Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T22:49:11.976Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Patronage Appointments in the Philippine Public Service

from Part II - Two-Party/Multi-Party Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2023

By
Maria Fe Villamejor-Mendoza
Edited by
B. Guy Peters ,
Colin Knox  and
Byeong Seob Kim
B. Guy Peters
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Colin Knox
Affiliation:
Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan
Byeong Seob Kim
Affiliation:
Seoul National University
Get access

Summary

Generally and ideally, recruitment and appointment to the Civil Service or public sector in the Philippines should be based on merit and fitness. However, political appointments by the Executive, particularly by the President of the Republic, for positions that are policy determining, primarily confidential, or highly technical in nature are ‘allowed’. This political appointment is construed as patronage appointment and perceived to be abused. Recent reports point to the growing politicization of this appointment process, with no meaningful means for vetting presidential appointees to ensure they meet the criteria and have the required qualifications for the positions to which they are appointed. We investigate patronage appointment at the third tier of the Philippine civil service and describe the policy-patronage dynamics over historical period. It also attempts to conceptualize a typology of roles and relationships between the patron and the appointees based on Peters typology. This challenging research could provide the bases for future studies on patronage politics in the public sector, their implications and effects on the bureaucracy, public policy, and development.

Keywords

Patronage appointmentPhilippinespublic servicecareer executive servicepolicy-patronage dynamicspatron-appointee typology
Type
Chapter
Information
Political Patronage in Asian Bureaucracies , pp. 199 - 228
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abinales, P. N. (2005). Life after the Coup: The Military and Politics in Post-Authoritarian Philippines, Philippine Political Science Journal, 26(49), 27–62.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Susan R., Desierto, Diane Alferez and Volosin, Natalia (2011). Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and the Philippines, Berkeley Journal of International Law, 29(1), 246–333.Google Scholar
Alfiler, M. C. P. (2008). The Philippine Administrative System as Enabling Institution. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 52(2–4), 224–244.Google Scholar
Bach, T., Hammerschmid, G. and Löffler, L. (2018). More Delegation, more Political Control? Politicization of Senior-level Appointments in 18 European Countries. Public Policy and Administration, 35(1), 3–23.Google Scholar
Baracskay, Daniel (2009). Political Patronage [electronic resource]. The First Amendment Encyclopedia, Middle Tennessee State University (accessed Jan 27, 2021). www.mtsu.edu/rst-amendment/article/1140/political-patronageGoogle Scholar
Billington, James H. (1999). Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith. Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Brillantes, A. B., Jr. and Fernandez-Carag, M. T. (2016). Building Executive Capacity in the Public Service for Better Governance: The Philippine Civil Service. In Podger, A. and Wanna, J. (Eds.). Sharpening the Sword of State: Building Executive Capacities in the Public Services of the Asia-Pacific (pp. 151–180). Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Career Executive Service Board. (n.d.). CES Statistics Report. Retrieved from www.cesb.gov.ph/Google Scholar
Carino, Ledivina V. (1985). The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy: Corruption or Commitment? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 51(1), 13–18, March.Google Scholar
Carino, Ledivina V. (1990). An Assessment of Public Administration in the Philippines, 1986–1988, PIDS Working Paper Series No.1990–03.Google Scholar
Civil Service Commission. (n.d.). Inventory of Government Personnel Overview. Accessed at http://www.csc.gov.phGoogle Scholar
Constantino as cited in Robles, Alan C. (2008). Civil Service Reform. Whose service? Development + Cooperation (D+C).Google Scholar
Constantino-David, Karina. (2007). “Politics, Perils and Pains of Building Institutions”. Keynote address to the Human Development Network General Assembly. March.Google Scholar
Corpuz, Onofre D. (1957). The Bureaucracy in the Philippines. Manila: University of the Philippines.Google Scholar
De Guzman, R. P., Brillantes, A. B. Jr. and Pacho, A. G. (1988). The Bureaucracy. In De Guzman, R. P. and Reforma, M. A. (Eds.), Government and Politics of the Philippines (pp. 180–206). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Leon, (2000). Reforms in the Philippine Civil Service.Google Scholar
Endriga, Jose N. (2001). The National Civil Service System of the Philippines. In Burns, John P. and Bowornwathana, Bidhya (Eds.), Civil Service System in Asia (pp. 212–248). United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. and Sidel, John T., (2000). Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories (p. 125). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heydarian, R. J. (2018). The Rise of Duterte: A Populist Revolt against Elite Democracy. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5918-6Google Scholar
Heywood, Paul M. (2018). Cooptation: Recruiting Clients and Patrons. In Ledeneva, A. (Ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Informality: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity, Volume 2 (Open Access) (pp. 380–382). [7.10] London: UCL Press. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787351899Google Scholar
Hodder, R. (2014). High-level Political Appointments in the Philippines. Singapore: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-4560-05-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Clayton (1989). Assessing the Marcos Legacy. Philippines. The Christian Science Monitor.Google Scholar
Kerkvliet, B. J. T. (1995). Toward a More Comprehensive Analysis of Philippine Politics: Beyond the Patron-Client. Factional Framework. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 26(2), 401–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingdon, John W. (1984). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H. and Wilkinson, S. I. (2007). ‘Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction’. In Kitschelt, H.and Wilkinson, S. I. (Eds.), Patron, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kopecký, P., Mair, P. and Spirova, M. (Eds.). (2012). Party Patronage and Party Government in European Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreuzer, Peter (2020). A Patron-Strongman who delivers. Explaining enduring public support for President Duterte in the Philippines. A Peace Research Institute Frankfurt Report 1/2020.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. E. (2008). The Politics of Presidential Appointments: Political Control and Bureaucratic Performance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoy, Alfred (Ed.). (1994). An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University.Google Scholar
Mendoza, Ronald U. and Ocampo, Jude B. (2017). Caught between Imperial Manila and the Provincial Dynasties: Towards a New Fiscal Federalism, in: Public Policy vols. XVI&XVII, 29–51, https://t1p.de/6yv9Google Scholar
Mendoza, Maria Fe Villamejor and Baylon, Minerva S. (2018). “The State of the Philippine Public Bureaucracy: Challenges and Prospects” Paper presented at the International Conference on “The State of Public Bureaucracy in East Asia” held on 6–7 July, 2018 at the Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.Google Scholar
Mintrom, Michael and Norman, Phillipa (2009). Policy Entrepreneurship and Policy Change. The Policy Studies Journal, 37(4), 2009.Google Scholar
Monsod, Toby C. (2015). Political intervention in the Philippine bureaucracy, 1987–2010: How, where and to what effect? UPSE Discussion Paper No. 2015–17.Google Scholar
Monsod, T.C. (2017). Political Appointees in the Philippine Bureaucracy: Do Increasing Numbers Help or Harm? Philippine Political Science Journal, DOI: 10.1080/01154451.2017.1320130, 2017Google Scholar
Ocampo, Romeo B. (2008). From Public Administration to Public Management, from Governance to Governmentality: Conceptual Challenges to Public Administration. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 52(2–4), 91–118.Google Scholar
Peters, Guy B., Larraburu, Conrado and Francisco, Panizza (2018). Roles, Trust and Skills: A Typology of Patronage Appointments. DOI: 10.1111/padm.12560. Also in Public Administration, Wiley Online.Google Scholar
Peters, B. G. (2013). Politicisation: What Is It and Why should We Care? In Civil Servants and Politics (pp. 12–24). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Quimpo, Nathan Gilbert (2005). Oligarchic Patrimonialism, Bossism, Electoral Clientelism and Contested Democracy in the Philippines. Comparative Politics, 37(2), 229–50. DOI: 10.2307/20072884Google Scholar
Quimpo, Nathan Gilbert (2007). “Trapo Parties and Corruption” KASAMA Vol. 21 No. 1, Solidarity Philippines-Australia Network, January–March.Google Scholar
Rappler Pia Ranada (2021). “The Davao Boys Are Alright” Duterte Final Year. July 9.Google Scholar
Reyes, Jeremiah (2015). Loob and Kapwa: An Introduction to a Filipino Virtue Ethics. Asian Philosophy 25(2), 1–24. DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2015.1043173Google Scholar
Robles, A. C. (2007). The Asia-Europe Meeting: the theory and practice of interregionalism. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. C. (1972). Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. American political science review 66(1), 91–113.Google Scholar
Tadem, T. S. E. (2018). Technocracy and Class Politics in Policy-making. In Thompson, M. R. and Batalla, E. V. C. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philippines (pp. 267–272). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Teehankee, Julio C. (2012). “Clientelism and Party Politics in the Philippines.” In Tomas, Dirk and Ufen, Andreas (Eds.), Clientelism and Electoral Competition in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines (pp. 186–214). Oxford, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark Richard (2014). The Politics Philippine Presidents Make, Critical Asian Studies, 46(3), 433–460, July.Google Scholar
Tjiptoherijanto, Prijono (2008). “Civil Service Reforms in the Philippines: The Role of Civil Society”, A Report Submitted to The Nippon Foundation Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines August.Google Scholar
Veneracion, J. B. (1988). Merit or Patronage: A History of the Philippine Civil Service. Quezon City: Great Books Trading.Google Scholar
Wong, Pak Nung and Lara-De Leon, Kristinne (2018). Padrino System (The Philippines) In Ledeneva, A. (Ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Informality: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity, Volume 2 (Open Access) (pp. 380–382). [7.10] UCL Press. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787351899Google Scholar
World Bank (2018). Strengthening Human Resources in the Philippine Bureaucracy: Developing a Modern, Fit for Purpose Civil Service to Support a “Middle Class” Society. Draft Report. www.cesb.gov.ph www.csc.gov.ph www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292/www.ocialgazette.gov.ph/1991/10/10/republic-act-no-7160-s-1991/ www.dbm.gov.ph 1987 Philippine Constitution PD 1 Act No. 5 Executive Order No. 292, Revised Administrative Code of 1987, Section 7. RA 11466 Rule I, General Policies on Recruitment, 2017 Omnibus Rules on Appointments and Other Human Resource Actions (ORAOHRA), Revised 2018.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×