Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations (Editions)
- 1 N =
MacCown, D. E., R. C. Haines, and D. P. Hansen. 1967. Nippur. Part I: Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter, and Soundings, Oriental Institute Publications 78. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ABC =
Grayson, A. K. 1975. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
- ACLT =
Yakubovich, I. Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts. http://web-corpora.net/LuwianCorpus.
- AD =
Sachs, A. and H. Hunger. 1988, 1989, and 1996. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, 3 Vols. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences.
- AfO 16 =
Weidner, E. F. 1952–3. ‘Keilschrifttexte nach Kopien von T. G. Pinches. Neue Folge 1. Babylonische Privaturkunden aus dem 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (mit 4 Tafeln)’, Archiv für Orientforschung 16, 35–46.
- AfO 50 =
Waerzeggers, C. 2003–4. ‘The Babylonian revolts against Xerxes and the “End of Archives”’, Archiv für Orientforschung 50, 150–73.
- AMI NF 23 =
Stolper, M. W. 1990. ‘Tobits in reverse: More Babylonians in Ecbatana’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran NF 23, 161–76.
- AnOr 8 =
Pohl, A. 1933. Neubabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus den Berliner Staatlichen Museen. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
- AnOr 9 =
Pohl, A. 1934. Neubabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus den Berliner Staatlichen Museen II, Analecta Orientalia 9. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
- ÄPN =
Ranke, H. 1935, 1952, and 1976. Die Ägyptische Personennamen. Bd. I: Verzeichnis von Namen; Bd. II: Einleitung. Form und Inhalt der Namen. Geschichte der Namen. Vergleiche mit andren Namen. Nachträge und Zusätze zu Bd I. Umschreibungslisten; Bd. III: Verzeichnis der Bestandteile. Glückstadt/Hamburg: J. J. Augustin.
- BaAr 3 =
Wunsch, C. forthcoming. Hauskäufe aus verschiedenen neubabylonischen Archiven, Babylonische Archive 3. Dresden: ISLET.
- BaAr 6 =
Wunsch, C. 2022. Judaeans by the Waters of Babylon: New Historical Evidence in Cuneiform Sources from Rural Babylonia primarily from the Schøyen Collection, Babylonische Archive 6. Dresden: ISLET.
- BaM 15 =
Kessler, K. 1984. ‘Eine arsakidenzeitliche Urkunde aus Warka (W 18568)’, Baghdader Mitteilungen 15, 273–81.
- BBSt. =
King, L. W. 1912. Babylonian Boundary-Stones and Memorial-Tablets in the British Museum. London: British Museum.
- BE 8/1 =
Clay, A. T. 1908. Legal and Commercial Transactions Dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods, Chiefly from Nippur, The Babylonian Expedition of University of Pennsylvania Series A, Cuneiform Texts 8, Part 1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- BE 9 =
Hilprecht, H. V. and A. T. Clay. 1898. Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur, Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464–424 BC), The Babylonian Expedition of University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts 9. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- BE 10 =
Clay, A. T. 1904. Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign of Darius II (424–404 BC), The Babylonian Expedition of University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts 10. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- BE 15 =
Clay, A. T. 1906. Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur Dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers (Incomplete Dates), The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania Series A, Cuneiform Texts 15. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
- BIN 1 =
Keiser, C. E. 1917. Letters and Contracts from Erech Written in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- BRM 1 =
Clay, A. T. 1912. Babylonian Business Transactions of the First Millennium BC, Babylonian Records in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- BRM 2 =
Clay, A. T. 1913. Legal Documents from Erech Dated in the Seleucid Era (312–65 BC), Babylonian Records in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan 2. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- CAD =
Oppenheim, A. L. and Reiner, E. et al. (eds.). 1956–2010. The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago, 21 Vols. Chicago: Oriental Institute.
- Camb. =
Strassmaier, J. N. 1890. Inschriften von Cambyses, König von Babylon (529–521 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 8–9. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- CEDSQM =
Safaitic inscriptions documented by V. Clark and published on OCIANA. https://krc.web.ox.ac.uk/article/ociana.
- CT 4 =
Pinches, T. G. 1989. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part IV. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
- CT 22 =
Thompson, R. C. 1906. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XXII. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
- CT 44 =
Pinches, T. G. 1963. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XLIV: Miscellaneous Texts. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
- CT 49 =
Kennedy, D. A. 1968. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XLIX: Late-Babylonian Economic Texts. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
- CT 57 =
Pinches, T. G. 1982. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Part LVII: Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Economic Texts. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
- CTMMA 3 =
Spar, I. and E. von Dassow. 2000. Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume III: Private Archive Texts from the First Millennium BC. New York: Brepols.
- CTMMA 4 =
Jursa, M. and I. Spar. 2014. Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. New York: Brepols.
- CUSAS 28 =
Pearce, L. E. and C. Wunsch. 2014. Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer, Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 28. Bethesda: CDL Press.
- Cyr. =
Strassmaier, J. N. 1890. Inschriften von Cyrus, König von Babylon (538–529 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 7. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- Dar. =
Strassmaier, J. N. 1897. Inschriften von Darius, König von Babylon (521–485 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 10–12. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- DASI =
Digital Archive for the Study of pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions, http://dasi.cnr.it/.
- DN =
Lüddeckens, E. and W. Brunch. 1980–2000. Demotisches Namenbuch. Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert.
- eDiAna =
Hackstein, O.et al. (eds.). Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages, www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/.
- EE =
Stolper, M. W. 1985. Entrepreneurs and Empire: The Murašû Archive, the Murašû Firm, and Persian Rule in Babylonia, Publications de l’Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 54. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.
- ElW =
Hinz, W. and H. Koch. 1987. Elamisches Wörterbuch, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 17. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
- FuB 14 =
Jakob-Rost, L. and H. Freydank. 1972. ‘Spätbabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus Babylon mit aramäischen Beischriften’, Forschungen und Berichte 14, 7–35.
- GAG =
Von Soden, W. 1995. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik, 3rd ed., Analecta Orientalia 33. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.
- GC 1 =
Dougherty, R. P. 1923. Archives from Erech: Time of Nebuchadnezzar and Nabonidus, Goucher College Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- GC 2 =
Dougherty, R. P. 1933. Archives from Erech: Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods, Goucher College Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- GT =
Takács, G. 1999. Etymological Dictionary of Egypt, vol. 1: A Phonological Introduction, Handbuch der Orientalistik 84. Leiden: Brill.
- HBTIN =
Pearce, L. E. 2009–. Hellenistic Babylonia: Text, Images, and Names, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/hbtin/index.html.
- IMT =
Donbaz, V. and M. W. Stolper. 1997. Istanbul Murašû Texts, Publications de l’Institut Historique-Archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul 79. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.
- IRS =
Malbran-Labat, F. 1995. Les inscriptions royales de Suse. Briques de l’époque paléo-élamite à l’empire néo-élamite. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
- JCS 24 =
Sack, R. H. 1972. ‘Some miscellaneous Neo-Babylonian’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 24, 105–6.
- JCS 28 =
Stigers, H. G. 1976. ‘Neo- and Late Babylonian business documents from the John Frederick Lewis Collection’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 28, 3–59.
- JPA =
Allen, J. P. 2013. The Ancient Egyptian Language. An Historical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- KRS =
Safaitic inscriptions from the northeastern Jordanian bādiyah documented by G. M. H. King and published on OCIANA.
- LBAT =
Pinches, T. G., J. N. Strassmaier, and A. J. Sachs. 1955. Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, Brown University Studies 18. Providence: Brown University Press.
- LGPN =
Fraser, P. M. (ed.). 1987–. A Lexicon of the Greek Personal Names. Oxford: Clarendon Press, partially available online: www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/.
- MDP 9 =
Scheil, V. 1907. Textes élamites-anzanites, troisième série, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse 9. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
- Nbk. =
Strassmaier, J. N. 1889. Inschriften von Nabuchodonosor, König von Babylon (604–561 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 5–6. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- Nbn. =
Strassmaier, J. N. 1889. Inschriften von Nabonidus, König von Babylon (555–538 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 1–4. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- OCIANA =
Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia, http://krcfm.orient.ox.ac.uk/fmi/webd/OCIANA.
- OECT 9 =
McEwan, G. J. P. 1982. Texts from Hellenistic Babylonia in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts 9. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- OECT 10 =
McEwan, G. J. P. 1984. Late Babylonian Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts 10. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- OIP 114 =
Cole, S. W. 1996. Nippur IV: The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor’s Archive from Nippur, Oriental Institute Publications 114. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
- OIP 122 =
Weisberg, D. B. 2003. Neo-Babylonian Texts in the Oriental Institute Collection, Oriental Institute Publications 122. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
- PAES III =
Littmann, E., D. Magie, and D. R. Stuart. 1907–21. Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria in 1904–1905, Division III. Greek and Latin Inscriptions in Syria, Section A. Southern Syria. Leiden: Brill.
- PBS 2/1 =
Clay, A. T. 1912. Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign of Darius II, The Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section 2/1. Philadelphia: University Museum.
- PNA =
Radner, K. (ed.) 1998 and 1999, and Baker, H. D. (ed.) 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2011. The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Vols. 1/I: A; 1/II: B–G; 2/I: Ḫ–K; 2/II: L–N; 3/I: P–Ṣ; and 3/II: Š–Z. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
- RINAP 3/1 =
Grayson, A. K. and J. Novotny. 2012. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704–681 BC), Part 1, The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
- RINAP 4 =
Leichty, E. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
- ROMCT 2 =
McEwan, G. J. P. 1982. The Late Babylonian Tablets in the Royal Ontario Museum, Royal Ontario Museum Cuneiform Texts 2. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.
- SAA 14 =
Mattila, R. 2002. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part II: Assurbanipal through Sin-šarru-iškun, State Archives of Assyria 14. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
- SAA 18 =
Reynolds, F. 2003. The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon, State Archives of Assyria 18. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
- STUBM =
Corò, P. 2018. Seleucid Tablets from Uruk in the British Museum. Text Editions and Commentary, Antichistica 16, Studi orientali 6. Venice: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.
- TCL 9 =
Contenau, G. 1926. Contrats et lettres d’Assyrie et de Babylonie. Contrats de Kerkouk – Contrats Kassites – Contrats et lettres d’Assyrie – Lettres Néo-Babyloniennes, Textes Cunéiformes 9. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
- TCL 12 =
Contenau, G. 1927. Contrats néo-babyloniens I: de Téglath-phalasar III à Nabonide, Textes Cunéiformes 12. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
- TCL 13 =
Contenau, G. 1929. Contrats néo-babyloniens II: Achéménides et Séleucides, Textes Cunéiformes 13. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
- TEBR 6 =
Joannès, F. 1982. Textes économiques de la Babylonie récente, Étude des textes de TBER 6, Études assyriologiques 5. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
- TMH 2/3 =
Krückmann, O. 1933. Neubabylonische Rechts- und Verwaltungstexte, Texte und Materialien der Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection of Babylonian Antiquities im Eigentum der Universität Jena. Leipzig: Hinrichs Verlag.
- UCP 9/1 and UCP 9/2 =
Lutz, H. F. 1927. Neo-Babylonian Administrative Documents from Erech, Parts I and II, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- UET 4 =
Figulla, H. H. M. 1949. Business Documents of the New-Babylonian Period, Ur Excavations, Texts 4. London/Philadelphia: British Museum/University Museum.
- UET 7 =
Gurney, O. R. 1974. Middle Babylonian Legal Documents and Other Texts, Ur Excavations, Texts 7. London/Philadelphia: British Museum/University Museum.
- VR =
Rawlinson H. C. and T. G. Pinches, 1882. The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia V: A Selection of the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia. London: Jankowsky.
- VS 3 =
Ungnad, A. 1907. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 3. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- VS 4 =
Ungnad, A. 1907. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 4. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- VS 5 =
Ungnad, A. 1908. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 5. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- VS 6 =
Ungnad, A. 1908. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 6. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- WVDOG 51 =
Jordan, J. 1928. Uruk-Warka nach den Ausgrabungen durch die Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 51. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- YNER 1 =
Weisberg, D. B. 1967. Guild Structure and Political Allegiance in Early Achaemenid Mesopotamia, Yale Near Eastern Researches 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 1 =
Clay, A. T. 1915. Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 3 =
Clay, A. T. 1919. Neo-Babylonian Letters from Erech, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 3. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 6 =
Dougherty, R. P. 1920. Records from Erech, Time of Nabonidus (555–538 BC), Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 6. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 7 =
Tremayne, A. 1925. Records from Erech, Time of Cyrus and Cambyses (538–521 BC), Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 7. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 19 =
Beaulieu, P.-A. 2000. Legal and Administrative Texts from the Reign of Nabonidus, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 19. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 20 =
Doty, L. T. 2012. Cuneiform Documents from Hellenistic Uruk, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 20. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- YOS 21 =
Frahm, E. and M. Jursa. 2011. Neo-Babylonian Letters and Contracts from the Eanna Archive, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 21. New Haven: Yale University Press.
List of Abbreviations (Museum and Excavation Numbers)
- Babylon
Babylon Collection (Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin)
- BM
British Museum (London)
- FLP
Free Library of Philadelphia
- K
Kuyunjik Collection (British Museum, London)
- MMA
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
- NBC
Nies Babylonian Collection (Yale University, New Haven)
- NCBT
Newell Collection of Babylonian Tablets (Yale University, New Haven)
- PTS
Princeton Theological Seminary
- VAT
Vorderasiatisches Museum Tontafeln (Berlin)
- YBC
Yale Babylonian Collection (Yale University, New Haven)
List of Other Abbreviations and Conventions
- *
reconstructed form (or reconstructed year according to post-canonical eponym)
- ∅
non-realised sound
- < … >
omitted sign(s)
- ≪ … ≫
superfluous sign(s)
- 1.sg.
1st person singular, ‘I’
- 2.sg.
2nd person singular, ‘you’
- 3.sg.
3rd person singular, ‘(s)he’
- Akk.
Akkadian
- Aram.
Aramaic
- Bab.
Babylonian
- Bibl. Heb.
Biblical Hebrew
- C
consonant
- Camb
Cambyses
- conj.
conjugation
- Cyr
Cyrus
- D
D stem
- Dar
Darius I
- DN
deity name
- Egypt.
Egyptian
- Elam.
Elamite
- esp.
especially
- f
marker introducing a normalised female name
- FN
family name
- fPN
female personal name
- G
G stem
- GN
geographical name
- Heb.
Hebrew
- Hiph.
Hiphil
- hypocor.
hypocorism
- imp.
imperative
- impf.
imperfect
- inf.
infinitive
- Ir.
Iranian
- l.e.
left edge
- lo.e.
lower edge
- m.
masculine
- MB
Middle Babylonian
- mng.
meaning
- mod.
modern
- MT
Masoretic Text
- NA
Neo-Assyrian
- Nbk
Nebuchadnezzar II
- Nbn
Nabonidus
- N/LB
Neo- and Late Babylonian
- obj.
object
- OP
Old Persian
- perf.
perfect
- Phoen.
Phoenician
- pl.
plural
- PN
personal name
- prec.
precative
- pres.
present tense
- pret.
preterite
- Pun.
Punic
- r.
reverse
- resp.
respectively
- sg.
singular
- subj.
subject
- subst.
(verbal) substantive
- syll.
syllabic
- TN
temple name
- u.e.
upper edge
- Ugar.
Ugaritic
- V
vowel
- v.
verb
- W.Sem.
West Semitic
- wr.
written
- Y
Y renders the Yahwistic element in English translations of Hebrew names (Chapter 9)
Open access