL. 1986. Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated with Brachiaria and Paspalum grasses using 15N labelled organic matter and fertilizer. Plant and Soil 90: 265292.Google Scholar
Boddey, RM, Macedo, R, Tarré, RM, Ferreira, E, de Oliveira, OC, de P Rezende, C, Cantarutti, RB, Pereira, JM, Alves, BJR and Urquiaga, S. 2004. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103: 389403.Google Scholar
Burt, RL, Rotar, PP, Walker, JL and Silvey, MW (eds.). 1983. The Role of Centrosema, Desmodium and Stylosanthes in Improving Tropical Pastures. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Castilla, CE, Ayarza, MA, Lara, D and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Persistence of grass–legume mixtures under grazing; Y-302. TropSoils Technical Report 1988–89. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, pp. 149152.Google Scholar
Castilla, CE, Ayarza, MA and Sanchez, PA. 1995. Carbon and potassium dynamics in grass/legume grazing systems in the Amazon. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 191210.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Coleman, K, Jenkinson, DS, Bernoux, M, Victoria, R and Cerri, CC. 2003. Modeling soil carbon from forest and pasture ecosystems of Amazon, Brazil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67: 18791887.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Paustian, K, Bernoux, MA, Victoria, RL, Melillo, JM and Cerri, CC. 2004. Modeling changes in soil organic matter in Amazon forest to pasture conversion with the Century model. Global Change Biology 10: 815832.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Easter, M, Paustian, K, Killian, K, Coleman, K, Bernoux, M, Falloon, P, Powlson, DS, Batjes, N, Milne, E and Cerri, CC. 2007a. Simulating SOC changes in 11 land use change chronosequences from the Brazilian Amazon with Roth C and Century models. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122: 4657.Google Scholar
Cerri, CEP, Easter, M, Paustian, K, Killian, K, Coleman, K, Bernoux, M, Falloon, P, Powlson, DS, Batjes, NH, Milne, E and Cerri, CC. 2007b. Predicted soil organic carbon stocks and changes in the Brazilian Amazon between 2000 and 2030. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122: 5872.Google Scholar
Chaves, J, Neill, C, Germer, S, Gouveia Neto, S, Krusche, AV, Castellanos Bonilla, A and Elsenbeer, H. 2008. Nitrogen transformations in flow paths leading from soils and streams in Amazon forest and pasture. Hydrological Processes 22: 17661775.Google Scholar
Chesson, A. 1997. Plant degradation by ruminants: Parallels with litter decomposition in soils. Driven by Nature, Cadisch, G and Giller, KE (eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 4766.Google Scholar
Choné, T, Andreux, F, Correa, JC, Volkoff, B and Cerri, CC. 1991. Changes in organic matter in an Oxisol from the central Amazonian forest during eight years as pasture, determined by 13C composition. Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Berthelin, J (ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 307405.Google Scholar
Crowder, LV. 1974. Pasture and Forage Research in Latin America. Cornell International Agriculture Bulletin 28. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.Google Scholar
Davidson, EA, Asner, GP, Stone, TA, Neill, C and Figueiredo, RO. 2008. Objective indicators of pasture degradation from spectral mixture analysis of Landsat imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 113: G00B03, doi:10.1029/2007JG000622.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, PN, Omore, A, Staal, S and Thorpe, W. 1999. Dairy production systems in the tropics. Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics, Falvey, L and Chantakalakhna, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 1937.Google Scholar
Delgado, C, Rosegrant, M, Steinfeld, H, Ehui, S and Courbois, C. 200. Livestock to 2020: The next food revolution. Outlook on Agriculture 30: 27–29.Google Scholar
Desjardins, T, Andreux, F, Volkoff, B and Cerri, CC. 1994. Organic carbon and 13C contents in soils and soil size-fractions, and their changes due to deforestation and pasture installation in eastern Amazonia. Geoderma 61: 103118.Google Scholar
Edwards, DC. 1942. Grass burning. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 10: 219231.Google Scholar
FAO. 2014. World Mapping of Animal Feeding Systems in the Dairy Sector. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Fearnside, PM and Barbosa, RI. 1998. Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 108: 147166.Google Scholar
Fernandes, SA, Bernoux, M, Cerri, CC, Feigl, B and Piccolo, MC. 2002. Seasonal variation of soil chemical properties and CO2 and CH4 fluxes in unfertilized and P-fertilized pastures in an Ultisol of the Brazilian Amazon. Geoderma 107: 227241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, MJ, Rao, IM, Ayarza, MA, Lascano, CE, Sanz, JI, Thomas, RJ and Vera, RR. 1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savanna. Nature 371: 236238.Google Scholar
Friesen, DK, Rao, IM, Thomas, RJ, Oberson, A and Sanz, JI. 1997. Phosphorus acquisition and cycling in crop and pasture systems in low fertility tropical soils. Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, Ando, T et al. (eds.). Kluwer, Berlin, pp. 493498.Google Scholar
Galford, GL, Soares Filho, B and Cerri, CEP. 2013. Opinion piece: Prospects for land-use sustainability on the agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society Series B 368: 20120171.Google Scholar
Garcia-Montiel, DC, Neill, C, Melillo, J, Thomas, S, Steudler, PA and Cerri, CC. 2000. Soil phosphorus transformations following forest clearing for pasture in the Brazilian Amazon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 17921804.Google Scholar
Goudao, L and Chakraborty, S. 2005. Stylo in China: A tropical forage legume success story. Tropical Grasslands 39: 215.Google Scholar
Graham, TG and Meyer, BG. 1972. Effect of method of establishment of Townsville stylo and the application of superphosphate on the growth of steers. Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science 29: 289296.Google Scholar
Guimarães, EP, Sanz, JI, Rao, IM, Amézquita, MC, Amézquita, E and Thomas, RJ (eds.). 2004. Agropastoral Systems for the Tropical Savannas of Latin America. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 12431248.Google Scholar
Haynes, RJ and Williams, PH. 1993. Nutrient cycling in grazed pasture ecosystems. Advances in Agronomy 49: 119199.Google Scholar
Herrero, M, Thornton, PK, Notenbaert, AM, Wood, S, Msangi, S, Freeman, HA, Bossio, D, Dixon, J, Peters, M, van de Steeg, J, Lynam, J, Parthasarathy Rao, P, Macmillan, S, Gerard, B, McDermott, J, Seré, C, and Rosegrant, M. 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: Revisiting mixed crop–livestock systems. Science 327: 822825.Google Scholar
Herrero, M, Havlík, P, Valin, H, Notenbaert, A, Rufino, MC, Thornton, PK, Blümmel, M, Weiss, F, Grace, D and Obersteiner, M. 2013. Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 2088820893.Google Scholar
Huber, O, de Stefano, RD, Aymard, G and Riina, R. 2006. Flora and vegetation of the Venezuelan Llanos: A review. Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests, Pennington, RT, Lewis, GP and Ratter, JA (eds.). Taylor and Francis, Abingdon, pp. 95120.Google Scholar
Isichei, AO and Akobundu, IO. 1995. Vegetation as a resource: Characterization and management of moist savannas of Africa. Moist Savannas of Africa: Potential and Constraints for Crop Production, Kang, BT, Akobundu, IO, Manyong, VM, Carsky, RJ, Sanginga, N and Kueneman, EA (eds.). International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, pp. 3148.Google Scholar
ILRI. 2000. Handbook of Livestock Statistics in Developing Countries. International Livestock Research Institute Working Paper No. 26, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Kerridge, PC. 1995. Biología y Agronomía de Especies Forrajeras de Arachis. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Kluthcouski, J, Stone, LF and Adiar, H (eds.). 2003. Integração Lavoura Pecuária. Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antonio de Goiás.Google Scholar
Kretschmer, AE. 1989. Tropical forage legume development, diversity and methodology for determining persistence. Persistence of Forage Legumes, Marten, GC, Matches, AG, Barnes, RF, Brougham, RW, Clements, RJ and Sheath, GW (eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 117138.Google Scholar
Lara, D, Castilla, C and Sanchez, PA. 1991. Productividad y persistencia asociadas bajo pastoreo en un Ultisol de Yurimaguas. Manejo de Suelos Tropicales en Latinoamérica, Smyth, TJ, Raun, WR and Bertsch, F (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 8689.Google Scholar
Lascano, CE and Estrada, J. 1989. Long-Term Productivity of Legume-Based and Pure Grass Pastures in the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Proceedings International Grassland Congress. Association Francaise pour la Production Feurragere, Versailles, pp. 11771178.Google Scholar
Lascano, CE. 1991. Managing the grazing resource for animal production in the savannas of tropical America. Tropical Grasslands 25: 6672.Google Scholar
Lavelle, P and Pashanasi, B. 1989. Soil macrofauna and land management in Peruvian Amazonia (Yurimaguas, Loreto) Pedobiologia 33: 283291.Google Scholar
Lopes, AS and Daher, E. 2008. Agronegócio e recursos naturais no Cerrado: desafios para uma coexistência harmónica. IX Simpósio Nacional sobre o Cerrado e o Simpósio Internacional sobre Savanas Tropicais, Embrapa, Brasília, pp. 3571.Google Scholar
Maalim, M and Diallo, AN. 2010. Modern and Mobile: The Future of Livestock Production in Africa’s Drylands. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.Google Scholar
Mannetje, L ’t and Jones, RM (eds.). 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No.4 Forages. Prosea, Bogor.Google Scholar
Mannetje, L’t, Amézquita, MC, Buurman, P and Ibrahim, MA (eds.). 2008. Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Grassland Ecosystems. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Marten, GC. 1978. The animal–plant complex in forage palatability phenomena. Journal of Animal Science 46: 14701477.Google Scholar
McDowell, RE. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W R Freeman, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
McIntire, J and Powell, JM. 1995. African semiarid agriculture cannot grow without external inputs. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 539554.Google Scholar
Miller, CP and Stockwell, TG.1991. Sustaining productive pastures in the tropics. 4. Augmenting native pasture with legumes. Tropical Grasslands 25: 98103.Google Scholar
Miranda, CHB, Urquiaga, S and Boddey, RM.1990. Selection of ecotypes of Panicum maximum for associated biological nitrogen fixation using 15N isotope dilution technique. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22: 657663.Google Scholar
Mohamed, AM, Kolon, IS, Ali, AM, Okal, J, Shale, A, Odowa, SN and Farah, AM. 2009. Production Economics or Rearing Somali Camels and Galla Goats in Dertu’s Communal Pastoral Land Use System. Columbia Global Centers, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Moraes, JFL de, Volkoff, B, Cerri, CC and Bernoux, M. 1996. Soil properties under Amazon forest and changes due to pasture installation in Rondônia, Brazil. Geoderma 70: 6381.Google Scholar
Mott, JJ, Williams, J, Andrew, MH and Gillison, AN. 1985. Australian savanna ecosystems. Ecology and Management of the World’s Savannas, Tothill, JC and Mott, JJ (eds.). Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp. 5682.Google Scholar
Murwira, KH, Swift, MJ and Frost, PGH. 1995. Manure as a key resource in sustainable agriculture. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, T and Renard, C (eds.). ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 131148.Google Scholar
Naylor, R, Steinfeld, H, Falcon, W, Galloway, J, Smil, V, Bradford, E, Alder, J and Mooney, H. 2005. Losing the links between livestock and land. Science 310: 16211622.Google Scholar
Neil, C, Piccolo, MC, Steudler, PA, Melillo, JM, Feigl, BJ and Cerri, CC. 1995. Nitrogen dynamics in soils of forests and active pastures in the western Brazilian Amazon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 11671175.Google Scholar
Neil, C, Melillo, JM, Steudler, PA and Cerri, CC. 1997. Soil C and nitrogen stocks following forest clearing for pasture in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Applications 7: 12161225.Google Scholar
Norman, MJT. 1963. The short-term effects of time and frequency of burning on native pastures at Katherine, N. T. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3: 2629.Google Scholar
Norman, MJT. 1966. Katherine Research Station 1956–1965: A Review of Published Work. CSIRO Division of Land Research Technical Paper 28. CSIRO, Canberra.Google Scholar
Oberson, A, Friesen, DK, Tiessen, H, Morel, C and Stahel, W. 1999. Phosphorus status and cycling in native savanna and improved pastures on acid low-P Colombia Oxisol. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 55: 7788.Google Scholar
Odadi, WO, Karachi, MK, Abdulrazak, SA and Young, TP. 2011. African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season. Science 333: 17531755.Google Scholar
Oenema, O, de Klein, C and Alfaro, M. 2014. Intensification of grassland and forage use: Driving forces and constraints. Crop & Pasture Science 65: 524537.Google Scholar
Palm, CA, Blanco-Canqui, H, De Clerk, F, Gatere, L and Grace, P. 2014. Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 187: 87105.Google Scholar
Piccolo, MC, Neill, C and Cerri, CC. 1994. Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification along a tropical forest-to-pasture chronosequence. Plant and Soil 162: 6170.Google Scholar
Pitesky, ME, Stackhouse, KR and Mitloehner, FM. 2009. Clearing the air: Livestock’s contribution to climate change. Advances in Agronomy 103: 140.Google Scholar
Pivello, VR and Coutinho, LM. 1992. Transfer of macro-nutrients to the atmosphere during experimental burnings in an open Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 487497.Google Scholar
Place, F, Roothaert, R, Maina, L, Franzel, S, Sinja, J and Wanjiku, J. 2009. The Impact of Fodder Trees on Milk Production and Income Among Smallholder Dairy Framers in East Africa and the Role of Research. World Agroforestry Centre Occasional Paper 12. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Powell, JM and Mohamed-Saleem, MA. 1987. Nitrogen and phosphorus transfers in a crop–livestock system in West Africa. Agricultural Systems 25: 261277.Google Scholar
Powell, JM and Williams, TO. 1995. An overview of mixed farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical Papers, Powell, JM, Fernández-Rivera, S, Williams, TO and Renard, C (eds.). ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 2136.Google Scholar
Ramsay, JM and Rose-Innes, R. 1963. Some quantitative observations on the effect of fire on the Guinea savanna vegetation of northern Ghana over a period of eleven years. African Soils 8: 4185.Google Scholar
Rao, IM, Barrios, E, Amézquita, E, Friessen, DK, Thomas, R, Oberson, A and Singh, BR. 2004. Soil phosphorus dynamics, acquisition and cycling in crop-pasture-fallow systems in low fertility tropical soils: A review from Latin America. Modelling Nutrient Management in Tropical Cropping Systems, RJ Delve and ME Probert (eds.). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 126134.Google Scholar
Reid, RS. 2012 Savannas of Our Birth. University of California Press, Oakland, CA.Google Scholar
Rufino, MC, Titonell, P, Reidsma, P, López-Ridaura, S, Hengsdijk, H, Giller, KE and Verhagen, A. 2009. Network analysis of N flows and food self-sufficiency: A comparative study of crop–livestock systems in the highlands of East and southern Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 85: 169186.Google Scholar
Russel, DA, Free, WJ and McCune, DL. 1974. Potential for fertilizer usage on tropical forages. Forage Fertilization, Mays, DA (ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 3965.Google Scholar
Salinas, JG and Saif, SR. 1990. Nutritional requirements of Andropogon gayanus. Andropogon gayanus Kunth. A Grass for Tropical Acid Soils, Toledo, JM, Vera, R, Lascano, C and Lenné, JM (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 99155.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Bandy, DE. 1992. Alternatives to slash and burn: A pragmatic approach to mitigate tropical deforestation. Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciências 64 (Suppl. 1): 731.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA and Buol, SW. 1975. Soils of the tropics and the world food crisis. Science 188: 598603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, PA and Isbell, RF. 1979 . A comparison of the soils of tropical Latin America and tropical Australia. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Tropics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 2553.Google Scholar
Sanchez, PA, Palm, CA, Davey, CB, Szott, LT and Russell, CE. 1985. Tree crops as soil improvers in the humid tropics. Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants, Cannell, MGR and Jackson, JE (eds.). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, pp. 331362.Google Scholar
Sanz, JI, Zeigler, RS, Sarkarung, S, Molina, DL and Rivera, M. 2004. Improved rice/pasture systems for native savanna and degraded pastures in acid soils of Latin America. Agropastoral Systems for the Tropical Savannas of Latin America, Guimarães, EP, Sanz, JI, Rao, IM, Amézquita, MC, Amézquita, E and Thomas, RJ (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 241252.Google Scholar
Scholes, MC and Sanchez, PA. 1990. Low soil nitrogen mineralization rates in a humid tropical pasture. Tropical Ecology 31: 1215.Google Scholar
Scholes, MC, Scholes, RJ, Otter, LB and Woghiren, A. 2003. Biogeochemistry: The cycling of nutrients in the Kruger National Park. The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity, du Toit, J, Biggs, H and Rogers, KH (eds.). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 130148.Google Scholar
Scholes, RJ and Walker, BH. 1993. An African Savanna. Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Schultze-Kraft, R and Clements, RJ (eds.). 1990. Centrosema: Biology, Agronomy and Utilization. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Schwartz, HJ and Dioli, M (eds.). 1992. The One-humped Camel (C. dromedarius) in Eastern Arica. Verlag Josef Margraf, Weikersheim.Google Scholar
Scoones, I. 1989. Patch Use By Cattle in Dryland Zimbabwe: Farmer Knowledge and Ecological Theory. Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar
Scoones, I. 1995. Exploiting heterogeneity: Habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe. Journal of Arid Environments 29: 221237.Google Scholar
Seré, C and Steinfeld, H. 1996. World Livestock Production Systems. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 127. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Serrão, EAS, Falesi, IC, Bastos de Veiga, J and Teixeira Neto, JF. 1979. Productivity of cultivated pastures on low fertility soils of the Amazon of Brazil. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Tropics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 195225.Google Scholar
Shaw, NH and Mannetje, L ‘t. 1970. Studies of a speargrass pasture in central Queensland: The effect of fertilizers, stocking rate and oversowing with Stylosanthes humilis on beef production and botanical composition. Tropical Grasslands 4: 4356.Google Scholar
Shelton, HM, Franzel, S and Peters, M. 2005. Adaptation of tropical legume technology around the world: Analysis of success. Grassland: A Global Resource, McGilloway, DA (ed.). Wageningen Academic Publications, Wageningen, pp. 149166.Google Scholar
Skerman, PJ. 1977. Tropical Forage Legumes. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.Google Scholar
Spain, JM. 1975. Forage potential of allic soils of the humid lowland tropics of Latin America. ASA Special Publication 24: 18.Google Scholar
Spain, JM. 1979. Pasture establishment and management in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia, Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Topics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 167175.Google Scholar
Spain, JM, Francis, CA, Howeler, RH and Calvo, F. 1975 Diferencias entre especies y variedades de cultivos y pastos tropicales en su tolerancia a la acidez del suelo. Manejo de Suelos en la América Tropical, Bornemisza y, E. Alvarado, A. (eds.). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, pp. 313335.Google Scholar
Subbarao, GV, Nakahara, K, Hurtado, MP, Ono, H, Moreta, DE, Salcedo, AF, Yoshihashi, AT, Ishikawa, T, Ishitani, M, Ohnishi-Kameyama, M, Yoshida, M, Rondón, M, Rao, IM, Lascano, CE, Berry, WL and Ito, O. 2009. Evidence for biological nitrification inhibition in Brachiaria pastures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 1730217307.Google Scholar
Steinfeld, H, Gerber, P, Wassenaar, T, Castel, V, Rosales, M and de Haan, C. 2006. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. FAO, Rome.Google Scholar
Steinfeld, H, Mooney, HA, Schneider, F and Neville, LE (eds.). 2010. Livestock in a Changing Landscape, Volume 1. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thomas, RJ. 1992. The role of the legume in the nitrogen cycle of productive and sustainable pastures. Grass and Forage Science 47: 133142.Google Scholar
Thomas, RJ, Lascano, CE, Sanz, JI, Ara, MA, Spain, JM, Vera, RR and Fisher, MJ. 1992. The role of pastures in production systems. Pastures for the Tropical Lowlands. CIAT´s Contribution. CIAT, Cali, pp. 121144.Google Scholar
Tilley, JMA and Terry, RA. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society 18: 104111.Google Scholar
Toledo, JM and Morales, VA 1979. Establishment and management of improved pastures in the Peruvian Amazon. Pasture Production in Acid Soils of the Topics, Sanchez, PA and Tergas, LE (eds.). CIAT, Cali, pp. 177194.Google Scholar
Toledo, JM, Vera, R, Lascano, C and Lenné, JM (eds.). 1990. Andropogon Gayanus Kunth. A Grass for Tropical Acid Soils. CIAT, Cali.Google Scholar
Tothill, JC and Mott, JJ. 1985. Australian savannas and their stability under grazing. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 13: 317322.Google Scholar
Trujillo, W, Fisher, MJ and Lal, R. 2006. Root dynamics of native savanna and introduced pastures in the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Soil and Tillage Research 87: 2838.Google Scholar
Trumbore, SE, Davidson, EA, de Camargo, PB, Nepstad, DC and Martinelli, LA. 1995. Below-ground cycling of carbon in forests and pastures of eastern Amazonia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 512528.Google Scholar
van Rensburg, HJ. 1952. Grass burning experiments on the Msima river stock farm, Southern Highlands, Tanganyika. East African Agriculture Journal 17: 119129.Google Scholar
van Soest, PJ. 1967. Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages. Journal of Animal Science 26: 119128.Google Scholar
Venter, FJ and Govender, N. 2012. A geomorphic and soil description of the long term fire experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 54: article 1037.Google Scholar
Vercoe, JE. 1999. Climatic and environmental factors affecting dairy productivity. Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics, Falvey, L and Chantakalakhna, C (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, pp. 6169.Google Scholar
Vicente-Chandler, J, Abruña, F, Caro-Costas, R, Figarella, J, Silva, S and Pearson, RW. 1974. Intensive Grasslands Management in the Humid Tropics of Puerto Rico. University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 223. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.Google Scholar
Weatherford, J. 2004. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. Broadway Books, New York, NY.Google Scholar
White, DS, Peters, M and Horne, P. 2013. Global impacts from improved tropical forages: A meta-analysis revealing overlooked benefits and costs, evolving values and new priorities. Tropical Grasslands–Forrages Tropicales 1: 1224.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×