Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T02:15:39.274Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Acute akathisia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2015

Joseph H. Friedman
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Brown University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Haskovec, L. Akathisie. Arch Bohemes Med Clin. 1902; 3:193200.Google Scholar
Association, AP. The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). 5 ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.Google Scholar
Gibb, WR, Lees, AJ. The clinical phenomenon of akathisia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986; 49(8): 861866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, B, Greene, P, Fahn, S. Oral and genital tardive pain syndromes. Neurology. 1994; 44(11): 21152119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, AE, Johnson, K. Akathisia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1987; 37(3): 477481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J-H, Jin, Y-H, Kang, UG, Ahn, YM, Ha, K-S, Kim, YS. Neuroleptic-induced acute and chronic akathisia: a clinical comparison. Mov Disord. 2005; 20(12): 16671670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P. A rating scale for acute drug-induced akathisia: development, reliability, and validity. Biol Psychiatry. 1994; 35(4): 263271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinson, DR. Development of a simplified instrument for the diagnosis and grading of akathisia in a cohort of patients receiving prochlorperazine. J Emerg Med. 2006; 31(2): 139145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farde, L. Selective D1- and D2-dopamine receptor blockade both induces akathisia in humans-a PET study with [11 C]SCH 23390 and [11 C]raclopride. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992; 107(1): 2329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, S, Zipursky, R, Jones, C, Remington, G, Houle, S. Relationship between dopamine D(2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157(4): 514520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loonen, AJM, Stahl, SM. The Mechanism of Drug-induced Akathisia. CNS Spectr. 2012; 16(01): 710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tassin, JP, Stinus, L, Simon, H, et al. Relationship between the locomotor hyperactivity induced by A10 lesions and the destruction of the fronto-cortical dopaminergic innervation in the rat. Brain Res. 1978; 141(2): 267281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohashi, K, Hamamura, T, Lee, Y, Fujiwara, Y, Kuroda, S. Propranolol attenuates haloperidol-induced Fos expression in discrete regions of rat brain: possible brain regions responsible for akathisia. Brain Res. 1998; 802(1–2): 134140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poyurovsky, M, Weizman, A. Lack of efficacy of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron in the treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999; 14(6): 357360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poyurovsky, M, Weizman, A. Serotonergic agents in the treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: open-label study of buspirone and mianserin. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997; 12(5): 263268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J-P, Gallego, JA, Robinson, DG, Malhotra, AK, Kane, JM, Correll, CU. Efficacy and safety of individual second-generation vs. first-generation antipsychotics in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2012; 16(06): 12051218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sikich, L, Frazier, JA, McClellan, J, et al. Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: findings from the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008; 165(11): 14201431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drotts, DL, Vinson, DR. Prochlorperazine induces akathisia in emergency patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1999; 34(4 Pt 1): 469475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P. The epidemiology of drug-induced akathisia: Part I. Acute akathisia. Schizophr Bull. 1995; 21(3): 431449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P, Kruk, J. Clinical characteristics and predisposing factors in acute drug-induced akathisia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994; 51(12): 963974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, JA, Stroup, TS, McEvoy, JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353(12): 12091223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, K, Kemp, DE, Ganocy, SJ, Gajwani, P, Xia, G, Calabrese, JR. Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008; 28(2): 203209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichhammer, P1, Albus, M, Borrmann-Hassenbach, M, et al. Association of dopamine D3-receptor gene variants with neuroleptic induced akathisia in schizophrenic patients: a generalization of Steen’s study on DRD3 and tardive dyskinesia. Am J Med Genet. 2000; 96(2): 187–91.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koning, JP, Vehof, J, Burger, H, et al. Association of two DRD2 gene polymorphisms with acute and tardive antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in young Caucasian patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012; 219(3): 727736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, J, Diaz, FJ, Aguilar, MC, Jurado, D, Gurpegui, M. Does smoking reduce akathisia? Testing a narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis. Schizophr Res. 2006; 86(1–3): 256268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandyk, R, Kay, SR. Relationship of neuroleptic-induced akathisia to drug-induced parkinsonism. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1990; 11(5): 439442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, M, Seifritz, E, Botschev, C, Krauchi, K, Muller-Spahn, F. Serum iron and ferritin in acute neuroleptic akathisia. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 93(3): 201207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, R, Lenox, RH. Is there a rationale for iron supplementation in the treatment of akathisia? A review of the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995; 56(10): 476483.Google Scholar
Claghorn, J, Honigfeld, G, Abuzzahab, FSS, et al. The risks and benefits of clozapine versus chlorpromazine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006; 7(6): 377384.Google Scholar
Cohen, BM, Keck, PE, Satlin, A, Cole, JO. Prevalence and severity of akathisia in patients on clozapine. Biol Psychiatry. 1991; 29(12): 12151219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, CH, Mohr, F, Umbricht, D, Woerner, M, Fleischhacker, WW, Lieberman, JA. The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal signs and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone, and conventional antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998; 59(2):6975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasrallah, HA, Brecher, M, Paulsson, B. Placebo-level incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) with quetiapine in controlled studies of patients with bipolar mania. Bipolar Disord. 2006; 8(5 Pt 1): 467474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dossenbach, M, Treuer, T, Kryzhanovskaya, L, Saylan, M, Dominguez, S, Huang, X. Olanzapine versus chlorpromazine in the treatment of schizophrenia: a pooled analysis of four 6-week, randomized, open-label studies in the Middle East and North Africa. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007; 27(4): 329337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, E, Panicali, F, Goetz, I, Reed, C, Comes, M, Tohen, M. Olanzapine monotherapy and olanzapine combination therapy in the treatment of mania: 12-week results from the European Mania in Bipolar Longitudinal Evaluation of Medication (EMBLEM) observational study. J Affect Disord. 2008; 106(1–2): 6372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, R, Sachdev, PS. Akathisia and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009; 22(3): 293299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egerton-Warburton, D, Povey, K. Administration of metoclopramide by infusion or bolus does not affect the incidence of drug-induced akathisia. Emerg Med Australas. 2013; 25(3): 207212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, LA, Hoffman, RS, Nelson, LS. Slower infusion of metoclopramide decreases the rate of akathisia. Am J Emerg Med. 2009; 27(4): 475480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berna, F, Timbolschi, ID, Diemunsch, P, Vidailhet, P. Acute dystonia and akathisia following droperidol administration misdiagnosed as psychiatric disorders. J Anesth. 2013;27(5): 803804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucire, Y, Crotty, C. Antidepressant-induced akathisia-related homicides associated with diminishing mutations in metabolizing genes of the CYP450 family. PGPM. 2011; 4: 6581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baweja, R, Petrovic-Dovat, L. A Case of severe akathisia with atomoxetine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013; 23(6): 426427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, C-H. Venlafaxine-related akathisia side-effects and management in a depressed patient. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013; 67(2): 127128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Mallakh, RS, Marcus, R, Baudelet, C, McQuade, R, Carson, WH, Owen, R. A 40-week double-blind aripiprazole versus lithium follow-up of a 12-week acute phase study (total 52 weeks) in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord. 2012; 136(3): 258266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabiani, G, Pastro, PC, Froehner, C. Parkinsonism and other movement disorders in outpatients in chronic use of cinnarizine and flunarizine. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2004; 62(3B): 784788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huntington Study Group. Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006; 66(3): 366372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dag, E, Gokee, B, Buturak, SV, Duygu, T, Erdemoglu, AK. Pregabalin-induced akathisia. Ann Pharmacother. 2013; 47(4): 592593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, LA, Rotrosen, J. Acute drug-induced akathisia. 2nd ed. In: Factor, SA, Lang, AE, Weiner, WJ, editors. Drug Induced Movement Disorders. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007; 140173.Google Scholar
Sachdev, P. Akathisia and Restless Legs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995; 251291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, LA, Reiter, S, Angrist, B, Rotrosen, J. Pindolol and propranolol in akathisia. Am J Psychiatry. 1987; 144:12411242.Google ScholarPubMed
Baskak, B, Atbasoglu, EC, Ozguven, HD, Saka, MC, Gogus, AK. The Effectiveness of intramuscular biperiden in acute akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007; 27(3): 289294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirose, S, Ashby, CR. Immediate effect of intravenous diazepam in neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63(6): 524527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stryjer, R, Rosenzcwaig, S, Bar, F, Ulman, AM, Weizman, A, Spivak, B. Trazodone for the treatment of neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010; 3(5): 219222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parlak, I, Erdur, B, Parlak, M, et al. Midazolam vs. diphenhydramine for the treatment of metoclopramide-induced akathisia: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14(8): 715721.Google ScholarPubMed
Vinson, DR. Diphenhydramine in the treatment of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine. J Emerg Med. 2004; 26(3): 265270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, BW, Bender, B, Davitt, M, et al. A randomized trial of diphenhydramine as prophylaxis against metoclopramide-induced akathisia in nauseated emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 53(3): 379385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erdur, B, Tura, P, Aydin, B, et al. A trial of midazolam vs diphenhydramine in prophylaxis of metoclopramide-induced akathisia. Am J Emerg Med. 2012; 30(1): 8491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avital, A, Gross-Isseroff, R, Stryjer, R, Hermesh, H, Weizman, A, Shiloh, R. Zolmitriptan compared to propranolol in the treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a comparative double-blind study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009; 19(7): 476482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross-Isseroff, R, Magen, A, Shiloh, R, Hermesh, H, Weizman, A. The 5-HT1D receptor agonist zolmitriptan for neuroleptic-induced akathisia: an open label preliminary study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005; 20(1): 2325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Alemany, M, Ferrer-Tuset, C, Bernacer-Alpera, B. Akathisia and acute dystonia induced by sumatriptan. J Neurol. 1997; 244(2): 131132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiMascio, A, Bernardo, DL, Greenblatt, DJ, Marder, JE. A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976; 33(5): 599602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zubenko, GS, Barreira, P, Lipinski, JFJ. Development of tolerance to the therapeutic effect of amantadine on akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1984; 4(4): 218220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anfang, MK, Pope, HGJ. Treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with nicotine patches. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997; 134(2): 153156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walters, A, Hening, W, Chokroverty, S, Fahn, S. Opioid responsiveness in patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Mov Disord. 1986; 1(2): 119127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danel, T, Servant, D, Goudemand, M. Amitriptyline in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988; 23(2): 186188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ustohal, L, Prikryl, R, Hublova, V, et al. Severe acute dystonia/akathisia after paliperidone palmitate application – a case study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014; 17(2): 341342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanba, S, Kawasaki, H, Ishigooka, J, Sakamoto, K, Kinoshita, T, Kuroki, T. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in Asian patients with bipolar I disorder (the AMAZE study). World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012; 15(2): 113121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berman, RM, Marcus, RN, Swanink, R, et al. The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007; 68(6): 843853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, H, Li, H, Shu, L, et al. Double-blind comparison of ziprasidone and risperidone in the treatment of Chinese patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011; 7: 7785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penders, T, Rohaidy, R, Agarwal S. Persistent akathisia masquerading as agitated depression after use of ziprasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013; 9: 463465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atmaca, M, Korkmaz, S. Delayed-onset akathisia due to amisulpride. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011; 43(4): 460462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, H-K, Pae, C-U, Lee, C, Lee, C-U. Amisulpride versus risperidone treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type: a randomized, open, prospective study. Neuropsychobiology. 2006; 54(4): 247251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasrallah, HA, Silva, R, Phillips, D, et al. Lurasidone for the treatment of acutely psychotic patients with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013; 47(5): 670677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loebel, A, Cucchiaro, J, Sarma, K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lurasidone 80 mg/day and 160 mg/day in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2014; 145(1–3): 101109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dargani, NV, Malhotra, AK. Safety profile of iloperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014; 13(2): 241246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Citrome, L. Cariprazine in schizophrenia: clinical efficacy, tolerability, and place in therapy. Adv Ther. 2013; 30(2): 114126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, EJ, Adler, LA, Stephanides, M, Sanfilipo, M, Angrist, B. Akathisia and exacerbation of psychopathology: a preliminary report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000; 23(3): 169173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirose, S, Ashby, CR. Intravenous biperiden in akathisia: an open pilot study. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2000; 30(2): 185194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sunakawa, Y, Wada, M, Nishida, T, et al. A case of respiratory akathisia in a cancer patient: a case report. Palliat Support Care. 2008; 6(1): 7981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pujalte, D, Bottai, T, Hue, B, et al. A double-blind comparison of clonazepam and placebo in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994; 17(3): 236242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischel, T, Hermesh, H, Aizenberg, D, et al. Cyproheptadine versus propranolol for the treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a comparative double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001; 21(6): 612615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, D, Aizenberg, D, Hermesh, H, et al. Cyproheptadine treatment in neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry. 1995; 167(4): 483486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, CH, Fleischhacker, WW, Ehrmann, H, Kane, JM. Treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990; 26(3): 373376.Google ScholarPubMed
Poyurovsky, M, Shardorodsky, M, Fuchs, C, Schneidman, M, Weizman, A. Treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 1999; 174: 238242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miodownik, C, Lerner, V, Statsenko, N, et al. Vitamin B6 versus mianserin and placebo in acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006; 29(2): 6872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poyurovsky, M, Fuchs, C, Weizman, A. Efficacy of low-dose mirtazapine in neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23: 305308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poyurovsky, M, Pashinian, A, Weizman, R, Fuchs, C, Weizman, A. Low-dose mirtazapine: a new option in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and propranolol-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59(11): 10711077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalley, JW, Mar, AC, Economidou, D, Robbins, TW. Neurobehavioral mechanisms of impulsivity: fronto-striatal systems and functional neurochemistry. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008; 90(2): 250260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×