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4 - Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation and Climate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2018

Roger G. Barry  and
Eileen A. Hall-McKim
Roger G. Barry
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Boulder
Eileen A. Hall-McKim
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Boulder
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Summary

The atmospheric and oceanic circulations of the polar regions and their climatic conditions are discussed. Both hemispheres feature a large upper tropospheric polar vortex surrounded by westerly airflows, but the low-level circulations differ greatly. Around Antarctica there is a circumpolar trough, while in the northern hemisphere there is the year-round Icelandic low, with an Aleutian low and Siberian high in winter. The Southern Ocean has a continuous Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) flowing eastward while the North Atlantic Current enters the Arctic Ocean via the Norwegian Sea and the East Greenland Current carries cold water and sea ice southward. Despite the polar night / day, the radiative regimes differ owing to persistent low clouds in the Arctic summer, a variable surface albedo, and winter cyclones. The Antarctic plateau presents a persistent ice surface. Arctic temperatures range from ~-30 °C in January to near 0 °C in summer, while at South Pole they are about 30 °C lower. Surface temperature inversions are prevalent in both regions. Annual precipitation in the Arctic is <200 mm, but most of Antarctica has even less. The Arctic and Antarctic Peninsula have warmed at twice the global average since the 1950's due to polar amplification.
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Polar Environments and Global Change , pp. 103 - 164
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

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