Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T20:22:42.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - High-grade malignant epithelial tumors of the thymus: primary thymic carcinomas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2015

Mark R. Wick
Affiliation:
University of Virginia Health System
Alberto M. Marchevsky
Affiliation:
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
Saul Suster
Affiliation:
Medical College of Wisconsin
Alberto M. Marchevsky
Affiliation:
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
Mark R. Wick
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Shimosato, Y, Kameya, T, Nagai, K, Suemasu, K: Squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus: An analysis of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1977;1:109–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, GD, Rosai, J: Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: A review of current concepts. Hum Pathol 1978;9:495–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snover, DC, Levine, GD, Rosai, J: Thymic carcinoma: Five distinctive histological variants. Am J Surg Pathol 1982;6:451–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR, Weiland, LH, Scheithauer, BW, Bernatz, PE: Primary thymic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1982;6:612–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Thymic carcinoma: Spectrum of differentiation and histologic types. Pathology 1998;30:111–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iezzoni, IC, Nass, LB: Thymic basaloid carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 1996;9:21–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Marino, M, Muller-Hermelink, HK: Thymoma and thymic carcinoma: Relation of thymoma epithelial cells to the cortical and medullary differentiation of thymus. Virchows Arch 1985;407:119–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suster, S: Thymic carcinoma: update of current diagnostic criteria and histologic types. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005;22:198–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, JKC, Tsang, WY, Seneviratne, S, Pau, MY: The MIC2 antibody 013: Practical application for the study of thymic epithelial tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:1115–23.Google Scholar
Robertson, PB, Neiman, RS, Worapongpaiboon, S, et al.: 013 (CD99) positivity in hematologic proliferations correlates with TdT positivity. Mod Pathol 1997;10:277–82.Google Scholar
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Thymoma, atypical thymoma, and thymic carcinoma: A novel conceptual approach to the classification of neoplasms of thymic epithelium. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:826–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Travis, WD, Brambilla, E, Muller-Hermelink, HK, et al. (Eds): Pathology & Genetics of Tumors of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus, & Heart. In: World Health Organization Classification of Tumors, Lyon, IARC Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Primary thymic epithelial neoplasms with combined features of thymoma and thymic carcinoma: A clinicopathologic study of 22 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1469–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Primary thymic epithelial neoplasms: spectrum of differentiation & histologic features. Semin Diagn Pathol 1999;16:2–17.Google Scholar
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Thymic carcinoma: spectrum of differentiation and histologic types. Pathology 1998;30:111–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niehans, GA, Manivel, IC, Copland, GT, et al.: Immunohistochemistry of germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms. Cancer 1988;62:1113–23.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR, Simpson, RW, Niehans, GA, Scheithauer, BW: Anterior mediastinal tumors: A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases, with emphasis on immunohistochemical analysis. Prog Surg Pathol 1990;11:79–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, CA, Suster, S: Germ-cell tumors of the mediastinum. Adv Anat Pathol 1998;5:1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suster, S, Moran, CA, Dominguez-Malagon, H, Quevedo-Blanco, P: Germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and testis: a comparative immunohistochemical study of 120 cases. Hum Pathol 1998;29;737–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tormoehlen, LM, Pascuzzi, RM: Thymoma, myasthenia gravis, and other paraneoplastic syndromes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008;22;509–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, JKC, Rosai, I: Tumors of the neck showing thymic or related branchial pouch differentiation: A unifying concept. Hum Pathol 1991;22:349–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leyvraz, S, Henle, W, Cahinian, AP, et al.: Association of Epstein-Barr virus with thymic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1296–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimery, IW, Lee, JS, Blick, M, et al.: Association of the Epstein-Barr virus with lymphoepithelioma of the thymus. Cancer 1988;61:2475–80.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, TC, Kuo, TT: Study of Epstein-Barr virus early RNA-1 (EBER1) expression by in-situ hybridization in thymic epithelial tumors of Chinese patients in Taiwan. Hum Pathol 1993;24:235–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, PC, Pan, CC, Yang, AH, et al.: Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome within thymic epithelial tumors in Taiwanese patients with nested PCR, PCR in-situ hybridization, and RNA in-situ hybridization. J Pathol 2002;197:684–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, PJH: Absence of latent Epstein-Barr virus in thymic epithelial tumors as demonstrated by Epstein-Barr-encoded RNA (EBER) in-situ hybridization. APMIS 2000;108:393–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Truong, LD, Mody, DR, Cagle, PT, et al.: Thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:151–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuo, TT, Chang, JP, Lin, FJ, et al.: Thymic carcinomas: histopathologic varieties and immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:24–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chlabreysse, L, Etienne-Mastroianni, B, Adeleine, P, et al.: Thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 19 cases. Histopathology 2004;44:367–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimosato, Y, Mukai, K: Tumors of the Mediastinum, In: Rosai, J (ed), Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series 3, Fascicle 21, Washington, DC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1997;pp 33–273.Google Scholar
Weiss, LM, Gaffey, MI, Shibata, D: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:156–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanaka, M, Shimokawa, R, Matsubara, O, et al.: Mucoepidermoid carcinoid of the thymic region. Acta Pathol Jpn 1982;32:703–12.Google Scholar
Moran, CA, Suster, S: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus: A clinicopathologic study of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:826–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brightman, I, Morgan, JA, Kunze, WP, et al.: Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus: a rare cause of mediastinal tumor. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;40:90–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nonaka, D, Klimstra, D, Rosai, J: Thymic mucoepidermoid carcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:1526–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfe, JT, Wick, MR, Scheithauer, BW, Banks, PM: Clear cell carcinoma of the thymus. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:365–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Hasserjian, RP, Klimstra, DS, Rosai, J: Carcinoma of the thymus with clear cell features: report of eight cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:835–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, M, Khalin, J, Gibbs, AR: Primary clear cell carcinoma of the thymus gland. Histopathology 1987;11:763–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Mattana, J, Jurtz, B, Miah, A, Singhal, PC: Renal cell carcinoma presenting as a solitary anterior superior mediastinal mass. J Med 1996;27:205–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsuno, Y, Morozumi, N, Hirohashi, S, et al.: Papillary carcinoma of the thymus: Report of four cases of a new microscopic type of thymic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:873–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makino, Y, Asada, M, Suzuki, T, et al.: A case of adenocarcinoma of the thymus. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;46:1168–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissferdt, A, Moran, CA: Thymic carcinoma associated with multilocular thymic cyst: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:1074–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawashima, O, Kamiyoishihara, M, Skata, S, et al.: Basaloid carcinoma of the thymus. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1863–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natsuo, T, Hayashida, R, Kobayashi, K, et al.: Thymic basaloid carcinoma with hepatic metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:579–82.Google Scholar
Tanimura, S, Tomoyasu, H, Kohno, T, et al.: Basaloid carcinoma originating from the wall of a thymic cyst presenting as pericardial and thoracic effusion; report of a case. Kyobu Geka [Jpn J Thorac Surg] 2002;55:571–5.Google Scholar
Nishimura, M, Kodama, T, Nishiyama, H, et al.: A case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the thymus. Pathol Int 1997;47:260–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Spindle-cell carcinoma: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of a distinctive variant of primary thymic epithelial neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:691–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paties, C, Zangrandi, A, Vassallo, G, et al.: Multidirectional carcinoma of the thymus with neuroendocrine and sarcomatoid components and carcinoid syndrome. Pathol Res Pract 1991;187:170–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eimoto, T, Kitaoka, M, Ogawa, H, et al.: Thymic sarcomatoid carcinoma with skeletal muscle differentiation: report of two cases, one with cytogenetic analysis. Histopathology 2002;40:46–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moritani, S, Ichihara, S, Mukai, K, et al.: Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the thymus arising in metaplastic thymoma. Histopathology 2008;52:409–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, HS, Gan, MF, Zhou, T, Wang, SZ:Sarcomatoid thymic carcinoma arising in metaplastic thymoma: a case report. Int J Surg Pathol 2011;19:677–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissferdt, A, Moran, CA: Anaplastic thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 6 cases. Hum Pathol 2012;43:874–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, CP, Chen, CY, Chen, CL, et al.: Thymic carcinoma: ten years’ experience in twenty patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:615–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Thomas-de-Montpréville, V, Ghigna, MR, et al.: Thymic carcinomas: clinicopathologic study of 37 cases from a single institution. Virchows Arch 2013;462:307–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falconieri, G, Moran, CA, Pizzolito, S, et al.: Intrathoracic rhabdoid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 6 cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 2005;9:279–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreira-deq-Ueiroga, E, Chikota, H, Bacchi, CE, et al.: Rhabdomyomatous carcinoma of the thymus. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:1245–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toprani, TH, Tamboli, P, Amim, MB, et al.: Thymic carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Ann Diagn Pathol 2003;7:106–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavazza, A, Colby, TV, Tsokos, M, Rush, W, Travis, WD: Lung tumors with a rhabdoid phenotype. Am J Clin Pathol 1996;105:182–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gokden, N, Nappi, O, Swanson, PE, et al.: Renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;34:1329–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, WWL, Lui, YH, Lau, WH, et al.: Adenocarcinoma of the thymus: report of two cases, including a previously-undescribed mucinous subtype. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:124–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, F, Tsuta, K, Matsuno, Y, et al.: Adenocarcinoma of the thymus: mucinous subtype. Hum Pathol 2005;36:219–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuno, Y, Mukai, K, Noguchi, M, et al.: Histochemical and immunohistochemical evidence of glandular differentiation in thymic carcinoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 1989;39:433–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Babu, MK, Nirmala, V: Thymic carcinoma with glandular differentiation arising in a congenital thymic cyst. J Surg Oncol 1994;57:277–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissferdt, A, Moran, CA: Micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid hyperplasia: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of five cases. Mod Pathol 2012;25:993–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nonaka, D, Rodriguez, J, Rollo, JL, et al.: Undifferentiated large cell carcinoma of the thymus associated with Castleman-like reaction: a distinctive type of thymic neoplasm characterized by an indolent behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:490–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suster, S, Moran, CA: Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid B-cell hyperplasia: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 18 cases of a distinctive variant of thymic epithelial neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:955–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leong, ASY, Brown, JH: Malignant transformation in a thymic cyst. Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:471–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukayama, M, Nihei, Z, Takizawa, T, et al.: A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus, probably originating from thymic cyst. Lung Cancer 1984;24:415–20.Google Scholar
Moran, CA, Suster, S: Thymic carcinoma: current concepts and histologic features. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008;22:393–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddad, H, Joudeh, A, El-Taani, H, et al.: Thymoma and thymic carcinoma arising in a thymolipoma: report of a unique case. Int J Surg Pathol 2009;17:55–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, TT, Chan, JKC: Thymic carcinoma arising in thymoma is associated with alterations in immunohistochemical profile. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:1474–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finley, JL, Silverman, JF, Strausbauch, PH, et al.: Malignant thymic neoplasms: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy with histologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural confirmation. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:118–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaw, YT, Esparza, AR: Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus: a case report. Acta Cytol 1993;37:735–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Geisinger, KR. Differential diagnostic considerations and potential pitfalls in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the mediastinum. Diagn Cytopathol 1995;13:436–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucchi, M, Mussi, A, Ambrogi, M, et al.: Thymic carcinoma: a report of 13 cases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2001;27:636–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakely, PE: Cytopathology-histopathology of the mediastinum: epithelial, lymphoproliferative, and germ cell neoplasms. Ann Diagn Pathol 2002;6:30–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakely, PE Jr: Cytopathology of thymic epithelial neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005;22:213–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assaad, MW, Pantanowitz, L, Otis, CN. Diagnostic accuracy of image-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the mediastinum. Diagn Cytopathol 2007;35:705–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakely, PEFine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of thymic epithelial neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008;22:433–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zakowski, MF, Huang, J, Bramlage, MP. The role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of thymic neoplasia. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5 (10 Suppl 4):S281–S285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singhal, M, Lal, A, Srinivasan, R, Duggal, R, Khandelwal, N. Thymic carcinoma developing in a multilocular thymic cyst. J Thorac Dis 2012;4:512–15.Google Scholar
Posliqua, L, Ylagan, L: Fine-needle aspiration cytology of thymic basaloid carcinoma: case studies and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2006;34:358–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riazmontazer, N, Bedayat, C, Izadi, B: Epithelial cytologic atypia in a fine needle aspirate of an invasive thymoma: a case report. Acta Cytol 1992;36:387–90.Google Scholar
Walker, AN, Mills, SE, Fechner, RE: Thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 1990;7:250–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Lauriola, L, Erlandson, RA, Rosai, J: Neuroendocrine differentiation is a common feature of thymic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:1059–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hishima, T, Fukayama, M, Hayashi, Y, et al.: Neuroendocrine differentiation in thymic epithelial tumors with special reference to thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma. Hum Pathol 1998;29:330–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR, Ritter, JH, Dehner, LP: Malignant rhabdoid tumors: a clinicopathologic review and conceptual discussion. Semin Diagn Pathol 1995;12:233–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuzume, T, Kubonishi, I, Takeuchi, S, et al.: Establishment and characterization of a thymic carcinoma cell line (Ty-82) carrying t(15;19) (q15;p13) chromosome abnormality. Int J Cancer 1992;50:259–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kojika, M, Ishii, G, Yoshida, J, et al.: Immunohistochemical differential diagnosis between thymic carcinoma and type B3 thymoma: diagnostic utility of hypoxic marker, GLUT-1, in thymic epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2009;22:1341–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saad, RS, Landreneau, RJ, Liu, Y, et al.: Utility of immunohistochemistry in separating thymic neoplasms from germ cell tumors and metastatic lung cancer involving the anterior mediastinum. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2003;11:107–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, JG, Bamiliari, U, Papotti, M, et al.: Thymic basaloid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases, with a general discussion of basaloid carcinoma and its relationship with adenoid cystic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:1113–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosai, J. The pathology of thymic neoplasia. Monogr Pathol 1987;29:161–83.Google Scholar
Pomplun, S, Wotherspoon, AC, Shah, G, et al.: Immunohistochemical markers in the differentiation of thymic and pulmonary neoplasms. Histopathology 2002;40:152–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissferdt, A, Moran, CA: PAX8 expression in thymic epithelial neoplasms: an immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:1305–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laury, AR, Perets, R, Piao, H, et al.: A comprehensive analysis of PAX8 expression in human epithelial tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:816–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR, Swanson, PE: “Carcinosarcomas:” current perspectives and an historical review of nosological concepts. Semin Diagn Pathol 1993;10:118–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR: Immunohistology of neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 2000;17:194–203.Google ScholarPubMed
Dorfman, DM, Shahsafaei, A, Chan, JKC: Thymic carcinomas, but not thymomas and carcinomas of other sites, show CD5 immunoreactivity. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:936–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornstein, MJ, Rosai, J: CD5 labeling of thymic carcinomas and other nonlymphoid neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 1998;109:722–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hishima, T, Fukayama, M, Fujisawa, M, et al.: CD5 expression in thymic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1994;145:268–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Tateyama, H, Eimoto, T, Tada, T, et al.: Immunoreactivity of a new CD5 antibody with normal epithelium and malignant tumors, including thymic carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:235–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berezowski, K, Grimes, MM, Gal, A, et al.: CD5 immunoreactivity of epithelial cells in thymic carcinoma and CASTLE using paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 1996;106:483–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hishima, T, Fukayama, M, Hayashi, Y, et al.: CD70 expression in thymic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:742–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, CC, Chen, PC, Chieng, H: Kit (CD117) is frequently overexpressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. J Pathol 2004;202:375–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schirosi, L, Nannini, N, Nicoli, D, et al.: Activating c-kit mutations in a subset of thymic carcinoma and response to different c-kit inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2012;23:2409–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miettinen, M, Lasota, J: Kit (CD117): a review on expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, and mutations and their clinicopathologic correlation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005;13:205–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tateyama, H, Eimoto, T, Tada, T, et al.: p53 protein expression and p53 gene mutation in thymic epithelial tumors: an immunohistochemical and DNA sequencing study. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;104:375–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nino, H, Kondo, K, Miyoshi, T, et al.: High frequency of p53 protein expression in thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma. Hum Pathol 1998;29:330–8.Google Scholar
Patton, DF, Ribeiro, RC, Jenkins, Jf, Sixbey, JW: Thymic carcinoma with a defective Epstein-Barr virus encoding the BZLFI trans-activator. J Infect Dis 1994;170:7–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorfman, DM, Shahsafaei, A, Miyauchi, A: Immunohistochemical staining for bcl-2 and mcl-1 in intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma (ITET)/carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) and cervical thymic carcinoma. Mod Pathol 1998;11:989–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Vargas, SO, French, CA, Faul, PN, et al.: Upper respiratory tract carcinoma with chromosomal translocation 15;19. Evidence for a distinct disease entity of young patients with a rapidly fatal outcome. Cancer 2001;92:1195–1203.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kees, UR, Mulcahy, MT, Willoughby, MLN: Intrathoracic carcinoma in an 11 year old girl showing a translocation t(15;19). Am J Ped Hematol Oncol 1991;13:459–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, ACW, Kwong, YI, Fu, KH, et al.: Disseminated mediastinal carcinoma with chromosomal translocation (15;19). A distinctive clinicopathologic syndrome. Cancer 1993;72:2273–6.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, CA, Miyoshi, I, Aster, JC, et al.: BRD 4 bromodomain gene rearrangement in aggressive carcinoma with translocation t(15;19). Am J Pathol 2001;159:1987–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, CA. Pathogenesis of NUT midline carcinoma. Annu Rev Pathol 2012;7:247–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, CA. NUT midline carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2010;203:16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrini, P, French, CA, Rajan, A, et al.: NUT rearrangement is uncommon in human thymic epithelial tumors. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:744–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, AG, French, CA, Cameron, MJ, et al.: Pathologic characteristics of NUT midline carcinoma arising in the mediastinum. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:1222–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, DE, Mitchell, CM, Strait, KM, et al.: Clinicopathologic features and long-term outcomes of NUT midline carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:5773–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayashi, S, Hamanaka, Y, Sueda, T, et al.: Thymic metastasis from prostatic carcinoma: Report of a case. Surg Today 1993;23:632–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeYoung, BR, Wick, MR: Immunohistologic evaluation of metastatic carcinomas of unknown origin: an algorithmic approach. Semin Diagn Pathol 2000;17:184–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Knapp, RH, Hurt, RD, Payne, WS, et al.: Malignant germ cell tumors of the mediastinum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;89:82–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Dehner, LP: Germ cell tumors of the mediastinum. Semin Diagn Pathol 1990;7:266–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Montresor, E, Nifosii, F, Lupi, A, et al.: Primary germinal tumors of the mediastinum. Chir Ital 1994;46:46–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Strickler, JG, Kurtin, PJ: Mediastinal lymphoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 1991;8:2–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Suster, S: Primary large-cell lymphomas of the mediastinum. Semin Diagn Pathol 1999;16:51–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Stanley, MW, Powers, CN: Syncytial variant of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s disease: fine-needle aspiration findings in two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;17:477–9.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pai, NB, Kim, S, Pathak, R, et al.: Syncytial variant of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphology 1999;32:75–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Park, IS, Kim, L, Han, JY, et al.: Syncytial variant of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s lymphoma assessed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytopathology 2008;19:394–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, L, Kricun, ME: Malignant melanoma presenting as a mediastinal mass. JAMA 1979;241:396–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, B, Lichteiger, B, Tessmer, CF, Chang, JP: The pathologic diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma. Cancer Bull 1971;23:30–45.Google Scholar
Prieto, VG, Shea, CR: Immunohistochemistry of melanocytic proliferations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 201;135:853–9.
Witkin, GB, Miettinen, M, Rosai, J: A biphasic tumor of the mediastinum with features of synovial sarcoma: a report of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:490–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trupiano, JK, Rice, TW, Herzog, K, et al.: Mediastinal synovial sarcoma: report of two cases with molecular genetic analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:628–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yano, M, Toyooka, S, Tsukuda, K, et al.: SYT-SSX fusion genes in synovial sarcoma of the thorax. Lung Cancer 2004;44:391–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suster, S, Moran, CA. Primary synovial sarcomas of the mediastinum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:569–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katakura, H, Fukuse, T, Shiraishi, I, et al.: Mediastinal synovial sarcoma. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;57:183–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLeeuw, B, Suijkerbuijk, RF, Olde-Weghuis, D, et al.: Distinct Xpl1.2 breakpoint regions in synovial sarcoma revealed by metaphase and interphase FISH: Relationship to histologic subtypes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1994;73:89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jo, VY, Fletcher, CDM: p63 immunohistochemical staining is limited in soft tissue tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2011;136:762–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foo, WC, Cruise, MW, Wick, MR, Hornick, JL: Immunohistochemical staining for TLE1 distinguishes synovial sarcoma from histologic mimics. Am J Clin Pathol 2011;135:839–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shrivastava, CP, Devgarha, S, Ahlawat, V: Mediastinal tumors: a clinicopathological analysis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2006;14:102–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, CS, Munden, RF, Libshitz, HI: Malignant pleural mesothelioma: the spectrum of manifestations on CT in 70 cases. Clin Radiol 1999;54:415–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR, Mills, SE: Mesothelial proliferations: an increasing morphologic spectrum. Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:619–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, CC, Chen, PC, Chou, TY, Chiang, H. Expression of calretinin and other mesothelioma-related markers in thymic carcinoma and thymoma. Hum Pathol 2003;34:1155–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masaoka, A, Monden, Y, Nakahara, K, et al.: Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer 1981;48:2485–92.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumberg, D, Burt, ME, Bains, MS, et al.: Thymic carcinoma: current staging does not predict prognosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:303–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissferdt, A, Moran, CA. Thymic carcinoma, part 1: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 65 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;138:103–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissferdt, A, Moran, CA. Thymic carcinoma, part 2: a clinicopathologic correlation of 33 cases with a proposed staging system. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;138:115–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuchiya, R, Koga, K, Matsuno, Y, et al.: Thymic carcinoma: Proposal for pathological TNM and staging. Pathol Int 1994;44:505–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weide, LG, Ulbright, TM, Loehrer, PJ, Williams, SD. Thymic carcinoma. A distinct clinical entity responsive to chemotherapy. Cancer 1993;71:1219–23.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, DA. Thymic carcinoma: analysis of nineteen clinicopathological studies. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;48:114–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suster, S, Rosai, J: Thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 60 cases. Cancer 1991;67:1025–32.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, JT, Wei-Shu, W, Yen, CC, et al.: Stage IV thymic carcinoma: a study of 20 patients. Am J Med Sci 2005;330:172–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bott, MJ, Wang, H, Travis, W, et al.: Management and outcomes of relapse after treatment for thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;92:1984–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okuma, Y, Hosomi, Y, Takagi, Y, et al.: Clinical outcomes with chemotherapy for advanced thymic carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2013;80:75–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×