Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:44:36.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 21 - Hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and reactive vascular proliferations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2016

Markku Miettinen
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Maryland
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Modern Soft Tissue Pathology
Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Conditions
, pp. 553 - 592
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Cines, DB, Pollak, ES, Buck, CA, et al. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood 1998;91:35273561.Google ScholarPubMed
Cotran, RS, Mayadas-Norton, T. Endothelial adhesion molecules in health and disease. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1998;46:164170.Google Scholar
Parikh, AA, Ellis, LM. The vascular endothelial growth factor family and its receptors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004;18:951971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmeliet, P. Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat Med 2000;6:389395.Google Scholar
Folkman, J. Angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibition: an overview. EXS 1997;79:18.Google Scholar
Ferrara, N, Alitalo, K. Clinical applications of angiogenic growth factors and their inhibitors. Nat Med 1999;5:13591364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Secondary Sources

Kempson, RL, Fletcher, CDM, Evans, HL, Hendrickson, MR, Sibley, RK. Vascular tumors. In Atlas of Soft Tissue Tumors. Washington, DC: AFIP; 2001: 307370.Google Scholar
Marler, JJ, Mulliken, JV, Vascular anomalies: classification, diagnosis, and natural history. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2001;9:495504.Google Scholar
Requena, L, Sangueza, OP. Cutaneous vascular anomalies. Part 1. Hamartomas, malformations, and dilatation of preexisting vessels. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:523549.Google Scholar
Requena, L, Sangueza, OP. Cutaneous vascular proliferations. Part II. Hyperplasias and benign vascular neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:887920.Google Scholar
Hunt, SJ, Santa Cruz, DJ. Vascular tumors of the skin: a selective review. Semin Diagn Pathol 2004;21:166218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulliken, JB, Glowacki, J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;69:412422.Google Scholar
Enjolras, O, Mulliken, JB. Vascular tumors and vascular malformations: new issues. Adv Dermatol 1997;13:375423.Google Scholar
Cohen, MM. Vascular update: morphogenesis, tumors, malformations, and molecular dimensions. Am J Med Genet 2006;140A:20132038.Google Scholar
Coffin, CM, Dehner, LP. Vascular tumors in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic study of 228 tumors in 222 patients. Pathol Annu 1993;1:97120.Google Scholar
Takahashi, K, Mulliken, JB, Kozakewich, HP, et al. Cellular markers that distinguish the phases of hemangioma during infancy and childhood. J Clin Invest 1994;93:23572364.Google Scholar
Smolinski, KN, Yan, AC. Hemangiomas of infancy: clinical and biological characteristics. Clin Pediatr 2005;44:747766.Google Scholar
Enjolras, O, Riche, MC, Merland, JJ, Escande, JP. Management of alarming hemangiomas of infancy: a review of 25 cases. Pediatrics 1990;85:491498.Google Scholar
Chen, TS, Eichenfield, LF, Friedlander, SF. Infantile hemangiomas: an update on pathogenesis and therapy. Pediatrics. 2013;131:99108.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Crussi, F, Reyes-Mugica, M: Cellular hemangiomas of infancy (“hemangioendotheliomas”): light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural observations. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15.769778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
North, PE, Waner, M, Mizeracki, A, Mihm, M Jr. GLUT1: a newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas. Hum Pathol 2000;31:1122.Google Scholar
North, PE, Waner, M, Mizeracki, A, Mrak, RE. A unique microvascular phenotype shared by juvenile hemangiomas and human placenta. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:559570.Google Scholar
Kumakiri, M, Muramoto, F, Tsukinaga, I, et al. Crystalline lamellae in the endothelial cells of a type of hemangioma characterized by the proliferation of immature endothelial cells and pericytes-angioblastoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:6875.Google Scholar
Walter, JW, North, PE, Waner, M, et al. Somatic mutation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in juvenile hemangioma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;33:295303.Google Scholar
Berenguer, B, Mulliken, JB, Enjolras, O, et al. Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma: clinical and histopathologic features. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2003;6:495510.Google Scholar
North, PE, Waner, M, James, CA, et al. Congenital nonprogressive hemangioma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity unlike infantile hemangioma. Arch Pathol 2001;137:16071620.Google Scholar
Patrice, SJ, Wiss, K, Mulliken, J. Pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma) pathologic study of 178 cases. Pediatr Dermatol 1991;8:267276.Google Scholar
Bhaskar, SN, Jacoway, JR. Pyogenic granuloma – clinical features, incidence, histology, and result of treatment: report of 242 cases. J Oral Surg 1966;24:391398.Google Scholar
Puxeddu, R, Berlucchi, M, Ledda, GP, et al. Lobular capillary hemangioma of the nasal cavity: a retrospective study of 40 patients. Am J Rhinol 2006;20:480484.Google Scholar
Mills, SE, Cooper, PH, Fechner, RE. Lobular capillary hemangioma: the underlying lesion of pyogenic granuloma. Am J Surg Pathol 1980:4:471479.Google Scholar
Cooper, PH, Mills, SE. Subcutaneous granuloma pyogenicum: lobular capillary hemangioma. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:3033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, J, Wilson-Jones, E. Pyogenic granuloma with multiple satellites: a report of 11 cases. Br J Dermatol 1968;80:218227.Google Scholar
Toida, M, Hasegawa, T, Watanabe, F, et al. Lobular capillary hemangioma of the oral mucosa: clinicopathological study of 43 cases with a special reference to immunohistochemical characterization of the vascular elements. Pathol Int 2003;53:17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, PH, McAllister, HA, Helwig, EB. Intravenous pyogenic granuloma: a study of 18 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1979;3:221228.Google Scholar
Ulbright, TM, Santa-Cruz, DJ. Intravenous pyogenic granuloma. Cancer 1980;45:16461652.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapadia, SB, Heffner, DK. Pitfalls in the histopathological diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma. Eur Arch Otolaryngol 1992;249:195200.Google Scholar
Truss, L, Dobin, SM, Donner, LR. Deletion (21)(q21.2q22.12) as the sole cytogenetic abnormality in lobular capillary hemangioma of the nasal cavity. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2006;170:6970.Google Scholar
Calonje, E, Fletcher, CDM. Sinusoidal hemangioma: a distinctive benign vascular neoplasm within the group of cavernous hemangiomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;14:11301135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imperial, R, Helwig, EB. Angiokeratoma: a clinicopathologic study. Arch Dermatol 1967;95:166175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imperial, R, Helwig, EB. Angiokeratoma of the scrotum (Fordyce type). J Urol 1967;98:379387.Google Scholar
Schiller, PI, Itin, PH. Angiokeratomas: an update. Dermatology 1996;193:275282.Google Scholar
Imperial, R, Helwig, EB. Verrucous hemangioma: a clinicopathological study of 21 cases. Arch Dermatol 1967;96:247253.Google Scholar
Cruces, MJ, De la Torre, C. Multiple eruptive verrucous hemangiomas: a variant of multiple hemangiomatosis. Dermatologica 1985;171:106111.Google Scholar
Puig, L, Llistosella, E, Moreno, A, de Moragas, JM. Verrucous hemangioma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987;13:10891092.Google Scholar
Yang, CH, Ohara, K. Successful surgical treatment of verrucous hemangioma: a combined approach. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:913919.Google ScholarPubMed
Tennant, LB, Mulliken, JB, Perez-Atayde, AR, Kozakewich, HP. Verrucous hemangioma revisited. Pediatr Dermatol 2006;23:208215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girard, C, Graham, J, Johnson, WC. Arteriovenous hemangioma (arteriovenous shunt): a clinicopathological and histochemical study. J Cutan Pathol 1974;1:7387.Google Scholar
Carapeto, FJ, Garcia-Perez, A, Winkelmann, RK. Acral arteriovenous tumor. Acta Dermatovenereol 1977;157:155158.Google Scholar
Connelly, MG, Winkelmann, RK. Acral arteriovenous tumor: a clinicopathologic review. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:1521.Google Scholar
Light, RA. Venous hemangioma of skeletal muscle: case report. Ann Surg 1943;118:465468.Google Scholar
Rosen, PP, Jezefzyk, MA, Boram, LH. Vascular tumors of the breast, IV. The venous hemangioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:659665.Google Scholar
Weiss, SW. Pedal hemangioma (venous malformation) occurring in Turner’s syndrome: an additional manifestation of the syndrome. Hum Pathol 1988;19:10151018.Google Scholar
Allen, PW, Enzinger, FM. Hemangiomas of skeletal muscle: an analysis of 89 cases. Cancer 1972;29:823.Google Scholar
Beham, A, Fletcher, CDM. Intramuscular angioma: a clinico-pathological analysis of 74 cases. Histopathology 1991;18:5359.Google Scholar
Howat, AJ, Campbell, PE. Angiomatosis: a vascular malformation of infancy and childhood. Pathology 1987;19:377382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, VK, Weiss, SW. Angiomatosis of soft tissue: an analysis of the histological features and clinical outcome in 51 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:764771.Google Scholar
Soubrier, MJ, Dubost, JJ, Sauvezie, BJ. POEMS syndrome: a study of 25 cases and a review of the literature. French study Group on POEMS syndrome. Am J Med 1994;97:543553.Google Scholar
Chan, JK, Fletcher, CD, Hicklin, GA, Rosai, J. Glomeruloid hemangioma: a distinctive cutaneous lesion of multicentric Castleman’s disease associated with POEMS syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:10361046.Google Scholar
Kanitakis, J, Roger, H. Soubrier, M. Cutaneous angiomas in POEMS syndrome: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:695698.Google Scholar
Belec, L, Mohamed, AS, Authier, FJ, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 infection in patients with POEMS syndrome-associated multicentric Castleman’s disease. Blood 1999;93:36433653.Google Scholar
Forman, SB, Tyler, WB, Ferringer, TC, Elston, DM. Glomeruloid hemangioma without POEMS syndome: series of three cases. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:956957.Google Scholar
Suurmeijer, AJ, Fletcher, CD. Papillary hemangioma: a distinctive cutaneous haemangioma of the head and neck area containing eosinophilic hyaline globules. Histopathology 2007;51:638648.Google Scholar
Santa-Cruz, DJ, Aronberg, J. Targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:550558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillou, L, Calonje, E, Speight, P, Rosai, J, Fletcher, CD. Hobnail hemangioma: a pseudomalignant vascular lesion with a reappraisal of targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:97105.Google Scholar
Mentzel, T, Partanen, T, Kutzner, H. Hobnail hemangioma (“targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma”): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 62 cases. J Cutan Pathol 1999;26:279286.Google Scholar
Franke, FE, Steger, K, Marks, A, Kutzner, H, Mentzel, T. Hobnail hemangiomas (targetoid hemosiderotic hemangiomas) are true lymphangiomas. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:362367.Google Scholar
Wilson-Jones, E, Orkin, M. Tufted angioma (angioblastoma): a benign progressive angioma not to be confused with Kaposi’s sarcoma or low-grade angiosarcoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:214225.Google Scholar
Alessi, E, Bertani, E, Sala, F. Acquired tufted angioma. Am J Dermatopathol 1986;8:426429.Google Scholar
Padilla, RS, Orkin, M, Rosai, J. Acquired “tufted” angioma (progressive capillary hemangioma): a distinctive clinicopathologic entity related to lobular capillary hemangioma. Am J Dermatopathol 1987;9:292300.Google Scholar
Cho, KH, Kim, SH, Park, KC, et al. Angioblastoma (Nakagawa): is it the same as tufted angioma? Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:110113.Google Scholar
Seo, SK, Suh, JC, Na, GY, Kim, IS, Sohn, KR. Kasabach–Merritt syndrome: identification of platelet trapping in a tufted angioma by immunohistochemistry technique using monoclonal antibody to CD61. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16:392394.Google Scholar
Niedt, GW, Greco, MA, Wieczorek, R, Blanc, WA, Knowles, DM. Hemangioma with Kaposi’s sarcoma-like features: report of 2 cases. Pediatr Pathol 1989;9:567575.Google Scholar
Tsang, WYW, Chan, JKC. Kaposi-like infantile hemangioendothelioma: a distinctive vascular neoplasm of the retroperitoneum. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:982989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zukerberg, LR, Nickoloff, BJ, Weiss, SW. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of infancy and childhood: an aggressive neoplasm associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and lymphangiomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:321328.Google Scholar
Lyons, LL, North, PE, Mac-Moune, LF, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: a study of 33 cases emphasizing its pathologic, immunophenotypic, and biologic uniqueness from juvenile hemangioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:559568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mentzel, T, Mazzoleni, G, Deios, A, Fletcher, CD. Kaposi-form hemangioendothelioma in adults: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of three cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;108:450455.Google Scholar
Deraedt, K, Vander Poorten, V, van Geet, C, et al. Multifocal Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Virchows Arch 2006;448:843846.Google Scholar
Sarkar, M, Mulliken, JB, Kozakewich, HP, Robertson, RL, Burrows, PE. Thrombocytopenic coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon) is associated with Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and not with common infantile hemangioma. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;100:13771386.Google Scholar
Enroljas, O, Wassef, M, Mazoyer, E, et al. Infants with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome do not have “true” hemangiomas. J Pediatr 1997;30:631640.Google Scholar
Nakaya, T, Morita, K, Kurata, A, et al. Multifocal kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in multiple visceral organs: an autopsy of 9-day-old female baby. Hum Pathol 2014;45:17731777.Google Scholar
Debelenko, LV, Perez-Atayde, AR, Mulliken, JB, et al. D2–40 immunohistochemical analysis of pediatric vascular tumors reveals positivity in Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Mod Pathol 2005;18:14541460.Google Scholar
Le Huu, AR, Jokinen, CH, Rubin, BP, et al. Expression of prox1, lymphatic endothelial nuclear transcription factor, in Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:15631573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, PW, Ramakrishna, B, MacCormac, LB. The histiocytoid hemangiomas and other controversies. Pathol Annu 1992;27(Part 1):5187.Google Scholar
Tsang, WYW, Chan, JKC. The family of epithelioid vascular tumors. Histol Histopathol 1993;8:187212.Google Scholar
Rosai, J. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the skin: its nosological position in the spectrum of histiocytoid hemangioma. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;4:175184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, C, Winkelmann, RK. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia in the skin. Cancer 1974;34:16961705.Google Scholar
Olsen, TG, Helwig, EB. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: a clinicopathologic study of 116 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:781796.Google Scholar
Fetsch, JF, Weiss, SW. Observations concerning the pathogenesis of epithelioid hemangioma (angiolymphoid hyperplasia). Mod Pathol 1991;4:449455.Google Scholar
O’Connell, JX, Kattapuram, SV, Mankin, HJ, Bhan, AK, Rosenberg, AE. Epithelioid hemangioma of the bone: a tumor often mistaken for low-grade angiosarcoma or malignant hemangioendothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:610617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fetsch, JF, Sesterhenn, IA, Miettinen, M, Davis, CJ. Epithelioid hemangioma of the penis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 19 cases, with special reference to exuberant examples often confused with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and epithelioid angiosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:523533.Google Scholar
Moran, CA, Suster, S. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (epithelioid hemangioma) of the lung: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:762765.Google Scholar
Huang, SC, Zhang, L, Sung, YS, et al. Frequent FOS gene rearrangements in epithelioid hemangioma: a molecular study of 58 cases with morphologic reappraisal. Am J Surg Pathol 2015;39:13131321.Google Scholar
Kung, ITM, Gibson, JB, Bannatyne, PM. Kimura’s disease: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases and its distinction from angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Pathology 1984;16:3944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urabe, A, Tsuneyoshi, M, Enjoji, M. Epithelioid hemangioma versus Kimura’s disease: a comparative clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1987;11:758766.Google Scholar
Motoi, M, Wahid, S, Horie, Y, Akagi, T. Kimura’s disease: clinical, histological and immunohistochemical studies. Acta Med Okayama 1992;46:449455.Google Scholar
Luthringer, DJ, Virmani, R, Weiss, SW, Rosai, J. A distinctive cardiovascular lesion resembling histiocytoid (epithelioid) hemangioma: evidence suggesting mesothelial participation. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:9931000.Google Scholar
Weiss, SW, Enzinger, FM. Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma: a low-grade angiosarcoma resembling a cavernous hemangioma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:521530.Google Scholar
Perkins, P, Weiss, SW. Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma: an analysis of 78 cases with reassessment of its pathogenesis and biologic behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:11961204.Google Scholar
Scott, GA, Rosai, J. Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma: report of seven additional cases of a recently described vascular neoplasm. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:281288.Google Scholar
Ding, J, Hashimoto, H, Imayama, S, Tsuneyoshi, M, Enjoji, M. Spindle cell haemangioendothelioma: probably a benign vascular lesion not a low-grade angiosarcoma. A clinicopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992;420:7785.Google Scholar
Fukunaga, M, Ushigome, S, Nikaido, T, Ishikawa, E, Nakamori, K. Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma: an immunohistochemical and flow cytometric study of six cases. Pathol Int 1995;45:589595.Google Scholar
Fanburg, JC, Meis-Kindblom, JM, Rosenberg, AE. Multiple enchondromas associated with spindle cell hemangioendotheliomas: an overlooked variant of Maffucci’s syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:10291038.Google Scholar
Lewis, RJ, Ketcham, AS. Mafucci’s syndrome: functional and neoplastic significance. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55A:14651479.Google Scholar
Pansuriya, TC, van Eijk, R, d'Adamo, P, et al. Somatic mosaic IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are associated with enchondroma and spindle cell hemangioma in Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome. Nat Genet 2011;43(12):12561261.Google Scholar
Kurek, KC, Pansuriya, TC, van Ruler, MA, et al. R132C IDH1 mutations are found in spindle cell hemangiomas and not in other vascular tumors or malformations. Am J Pathol 2013;182:14941500.Google Scholar
Hunt, SJ, Santa Cruz, DJ, Barr, RJ. Microvenular hemangioma. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18:235240.Google Scholar
Aloi, F, Tomasini, C, Pippione, M. Microvenular hemangioma. Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15:534538.Google Scholar
Requena, L, Kutzner, H, Mentzel, T. Acquired elastotic hemangioma: a clinicopathologic variant of hemangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47;371376.Google Scholar
Baselga, E. Sturge-Weber syndrome. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2004;23:8798.Google Scholar
Di Rocco, C, Tamburrini, G. Sturge–Weber syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22:909921.Google Scholar
Timur, AA, Driscoll, DJ, Wang, Q. Biomedicine and diseases: the Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, vascular anomalies and vascular morphogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005;62:14341447.Google Scholar
Rosen, S, Smoller, BR. Port-wine stains: a new hypothesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:164166.Google Scholar
Bean, WB, Walsh, JR. Venous lakes. AMA Arch Derm 1956;74:459463.Google Scholar
Kuo, TT, Salyers, CP, Rosai, J. Masson’s “vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma”: a lesion often mistaken for angiosarcoma. A study of seventeen cases located in the skin and soft tissues. Cancer 1976;38:12271236.Google Scholar
Clearkin, KP, Enzinger, FM. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1976;100:441444.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, H, Daimaru, Y, Enjoji, M. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 91 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1983;5:539546.Google Scholar
Amerigo, J, Berry, CL. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1980;387;8190.Google Scholar
Stoler, MH, Bonfiglio, TA, Steigbigel, RT, Pereira, M. An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;80:714718.Google Scholar
LeBoit, PE, Berger, TG, Egbert, BM, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis: the histopathology and differential diagnosis of a pseudoneoplastic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:909920.Google Scholar
Schinella, RA, Greco, MA. Bacillary angiomatosis presenting as a soft-tissue tumor without skin involvement. Hum Pathol 1990;21:567569.Google Scholar
Cockerell, CJ, Tierno, PM, Friedman-Kien, AE, Kim, KS. Clinical, histologic, microbiologic, and biochemical characterization of the causative agent of bacillary (epithelioid) angiomatosis: a rickettsial illness with features of bartonellosis. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:812817.Google Scholar
Tsang, WY, Chan, JK. Bacillary angiomatosis: a “new” disease with a broadening clinicopathologic spectrum. Histol Histopathol 1992;7:143152.Google Scholar
Koehler, JE, Sanchez, MA, Garrido, CS, et al. Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:18761883.Google Scholar
Reed, JA, Brigati, DJ, Flynn, SD, et al. Immunocytochemical identification of Rochalimaea henselae in bacillary (epithelioid) angiomatosis, parenchymal bacillary peliosis, and persistent fever with bacteremia. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:650657.Google Scholar
Arias-Stella, J, Lieberman, PH, Erlandson, RA, Arias-Stella, J Jr. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure of the verruga in Carrion’s disease. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:595610.Google Scholar
Arias-Stella, J, Lieberman, PH, Garcia-Caceres, U, et al. Verruga peruana mimicking malignant neoplasms. Am J Dermatopathol 1987;9:279291.Google Scholar
Garcia, FU, Wojta, J, Broadley, KN, Davidson, JM, Hoover, RL. Bartonella bacilliformis stimulates endothelial cells in vitro and is angiogenic in vivo. Am J Pathol 1990;136:11251135.Google Scholar
Rongioletti, F, Rebora, A. Cutaneous reactive angiomatosis: patterns and classification of reactive vascular proliferation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:887896.Google Scholar
McMenamin, ME, Fletcher, CD. Reactive angioendotheliomatosis: a study of 15 cases demonstrating a wide clinicopathologic spectrum. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:685697.Google Scholar
Heller, M, Karen, JK, Fangman, W. Acroangiodermatitis. Dermatol Online J 2007;13:2.Google Scholar
Bavikatty, NR, Goldblum, JR, Abdul-Karim, FW, Nielsen, SL, Greenson, JK. Florid vascular proliferation of the colon related to intussusception and mucosal prolapse: potential diagnostic confusion with angiosarcoma. Mod Pathol 2001;14:11141118.Google Scholar
Vadlamudi, G, Schinella, R. Traumatic pseudoaneurysm: a possibly early lesion in the spectrum of epithelioid hemangioma/angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20:113117.Google Scholar
Burke, AP, Jarvelainen, H, Kolodgie, FD, et al. Superficial pseudoaneurysms: clinicopathologic aspects and involvement of extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Mod Pathol 2004;17:482488.Google Scholar
Radhakrishnan, K, Rockson, SG. The clinical spectrum of lymphatic disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1131:155184.Google Scholar
Flanagan, BP, Helwig, EB. Cutaneous lymphangioma. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:2430.Google Scholar
Allen, JG, Riall, TS, Cameron, JL, et al. Abdominal lymphangiomas in adults. J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10:746751.Google Scholar
Byrne, J, Blanc, WA, Warburton, D, Wigger, J. The significance of cystic hygroma in fetuses. Hum Pathol 1984;15:6167.Google Scholar
Kim, KM, Choi, KY, Lee, A, Kim, BK. Lymphangioma of large intestine: report of ten cases with endoscopic and pathologic correlation. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:255259.Google Scholar
Partanen, TA, Alitalo, K, Miettinen, M. Lack of lymphatic vascular specificity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in 185 vascular tumors. Cancer 1999;86:24062412.Google Scholar
Kahn, HJ, Bailey, D, Marks, A. Monoclonal antibody D2–40, a new marker of lymphatic endothelium, reacts with Kaposi sarcoma and a subset of angiosarcomas. Mod Pathol 2002;15:434440.Google Scholar
Watanabe, M, Kishiyama, K Ohkawara, A. Acquired progressive lymphangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:663667.Google Scholar
Wilson Jones, E, Winkelmann, RK, Zachary, CB, Reda, AM. Benign lymphangioendothelioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:229235.Google Scholar
Tadaki, T, Aiba, S, Masu, S, et al. Acquired progressive lymphangioma as a flat erythematous patch on the abdominal wall of a child. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:699701.Google Scholar
Ramani, P, Shah, A. Lymphangiomatosis: histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:329335.Google Scholar
North, PE, Kahn, T, Kordisco, MR, et al. Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia: a newly recognized clinicopathological entity. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:599606.Google Scholar
Guillou, L, Fletcher, CDM. Benign lymphangioendothelioma (acquired progressive lymphangioma): a lesion not to be confused with well-differentiated angiosarcoma and patch stage Kaposi’s sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:10471057.Google Scholar
Ramani, P, Shah, A. Lymphangiomatosis: histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:329335.Google Scholar
Gomez, CS, Calonje, E, Ferrar, DW, Browse, NL, Fletcher, CDM. Lymphangiomatosis of the limbs: clinicopathologic analysis of a series with a good prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:125133.Google Scholar
Wang, QK. Update on the molecular genetics of vascular anomalies. Lymphat Res Biol 2005;3:226233.Google Scholar
Brouillard, P, Vikkula, M. Genetic causes of vascular malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2007;16:R140R149.Google Scholar
Fernandes, S, Silva, A, Coelho, A, Campos, M, Pontes, F. Blue rubber bleb nevus: case report and literature review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11:455457.Google Scholar
You, CK, Rees, J, Gillis, DA, Steeves, J. Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome: a review. Can J Surg 1983;26:399403.Google Scholar
Paller, A. The Sturge–Weber syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 1987;4:300304.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×