Book contents
- Making English Official
- Making English Official
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- 1 The Origins of the English-Only Movement
- 2 Creating English-Only Policies
- 3 Emphasizing the Local in Language Policy
- 4 Resisting and Rewriting
- Conclusion
- Book part
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 January 2024
Book contents
- Making English Official
- Making English Official
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- 1 The Origins of the English-Only Movement
- 2 Creating English-Only Policies
- 3 Emphasizing the Local in Language Policy
- 4 Resisting and Rewriting
- Conclusion
- Book part
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Making English OfficialWriting and Resisting Local Language Policies, pp. 178 - 205Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
ACLU of Alaska. (2007). Alaskans for a Common Language v. Kritz. www.acluak.org/en/cases/alaskans-common-language-v-kritzGoogle Scholar
Adams, K. L., & Brink, D. T. (Eds.). (1990). Perspectives on Official English: The campaign for English as the official language of the USA. Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Alexandersen, C. (2012, September 27). English-only ordinance proposal sent to public hearing; no date set. Carroll County Times. www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/carroll/cct-arc-03e60c8e-b7cb-5e87-aac5-a809c255091f-20120927-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ali, Y. (2017, March 29). What George W. Bush really thought of Donald Trump’s inauguration. New York Magazine. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/03/what-george-w-bush-really-thought-of-trumps-inauguration.htmlGoogle Scholar
Alim, H. S. (2016). Introducing raciolinguistics: Racing language and languaging race in hyperracial times. In Alim, H. S., Rickford, J. R., & Ball, A. F. (Eds.), Raciolinguistics: How language shapes our ideas about race (pp. 1–30). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alim, H. S., & Smitherman, G. (2012). Articulate while Black: Barack Obama, language, and race in the U.S. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
American Community Survey. (2020). Language spoken at home, 5-year estimates. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=language&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1601Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (2011, November 13). Frederick co. wants to create laws to deter illegal immigrants. Baltimore Sun. www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/bs-md-frederick-immigration-20111104-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Andrus, J. (2015). Entextualizing domestic violence: Language ideology and violence against women in the Anglo-American hearsay principle. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anonymous. (1968). “Man, I thought Hayakawa’s thing was words” [political cartoon]. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 626, Political Cartoons, 1968–1969, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Anonymous. (1969, February 2). Halt the assault [flyer]. Community Conference to Support the S. F. State Strike. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 626, Flyers and manifestos denouncing Hayakawa, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Asen, R. (2015). Democracy, deliberation, and education. Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Associated Press. (1978, August 25). Dump bilingual aid, help minorities learn English, linguist says. Jackson Clarion-Ledger. www.newspapers.com/image/179972406/Google Scholar
Associated Press. (1992, March 17). U.S. English chief resigns in political dispute. Arizona Republic. www.newspapers.com/image/123296074/Google Scholar
Associated Press. (1993, May 19). Board in Miami repeals an English-Only law. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1993/05/19/us/board-in-miami-repeals-an-english-only-law.htmlGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. (2007, July 7). Charges against immigrants dropped. St. Petersburg Times. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rshaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kXQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5334%2C871323Google Scholar
Bailey, R. W. (2012). Speaking American: A new history of English in the United States. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (C. Emerson & M. Holquist, Trans.). University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Balzhiser, D., Pimentel, C., & Scott, A. (2019). Matters of form: Questions of race, identity, design, and the U.S. Census. Technical Communication Quarterly, 28(1), 3–20.Google Scholar
Barbieri, J., & Hayakawa, S. I. (1978, August 23). Press release and remarks. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 1, Briefing Book – Aug 1979 #1, Hoover Institution Library and Archives.Google Scholar
Baron, D. (1990). The English-only question: An official language for Americans? Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, D. (2023). You can’t always say what you want: The paradox of free speech. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, R., & Briggs, C. L. (2003). Voices of modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of inequality. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, Phillip S. (1971, March 24). Letter to John Tanton. Population Committee Correspondence, 1971, Box 6, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bianca, P. (2007). A history of strength and determination. Carroll Magazine. https://carrollmagazine.com/a-history-of-strength-and-determination/Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1982, February 18). Letter to Patty White. Hayakawa, Box 3, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1982a, March 15). Draft memo to John Tanton, Roger Conner, Alan Hayakawa, and Patty White Re: Meeting with Senator Hayakawa. Correspondence, April 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1982b, March 15). Memo to John Tanton, Roger Conner, Alan Hayakawa, Patty White, USEnglish File Re: Meeting with Senator Hayakawa. Correspondence, April 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1982, March 28). Letter to Alan Hayakawa and Patty White. Correspondence, April 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1982, October 20). Letter to Garrett Hardin. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1982, Part 1. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1982, November 10). Letter to George C. Bond. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1982, Part 2. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bikales, G. (1986). Comment: The other side. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 60, 77–86.Google Scholar
Blaine Young Biography. (2008). WFMD Frederick Good Old Blog. https://web.archive.org/web/20080820073847/http://www.wfmd.com/pages/blaineBio.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bleeden, D., Gottschalk-Druschke, C., & Cintrón, R. (2010). Minutemen and the subject of democracy. In Pallares, A. & Flores-Gonzalez, N. (Eds.), ¡Marcha!: Latino Chicago and the immigrant rights movement (pp. 179–197). University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: A sociolinguistics of globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 607–623.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J., Collins, J., & Slembrouck, S. (2005). Spaces of multilingualism. Language & Communication, 25(3), 197–216.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J., Westinen, E., & Leppänen, S. (2015). Further notes on sociolinguistic scales. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12, 119–127.Google Scholar
Bou Ayash, N. (2019). Toward translingual realities in composition: (Re)working local language representations and practices. Utah State University Press.Google Scholar
Bourg, A. (2012, March 7). Walker withdraws English language bill from council. Capital Gazette. www.capitalgazette.com/cg2-arc-eaf9a893-b5c2-576e-9596-b5e7904b5ee6-20120307-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Brandt, D. (2015). The rise of writing: Redefining mass literacy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Branson, T. S. (2022). Policy regimes: College writing and public education policy in the United States. Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Brayboy, B. M. J. (2005). Toward a tribal critical race theory in education. Urban Review, 37(5), 425–446.Google Scholar
Brazier, G. (1982, August 17). Memo to S. I. Hayakawa. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 152, Sense of the Congress, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Bricker, K. (1985, August 8). Memo to Roger Conner. Lease Agreement with Computer Medical Systems, Inc. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1985, Volume 2. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bricker, K. (1985, December 18). Memo to Tanton Biography File. July-Dec. 1985 & 1986, Tanton, John – Misc. Notes for Biography or Memoirs, Box 1, John Tanton Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bricker, K. (1986, February 10). Memo to S.I. Hayakawa c/o Stanley Diamond. Memoir File, 1986, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bricker, K. (1986, April 18). Memo to John Tanton biography file. Memoir File, 1986, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bricker, K. (1986, August 23). Memo to Tanton Biography File. July-Dec. 1985 & 1986, Tanton, John – Misc. Notes for Biography or Memoirs, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Bricker, K. (1989, November 10). Memo to John Tanton, Gerda Bikales, Greg Curtis, Roger Conner, Dan Stein, David Simcox, Dick Higgins, Garrett and Jane Hardin, David Durham, Stanley Diamond, and Share McCloe RE: Rights of English speakers to bring national origin discrimination claims. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 121, Folder 7, U.S. English 1987–1989. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Briggs, C. L. (1986). Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social science research. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brimelow, P. (1996). Alien nation: Common sense about America’s immigration disaster. Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Bryson, B. (1994). Made in America: An informal history of the English language in the United States. Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2008). All of the above: New coalitions in sociocultural linguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(4), 401–431.Google Scholar
Buckley, W. F. (1983, November 10). Episode 575: The eyes of Texas are upon us [Transcript]. Firing Line. PBS. https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/internal/media/dispatcher/82049/fullGoogle Scholar
C&P Telephone. (1983, December 17). Telephone bill for FAIR Congressional Tsk Frce-US English. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1984. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Calloway, N. L. (2019, March 19). Certificate of amendment to the articles of incorporation, for changing the name of U.S. to US Incorporated. Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs.Google Scholar
Calvet, L. (1987/1998). Language wars and linguistic politics (M. Petheram, Trans.). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, A. S. (Ed.). (2005). Reclaiming the local in language policy and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. (2017). Translingual practices and neoliberal policies: Attitudes and strategies of African skilled migrants in anglophone workplaces. Springer.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S., & De Costa, P. I. (2016). Introduction: Scales analysis, and its uses and prospects in educational linguistics. Linguistics and Education, 34, 1–10.Google Scholar
Carr, E. S. (2011). Scripting addiction: The politics of therapeutic talk and American sobriety. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chavez, L. (1991). Out of the barrio: Toward a new politics of Hispanic assimilation. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Cintrón, R. (1997). Angels’ town: Chero ways, gang life, and rhetorics of the everyday. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Cisneros, J. D. (2013). The border crossed us: Rhetorics of borders, citizenship, and Latina/o identity. University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Citizens of Dade United. (1980, October 19). Vote “FOR” the anti-bilingualism ordinance” [Advertisement]. Miami Herald. www.newspapers.com/image/628993180/Google Scholar
Collingwood, L., El-Khatib, S. O., & O’Brien, B. G. (2018). Sustained organizational influence: American Legislative Exchange Council and the diffusion of anti-sanctuary policy. Policy Studies Journal, 47(3), 735–773.Google Scholar
Collins, E. (2016, March 22). Rep. Lou Barletta endorses Trump, hopes others will too. Politico. www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/03/lou-barletta-endorses-donald-trump-221099Google Scholar
Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC). (1974). Students’ right to their own language. College Composition and Communication, 25(3), 1–32.Google Scholar
Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC). (1988). National Language Policy. https://cccc.ncte.org/cccc/resources/positions/nationallangpolicyGoogle Scholar
Congressional Research Service. (2021). Congressional careers: Service tenure and patterns of member service, 1789–2021. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41545.pdfGoogle Scholar
Conner, R. (1978, November 13). Letter to S. I. Hayakawa. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 5, Folder 3, Chronological Files, 1978–1979. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Conner, R. (1983, January 17). Memo to John Tanton and Gerda Bikales RE: Relationship between FAIR and U.S. English. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 239, U.S. English Folder. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Conner, R. L (1989). Oral history interview by Otis Graham, Jr. [Transcript]. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 23, Folder 4. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Conner, R., & Bikales, G. (1985, February 14). Grant application for the Kresge Foundation. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1985, Volume 1. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Conrad, L. H. (1942). A textbook of popular interest. The English Journal, 31(1), 79–80.Google Scholar
Continetti, M. (2022). The Right: The hundred-year war for American conservatism. Hachette.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. L. (1989). Language planning and social change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, S. (2012, April 25). Blaine Young Show ~ Petition signing. Roundtown. www.roundtown.com/event/41894073/Blaine-Young-Show-Petition-Signing-Frederick-MD [website has since expired]Google Scholar
Cox, E. (2014, May 26). For Young family, politics is a pastime. Baltimore Sun. www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-young-family-dynasty-2-20140526-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J. (Ed.). (1992). Language loyalties: A source book on the Official English controversy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. (1992). Hold your tongue: Bilingualism and the politics of English Only. Addison–Wesley Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. (2000). At war with diversity: US language policy in an age of anxiety. Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. (2002). Language legislation archives. www.languagepolicy.net/archives/leg-arc.htmlGoogle Scholar
Critchlow, D. T. (2005). Phyllis Schlafly and grassroots conservatism. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Croft, J. (2015, July 3). ASL is primary language [Letter to the editor]. Frederick News- Post. www.fredericknewspost.com/opinion/letter_to_editor/asl-is-primary-language/article_d4cd42ad-2e22-5378-bbde-3af87614d9c0.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cushman, E. (2011). The Cherokee syllabary: Writing the people’s perseverance. University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Dade County. (1980, November 2). Official General Election Sample Ballot. Miami Herald. www.newspapers.com/image/628993352/Google Scholar
Dajko, N. (2019). French in Louisiana. In Dajko, N. & Walton, S. (Eds.), Language in Louisiana: Community and culture (pp. 69–73). University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar
Dammann, S. G. (1981, September). Dr. John Tanton [Photograph]. San Diego Magazine, 33, 190.Google Scholar
Dammann, S. G. (1986, November 19). John Tanton [Photograph]. Petoskey, Michigan, United States. Reproduced by permission of Sara Gay Dammann.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, J. (1970). Language conflict and national development: Group politics and national language policy in India. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Davila, B. (2012). Indexicality and “standard” edited American English: Examining the link between conceptions of standardness and perceived authorial identity. Written Communication, 29(2), 180–207.Google Scholar
Davis, D. (1998). Klan-destine relationships: A black man’s odyssey in the Ku Klux Klan. New Horizon Press.Google Scholar
Davis, L. (1941, December 12). Letter to S. I. Hayakawa. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 432, Harcourt, Brace, & Company, 1948–1939, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Dayton-Wood, A. (2008). Teaching English for a better America. Rhetoric Review, 27(4), 397–414.Google Scholar
Dayton-Wood, A. (2010). ‘When I close my eyes, I like to hear English’: English Only and the discourse of crisis. enculturation, 9, n.p. www.enculturation.net/when-i-close-my-eyesGoogle Scholar
Decker, J. E. (1986, March 9). Teddy Roosevelt’s metaphor. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1986/03/09/magazine/l-teddy-roosevelt-s-metaphor-605086.htmlGoogle Scholar
De Lama, G. (1980, November 2). ‘English-only’ plan may split Dade County. Chicago Tribune.Google Scholar
Diamond, S. (1957). The milk of human kindness? ETC: A Journal of General Semantics, 14(4), 250–261.Google Scholar
Diamond, S. (1990). English – The official language of California, 1983–1988. In Adams, K. L. & Brink, D. T. (Eds.), Perspectives on Official English: The campaign for English as the official language of the USA (pp. 107–110). Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Dick, H. P. (2011). Making immigrants illegal in small-town USA. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 21(1), 35–55.Google Scholar
Donald, J. (2014). Jerry Donald for Frederick County Council. https://web.archive.org/web/20140517060219/http://electdonald.com/Google Scholar
Dowling, J. A., Ellison, C. G. & Leal, D. L. (2012). Who doesn’t value English? Debunking myths about Mexican immigrants’ attitudes toward the English language. Social Science Quarterly, 93(2), 356–378.Google Scholar
Dowling, S. (2021). Elimination, dispossession, transcendence: Settler monolingualism and racialization in the United States. American Quarterly, 73(3), 439–460.Google Scholar
Dr. Tanton to take FAIR fight to Washington. (1981, July). Memoir File, 1960s–1983, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Duchêne, A., & Heller, M. (Eds.). (2012). Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit. Routledge.Google Scholar
Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2021). Not a nation of immigrants: Settler colonialism, white supremacy, and a history of erasure and exclusion. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Dyson, A. H. (2015). The search for inclusion: Deficit discourse and the erasure of childhoods. Language Arts, 92(3), 199–207.Google Scholar
Eichelkraut, C. (2007, February 16). ‘English-only’ ordinance is tossed: What roared in like a locomotive left quietly but not without comment. Pahrump Valley Times.Google Scholar
Eliot, Johan W. (1969, March 17). Letter to John H. Tanton. Sterilization, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Emerge Maryland. (2012). About Emerge. Emerge Maryland. https://md.emergeamerica.org/about/Google Scholar
Enoch, J. (2002). Resisting the script of Indian education: Zitkala Ša and the Carlisle Indian School. College English, 65(2), 117–141.Google Scholar
Enoch, J., & Ramirez, C. D. (Eds.). (2019). Mestiza rhetorics: An anthology of Mexicana activism in the Spanish-language press, 1887–1922. Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Eubanks, P. (2011). Metaphor and writing: Figurative thought in the discourse of written communication. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Faingold, E. D. (2018). Language rights and the law in the United States and its territories. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1978, February 1). Federation for American Immigration Reform – Initial File Number: 782884. Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1980, May 16). The refugee crisis: This is your day to write the president about the future of Florida [advertisement]. Miami News. www.newspapers.com/image/301490365Google Scholar
FAIR. (1980, July 1). General foundation letter. Correspondence July 1980, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1985, April). Sample Resolution. Correspondence, Apr 1985 Folder, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1985, July). FAIR National Board of Advisors. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1985, Volume 2. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1987, February 11). New and improved speed dial numbers. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 42, Folder 12, Administrative-Personnel. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1989, May 2). New and improved speed dial numbers. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 134, Folder 2, FAIR Staff and Board Lists. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
FAIR. (1996). You can help reform immigration: A guide to grassroots immigration reform. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 23, Folder 6, FAIR Publications 1/3. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fifield, J. (2015, October 11). Red paint dumped on Taney bust outside Frederick City Hall being investigated. Frederick News-Post. www.fredericknewspost.com/news/crime_and_justice/cops_and_crime/red-paint-dumped-on-taney-bust-outside-frederick-city-hall/article_3e164c26-7410-5e5f-95fc-bdbfd3dadcf9.htmlGoogle Scholar
Figueroa, M. (2022). Podcasting past the paywall: How diverse media allows more equitable participation in linguistic science. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 42, 40–46.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. (1983, October 2). Bilingualism law stirs discontent. Miami Herald. www.newspapers.com/image/626824776/Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (1988). ‘English only’: Its ghosts, myths, and dangers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 74, 125–140.Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Doolan, S. (2009). Is public discourse about language policy really public discourse about immigration? A corpus-based study. Language Policy, 8, 377–402.Google Scholar
Flores, N. (2013). The unexamined relationship between neoliberalism and plurilingualism: A cautionary tale. TESOL Quarterly, 47(3), 500–520.Google Scholar
Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 149–171.Google Scholar
Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2022). Undoing competence: Coloniality, homogeneity, and the overrepresentation of whiteness in applied linguistics. Language Learning, in press.Google Scholar
Flores, N., Tseng, A., & Subtirelu, N. (Eds.). (2021). Bilingualism for all? Raciolinguistic perspectives on dual language education in the United States. Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Flowers, K. S. (2017). Local language policy: Shifting scales in the English-only movement [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Flowers, K. S. (2019). Writing studies’ concessions to the English-only movement: Revisiting CCCC’s National Language Policy and its reception. College Composition and Communication, 71(1), 31–59.Google Scholar
Fong, T. P. (1994). The first suburban Chinatown: The remaking of Monterey Park, California. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Franz, H., et al. (2022). Black students’ linguistic agency: An evidence-based guide for instructors and students. American Speech, 97(2), 230–247.Google Scholar
Frederick County Chamber of Commerce. (2014). 2014 primary election Frederick County voter guide. Frederick County Chamber of Commerce.Google Scholar
Frederick Editorial Board. (2012, February 26). ‘Official’ language. Frederick News-Post.Google Scholar
Frederick Local Yokel. (2015, August 13). Action alert: ProEnglish is on the prowl again! Frederick Local Yokel. www.fredericklocalyokel.com/2015/08/13/action-alert-proenglish-is-on-the-prowl-againGoogle Scholar
Frederick Local Yokel. (2015, August 18). Evening update: 8/18. Frederick Local Yokel. www.fredericklocalyokel.com/2015/08/18/evening-update-818/Google Scholar
Fuller, N. (2012, February 5). Councilman wants to make English Arundel’s official language. Baltimore Sun. www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/bs-md-ar-english-20120205-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gal, S., & Woolard, K. A. (2001). Constructing languages and publics: Authority and representation. In Gal, S. & Woolard, K. A. (Eds.), Language and publics: The making of authority (pp. 1–12). Routledge.Google Scholar
Gansworth, E. (2020). Apple (skin to the core): A memoir in words and pictures. Levine Querido.Google Scholar
Gere, A., et al. (2021). Communal justicing: Writing assessment, disciplinary infrastructure, and the case for critical language awareness. College Composition and Communication, 72(3), 384–412.Google Scholar
Gilman, A., & Brown, R. (1958). Who says ‘tu’ to whom. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 15(3), 169–174.Google Scholar
Goldberg, M. H. (1946). On rereading language in action. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 32(2), 184–189.Google Scholar
Graham, S. S. (2015). The politics of pain medicine: A rhetorical-ontological inquiry. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Griffiths, J. (1993). Oral history: Don Hayakawa as boss, colleague, friend (interview by J. G. Shearer). Regional Oral History Office, the Bancroft Library. https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb5q2nb40v&query=&brand=oac4Google Scholar
Grin, F. (2003). Language planning and economics. Current Issues in Language Planning, 4(1), 1–66.Google Scholar
Groundwater, E. (2020). The divergent archive and androcentric counterpublics: Public rhetorics, memory, and archives [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Grumbach, J. M. (2022). Laboratories against democracy: How national parties transformed state politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Guerra, J. C. (2016). Language, culture, identity, and citizenship in college classrooms and communities. Routledge.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez y Muhs, G., Niemann, Y. F., González, C. G., & Harris, A. P. (Eds.). (2012). Presumed incompetent: The intersections of race and class for women in academia. Utah State University Press.Google Scholar
Haddix, M. (2008). Beyond sociolinguistics: Towards a critical approach to cultural and linguistic diversity in teacher education. Language and Education, 22(5), 254–270.Google Scholar
Hall, R. L., & Deardorff, A. V. (2006). Lobbying as legislative subsidy. American Political Science Review, 100(1), 69–84.Google Scholar
Hamm, M. S. (1995). The abandoned ones: The imprisonment and uprising of the Mariel boat people. Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Haque, E. (2010). Homegrown, Muslim and other: Tolerance, secularism and the limits of multiculturalism. Social Identities, 16(1), 79–101.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1971, March 6). Letter to John Tanton. Population Committee Correspondence, 1971, Box 6, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Haro, J. D. (1981, May 1). Letter to the Editor: An official language and singular thought. San Diego Union. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 406a, English as Official Language, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1932). A note on the madmen’s scene in Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi. PMLA, 47(3), 907–909.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1936). Holmes’ Lowell Institute lectures. American Literature, 8(3), 281–290.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1939) General semantics and propaganda. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 3(2), 197–208.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1943). Review of Science and Sanity. American Speech, 18(3), 219–226.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1949). Recognizing stereotypes as substitutes for thought. English Journal, 7(3), 155–156.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1962). Learning to think and to write: Semantics in Freshman English. College Composition and Communication, 13(1), 5–8.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1970, February 14). We proudly introduce a new column: Youth and maturity. San Francisco Examiner. www.newspapers.com/image/460251375/Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1974). Vita. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 632, Biography for Hayakawa, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1981). Speech on release of refugee aid package. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 406a, S. J. Res. 72 English Main Language, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1981, April 14). Interview with cable news network, Los Angeles, California [transcript]. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 406a, English as Official Language, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1981, April 27). Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States with respect to proceedings and documents in the English language. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 406a, English as Official Language, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1981, August 4). Testimony of U. S. Senator S. I. Hayakawa before the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-352-419/Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1982). 1982 Day Calendar. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 255, [no folder], Hoover Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1982, October 10). A memorandum on bilingual education. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 406a, English as Official Language, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1982, December 18). Letter of recommendation for George W. Brazier. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 7, Personnel, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1985). The English Language Amendment: One nation … indivisible? The Washington Institute on Values in Public Policy.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1986, October 24). Interview about Proposition 63. C-SPAN. www.c-span.org/video/?150707-1/proposition-63Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1989). Bilingualism in America: English should be the only language. USA Today. Reprinted in W. Dudley (Ed.), Immigration: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 214–220). Greenhaven Press.Google Scholar
Hayakawa, S. I. (1989). Oral history: From Semantics to the U.S. Senator [interview by J. G. Shearer). Regional Oral History Office, the Bancroft Library. https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb5q2nb40v&query=&brand=oac4Google Scholar
Hazlitt, H. (1942, January 18). A lucidly written introduction to semantics [book review]. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1942/01/18/archives/a-lucidly-written-introduction-to-semantics-language-in-action-by.htmlGoogle Scholar
Heath, S. B. (1972). Telling tongues: Language policy in Mexico, colony to nation. Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Heath, S. B. (1976). A National Language Academy? Debate in the new nation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 11, 9–44.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (2003). Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 473–492.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (2011). Paths to Post-Nationalism: A critical ethnography of language and identity. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heller, M., & McElhinny, B. (2017). Language, capitalism, and colonialism: Toward a critical history. University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Herman, D. M. (2003). Iowa college students’ attitudes toward Official English legislation: An exploratory study. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2(2), 83–103.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, A. (2014). Who passes business’s “model bills”? Policy capacity and corporate influence in U.S. state politics. Perspectives on Politics, 12(3), 582–602.Google Scholar
Higham, J. (1955). Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860–1925. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Historical Society of Frederick County. (2012). Roger B. Taney House: General Information. Historical Society of Frederick. www.hsfcinfo.org/taney/Google Scholar
Hoang, H. V. (2015). Writing against racial injury: The politics of Asian American student rhetoric. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Holmes-Greeley, Paula. (1982, July 27). Tantons find year’s sabbatical in Washington, DC an eye-opener. Petoskey News-Review. FAIR, Box 3, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. J. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 40–60.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. J. (2018). The increasingly United States: How and why American political behavior nationalized. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Horner, B., Lu, M., Royster, J. J., & Trimbur, J. (2011). Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. College English, 73(3), 303–321.Google Scholar
Horton, J., & Calderon, J. (2010). The politics of diversity: Immigration, resistance, and change in Monterey Park, California. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
HoSang, D. M. (2010). Racial propositions: Ballot initiatives and the making of postwar California. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2014, June 24). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/278258Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, February 24). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/280607Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, March 31). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/280608Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, April 28). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/282253Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, May 26). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/282254Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, June 30). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/282255Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, July 28). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/284730Google Scholar
Human Relations Commission. (2015, August 25). Minutes. Frederick County Government. www.frederickcountymd.gov/documentcenter/view/284729Google Scholar
Inoue, M. (2006). Vicarious language: Gender and linguistic modernity in Japan. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Irvine, J. T. (2016). Going upscale: Scales and scale-climbing as ideological projects. In Carr, E. S. & Lempert, M. (Eds.), Scale: Discourse and dimensions of social life (pp. 213–231). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Irvine, J. T., & Gal, S. (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Kroskrity, P. V. (Ed.), Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities (pp. 35–84). School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Jaynes, G. (1981, September 23). Haitian refugees still languishing at facility near Everglades. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1981/09/23/us/haitian-refugees-still-languishing-at-facility-near-everglades.htmlGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, C. A. (2016, April 19). Testimony. Judiciary’s Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security.Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. A. (2017). Why I support FAIR. Federation for American Immigration Reform. www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZdvFG1RBGkGoogle Scholar
Jimenez, F. (2021). Echoing + resistant imagining: Filipino student writing under American colonial rule. Journal for the History of Rhetoric, 24(1), 39–53.Google Scholar
Johnstone, B. (2016). The sociolinguistics of globalization: Standardization and localization in the context of change. Annual Review of Linguistics, 2, 349–365.Google Scholar
Jones, H. (1724/1956). The present state of Virginia, from whence is inferred a short view of Maryland and North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Jones, R. (2021). White borders: The history of race and immigration in the United States from Chinese Exclusion to the border wall. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Jordan, J. (2012). Redesigning composition for multilingual realities. National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification, and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the Outer Circle. In Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H. G. (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures (pp. 11–30). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Källkvist, M., & Hult, F. M. (2016). Discursive mechanisms and human agency in language policy formation: Negotiating bilingualism and parallel language use at a Swedish university. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 19(1), 1–17.Google Scholar
Kang, Y. (2022). Disrupting language ideologies: Strategies for centering linguistic justice and inquiry in literacy education [conference presentation]. College Conference on Composition and Communication.Google Scholar
Katznelson, N., & Bernstein, K. A. (2017). Rebranding bilingualism: The shifting discourses of language education policy in California’s 2016 election. Linguistics and Education, 40, 11–26.Google Scholar
Kaveh, Y. M. (2022). Beyond feel-good language-as-resource orientations: Getting real about hegemonic language practices in monolingual schools. TESOL Quarterly, 56(1), 1–16.Google Scholar
Khan, K. (2020). What does a terrorist sound like? Language and racialized representations of Muslims. In Reyes, A., Alim, H. S., & Kroskrity, P. V. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Race (pp. 398–422). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, K. (2022). The securitisation of language borders and the re(production) of inequalities. TESOL Quarterly, 56(4), 1458–1470.Google Scholar
Kibbee, D. A. (2016). Language and the law: Linguistic inequality in America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kilfoil, C. B. (2015). Beyond the ‘foreign’ language requirement: From a monolingual to a translingual ideology in rhetoric and composition graduate education. Rhetoric Review, 34(4), 426–444.Google Scholar
King, K. A., & Bigelow, M. (2019). The politics of language education policy development and implementation: Minnesota (not so) nice? In Ricento, T. (Ed.), Language politics and policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States (pp. 192–210). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Klotz, S. (2021). Writing their bodies: Restoring rhetorical relations at the Carlisle Indian School. Utah State University Press.Google Scholar
Koven, M. (2014). Interviewing: Practice, ideology, genre, and intertextuality. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43, 499–520.Google Scholar
Koven, M. (2016). Essentialization strategies in the storytellings of young Luso-descendant women in France: Narrative calibration, voicing, and scale. Language & Communication, 46, 19–29.Google Scholar
Kubota, R. (2016). The multi/plural turn, postcolonial theory, and neoliberal multiculturalism: Complicities and implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 37(4), 474–494.Google Scholar
Kulish, N., & McIntire, M. (2019, August 14). Why an heiress spent her fortune trying to keep immigrants out. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/us/anti-immigration-cordelia-scaife-may.htmlGoogle Scholar
Lajimodiere, D. K. (2019). Stringing rosaries: The history, the unforgivable, and the healing of Northern Plains American Indian boarding school survivors. North Dakota State University Press.Google Scholar
Lamb, K. (2008 ). The 2008 Writers’ Workshop. The Social Contract, 19(1), 34–35. www.thesocialcontract.com/pdf/nineteen-one/tsc_19_1_ww.pdfGoogle Scholar
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lawton, R. (2010). Language policy and ideology in the United States: A critical discursive analysis of the ‘English Only’ movement [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Learn to speak English. (2022). Pollard Memorial Library. www.lowelllibrary.org/services/adult-literacy/Google Scholar
Legg, E. (2014). Daughters of the seminaries: Re-landscaping history through the composition courses at the Cherokee National Female Seminary. College Composition and Communication, 66(1), 67–90.Google Scholar
Lejano, R. P., & Nero, S. J. (2020). The power of narrative: Climate skepticism and the deconstruction of science. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
LeMaster, R. J., & Zall, B. (1983). Compassion fatigue: The expansion of refugee admissions to the United States. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 6(2), 447–474.Google Scholar
Lemke, J. L. (2000). Across the scales of time: Artifacts, activities, and meanings in ecosocial systems. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 7, 273–290.Google Scholar
Liddicoat, A. J., & Baldauf, R. B. (2008). Language planning in local contexts: Agents, contexts and interactions. In Liddicoat, A. J. & Baldauf, R. B. (Eds.), Language planning in local contexts (pp. 3–17). Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Light, M. (2006, June 19). Shenandoah makes English official language. Standard-Speaker. www.alipac.us/f12/shenandoah-makes-english-official-language-29050/Google Scholar
Lillis, T., & Curry, M. J. (2010). Academic writing in a global context: The politics and practices of publishing in English. Routledge.Google Scholar
Literacy Council of Frederick County. (2012). Basic and ESL news. Newsletter, 48(1), 2. www.frederickliteracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Newsletter-January-2012.pdfGoogle Scholar
Literacy Council of Frederick County. (2016). ‘Reading with my mom’: Reflections from a new tutor. Newsletter. www.frederickliteracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Newsletter-September-2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lo, A. (2016). ‘Suddenly faced with a Chinese village’: The linguistic racialization of Asian Americans. In Alim, H. S., Rickford, J. R., and Ball, A. F. (Eds.), Raciolinguistics: How language shapes our ideas about race (pp. 97–111). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. (1989). Science or values: The role of professionals in language policymaking. In Candlin, C. N. & McNamara, T. F. (Eds.), Language learning and community: Festschrift in honour of Terry Quinn (pp. 173–191). National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. (1999). The language of policy: What sort of policy making is the officialization of English in the United States? In Huebner, T. & Davis, K. A. (Eds.), Sociopolitical perspectives on language policy and planning in the USA (pp. 39–66). John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J., & Aliani, R. (2013). Language planning and student experiences: Intention, rhetoric and implementation. Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Loehwing, M. (2018). Homeless advocacy and the rhetorical construction of the civic home. Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Lomawaima, K. T., & McCarty, T. L. (2006). ‘To remain an Indian’: Lessons in democracy from a century of Native American education. Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Loos, K. (2015, August 7). Majority of council sees no budget benefit to English-only ordinance. Frederick News-Post. www.fredericknewspost.com/news/politics_and_government/budget_and_tax/majority-of-council-sees-no-budget-benefit-to-english-only/article_104540ae-99a6-5018-8701-a2a0d7f57a48.htmlGoogle Scholar
Loos, K. (2016, July 17). Black Lives Matter marchers protest police brutality. Frederick News- Post. www.fredericknewspost.com/news/crime_and_justice/black-lives-matter-marchers-protest-police-brutality/article_2d6df644-65b2-579b-8486-d9fbb2ed79e7.htmlGoogle Scholar
Lorimer Leonard, R. (2017). Writing on the move: Migrant women and the value of literacy. Pittsburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Lozano, R. (2018). An American language: The history of Spanish in the United States. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Macaulay, T. B. (1835/1972). Minute on Indian education. In Clive, J. & Pinney, T. (Eds.) Selected writings of Thomas Babington Macaulay (pp. 237–250). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Maeda, D. J. (2009). Chains of Babylon: The rise of Asian America. University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Malik, A. (2006, November 15). First MD municipality declares English official language. The Bay Net. https://thebaynet.com/first-md-municipality-declares-english-official-language-html/Google Scholar
Market Opinion Research. (1981). California statewide Senate study analysis, prepared for: National Republic Senatorial Committee. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 337, California Statewide Senate Study, May, 1981, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Marlow, M. L. (2015). The American Dream? Anti-immigrant discourse bubbling up from the Coca-Cola ‘It’s Beautiful’ advertisement. Discourse & Communication, 9(6), 625–641.Google Scholar
Martin, N. S. (1993, May 19). Language law out in Dade. Sentinel Orlando. www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-19-mn-37036-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Maryland Department of Commerce. (2015). Major employers in Frederick County, Maryland. Maryland Department of Commerce. http://commerce.maryland.gov/Documents/ResearchDocument/MajorEmployersInFrederickCounty.pdfGoogle Scholar
Maryland Historical Trust. (2018). Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site. https://mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=937Google Scholar
Masters, K. (2017, March 18). Observers watch removal of Taney and Johnson busts from Frederick City Hall. Frederick News-Post. www.fredericknewspost.com/news/politics_and_government/levels_of_government/municipal/aldermen_council/observers-watch-removal-of-taney-and-johnson-busts-from-frederick/article_d7152576-e783-523e-956e-5fe3b99a2eaf.htmlGoogle Scholar
Mathias, J. S. (2012, January 24). Memo to Board of County Commissioners Re: Immigration issues. Office of the County Attorney, Frederick County, Maryland.Google Scholar
May, S. (2001). Language and minority rights: Ethnicity, nationalism, and the politics of language. Longman.Google Scholar
McAlpin, K. C. (1983, November 1). Memo to Gerda Bikales/U.S. English Re: U.S. English’s monthly rent for space at 1424 16th Street, N.W. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1983, Part 2. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
McAlpin, K. C. (2000). Language as the entry point for the debate: Population numbers, immigration policy, culture. The Social Contract, 11(2), 123–124. www.thesocialcontract.com/pdf/eleven-two/xi-2-123.pdfGoogle Scholar
McAlpin, K. C., & Bikales, G. (1985, March 18). Lease Agreement with Computer Medical Systems, Inc. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1985, Volume 1. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
McCarty, T. L. (2013). Language planning and policy in Native America. Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
McKay, B. (1979, August). Memo to Janice Re: Bilingual ballots bill, S.1052. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 1, Briefing Book – Aug 1979 #1, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
McKay, B. (1980, June 3). Memo to S. I. Hayakawa. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 152, English Amendment … Memos, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Mihut, L. (2019). Linguistic pluralism: A statement and a call to advocacy. Reflections: A Journal of Community-Engaged Writing and Rhetoric, 18(2), 66–86.Google Scholar
Milkman, R., Luce, S., & Lewis, P. (2013). Changing the subject: A bottom-up account of Occupy Wall Street in New York City. The Murphy Institute.Google Scholar
Miller, E. E. (2023). Liturgy of change: Rhetorics of the civil rights mass meeting. University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. (2001). Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(4), 530–555.Google Scholar
Milu, E. (2021). Diversity of raciolinguistic experiences in the writing classroom: An argument for a transnational Black language pedagogy. College English, 83(6), 415–441.Google Scholar
Model Ordinances. (2006). https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025005/http://illegalaliens.us/Google Scholar
Monroe, S. M. (2021). Heritage and hate: Old South rhetoric at southern universities. University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, M. J. (1978, August 30). Letter to John Tanton. Correspondence, Nov. 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Morgan, M. J. (2009). The bearer of this letter: Language ideologies, literacy practices, and the Fort Belknap Indian Community. University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. S. (2008). Language evolution: Contact, competition and change. Continuum.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. S. (2015). The emergence of African American English: Monogenetic or polygenetic? With or without ‘decreolization’? Under how much substrate influence? In Lanehart, S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of African American Language (pp. 57–84). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mujica, M. E. (2012, February 13). English is the language of success in America. The Baltimore Sun. www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/bs-xpm-2012-02-13-bs-ed-english-arundel-20120213-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
National Cancer Institute. (2015). Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research. National Institute of Health. www.cancer.gov/research/nci-role/fnlcrGoogle Scholar
Nazario, S. L. (1984, May 30). Law to curtail bilingual aid fails in Florida. Wall Street Journal.Google Scholar
Nero, S. (2001). Englishes in contact: Anglophone Caribbean students in an urban college. Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Ngai, M. M. (2015). Hart-Celler at fifty: Lessons for immigration reform in our time. Labor: Studies in Working Class History, 12(3), 19–22.Google Scholar
Nizza, M. (2008, March 31). Fighting college plagiarism with plagiarism? New York Times. www.archive.nytimes.com/thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/31/fighting-college-plagiarism-with-plagiarism/Google Scholar
Nunberg, G. (1992). The loss of two linguists. Fresh Air. https://freshairarchive.org/segments/loss-two-linguistsGoogle Scholar
Nuñez, G., & Flaherty, C. (2014, June 25). 2014 NEA political activist of the year finalist: Maryland’s Jessica Fitzwater. National Education Association. https://web.archive.org/web/20170210121510/http://educationvotes.nea.org/2014/06/25/2014-nea-political-activist-of-the-year-finalist-marylands-jessica-fitzwater/Google Scholar
Occupy Frederick. (2015, July 9). Repeal Frederick County’s English-Only Ordinance! Facebook. www.facebook.com/occupyfrederick/posts/860659840693232Google Scholar
Occupy Frederick. (2015, July 21). SAMPLE E-MAIL ON “ENGLISH ONLY” LAW. Facebook. www.facebook.com/occupyfrederick/posts/865893390169877:0Google Scholar
Occupy Frederick. (2015, August 18). WE WON! Facebook. www.facebook.com/occupyfrederick/posts/880211028738113:0Google Scholar
Oddo, J. (2014). Intertextuality and the 24-hour news cycle: A day in the rhetorical life of Colin Powell’s U.N. address. Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Oland, B. (2012, May 18). Carroll Counts profile: Library of possibilities. Carroll County Times. www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/carroll/cct-arc-cfba4017-b0ee-550e-9c51-b08af09b4560-20120517-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Olinger, A. R. (2020). Visual embodied actions in interview-based writing research: A methodological argument for video. Written Communication, 37(2), 167–207.Google Scholar
One Frederick Many Voices. (2012, October 5). Stuff Blaine Young says: Blaine interviews ProEnglish for Carroll County or Annapolis, MD? YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6weLU89WBQGoogle Scholar
Orly, E. (1980, September 12). Memo to S. I. Hayakawa. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 7, Personnel, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Paddock, W. C. (1993) Oral history interview Otis L. Graham, Jr. [Transcript]. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 22, Folder 14, William C. Paddock Oral History. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Panaligan, J. H., & Curran, N. M. (2022). ‘We are cheaper, so they hire us’: Discounted nativeness in online English teaching. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 26(2), 246–264.Google Scholar
Park, J. S. (2021). In pursuit of English: Language and subjectivity in neoliberal South Korea. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Park, J. S., & Wee, L. (Eds.) (2012). Markets of English: Linguistic capital and language policy in a globalizing world. Routledge.Google Scholar
Park, R. D. (1996). Ten-year struggle brings English case to top court. The Social Contract, 6(4), 243–254. www.thesocialcontract.com/pdf/six-four/elapark.pdfGoogle Scholar
Park, R. D. (1997, March 3). Press Release for English Language Advocates. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 194, Bilingual Education folder. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Parker, S. R. (2014). St. Augustine in the seventeenth-century: Capital of La Florida. The Florida Historical Society, 92(3), 554–576.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A. (2002). ‘We have room for but one language here’: Language and national identity in the US at the turn of the 20th century. Multilingua, 21, 163–196.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A. (2014). The bilingual mind and what it tells us about language and thought. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. (1994). The cultural politics of English as an international language. Longman.Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. (2016). Mobile times, mobile terms: The Trans-Super-Poly-Metro Movement. In Coupland, N. (Ed.), Sociolinguistics: Theoretical debates (pp. 201–216). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peters, J. (2013). “Speak White”: Language policy, immigration discourse, and tactical authenticity in a French enclave in New England. College English, 75(6), 563–581.Google Scholar
Picone, M. D. (2003). Anglophone slaves in francophone Louisiana. American Speech, 78(4), 404–432.Google Scholar
Pimentel, O. (2015). Historias de éxito within Mexican communities: Silenced voices. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Prendergast, C. (2003). Literacy and racial justice: The politics of learning after Brown v. Board of Education. Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Prendergast, C. (2008). Buying into English: Language and investment in the new capitalist world. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Prior, P. A. (1998). Writing/disciplinarity: A sociohistoric account of literate activity in the academy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Prior, P. A. (2018). How do moments add up to lives: Trajectories of semiotic becoming vs. tales of school learning in four modes. In Wysocki, R. & Sheridan, M. P. (Eds.), Making future matters. Computers and Composition Digital Press. www.ccdigitalpress.org/book/makingfuturematters/prior-part-1.html#content-topGoogle Scholar
Prior, P. A., & Thorne, S. L. (2014). Research paradigms: Beyond product, process, and social activity. In Jakobs, E. & Perrin, D. (Eds.), Handbook of writing and text production (pp. 31–54). Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
ProEnglish. (2000a). ELA changes name to “ProEnglish.” ProEnglish Advocate. https://web.archive.org/web/20010111085400/http://www.elausa.org:80/main/newsletter.htmlGoogle Scholar
ProEnglish. (2000b). Resolution Re: The language of government. ProEnglish. https://web.archive.org/web/20010822031059/http://www.proenglish.org/forms/resolution.htmlGoogle Scholar
ProEnglish. (2007, April). ACLU abandons challenge to city’s official English law. The ProEnglish Advocate, 13(1), 4.Google Scholar
ProEnglish. (2012, August). Another Maryland county adopts official English. The ProEnglish Advocate, 17(5), 4.Google Scholar
ProEnglish. (2014, Fall). ProEnglish’s success at the state and county levels. ProEnglish Advocate, 20(4), 2.Google Scholar
ProEnglish. (2015, August 12). What is the difference between Jerry Donald and Donald Trump? [image attached] [status update]. Facebook. www.facebook.com/proenglish/photos/a.139358069428230/1008912822472746Google Scholar
ProEnglish. (2015, August 17). To supporters of official English in Maryland, we are asking you to take action locally to save English as the official language of government in Frederick County. Facebook. www.facebook.com/proenglish/photos/a.139358069428230/1011286798902015Google Scholar
Provenzo, E. F. (1990). Preface. In Beebe, V. N. & Mackey, W. F., Bilingual schooling and the Miami experience (pp. viii–xiii). Institute of Interamerican Studies.Google Scholar
Rabin, C. (1971). Spelling reform – Israel 1968. In Rubin, J. & Jernudd, B. H. (Eds.), Can language be planned? Sociolinguistic theory and practice for developing nations (pp. 95–121). University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Radway, J. (1997). A feeling for books: The book-of-the-month club, literary taste, and middle-class desire. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Rawlings, W. (2016). The second coming of the invisible empire: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. Mercer University Press.Google Scholar
Read, A. W. (1937). Bilingualism in the middle colonies, 1725–1775. American Speech, 12(2), 93–99.Google Scholar
Read, A. W. (1939). The speech of Negroes in Colonial America. The Journal of Negro History, 24(3), 247–258.Google Scholar
Read, A. W. (1955). The term ‘meaning’ in linguistics. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 13(1), 37–45.Google Scholar
Reagan, T. G. (2010). Language policy and planning for sign languages. Gallaudet University Press.Google Scholar
Reid, J. M. (1947, March 26). Letter to S. I. Hayakawa. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 432, 1948–1939, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Rice, J. D. (1994). Crime and punishment in Frederick County and Maryland, 1748–1837: A study in culture, society, and law [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (2005). Problems with the ‘language-as-resource’ discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the USA. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3), 348–368.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (2014). Thinking about language: What political theorists need to know about language in the real world. Language Policy, 13(4), 351–369.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (2021). Refugees in Canada: On the loss of social and cultural capital. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Richardson, Elaine. (1998). The anti-Ebonics movement: ‘Standard’ English only. Journal of English Linguistics, 26(2), 156–169.Google Scholar
Rimer, S. (1980, October 26). How anti-bilingual crusade began. Miami Herald. www.newspapers.com/image/628752859/Google Scholar
Roberts, D. (2011). Fatal invention: How science, politics, and big business re-create race in the twenty-first century. The New Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, T. (2012). The Malthusian moment: Global population growth and the birth of American environmentalism. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Rohe, J. F. (2002). Mary Lou & John Tanton: A journey into American conservatism. FAIR Horizon Press.Google Scholar
Rosa, J. (2019). Looking like a language, sounding like a race: Raciolinguistic ideologies and the learning of Latinidad. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosa, J. (2021). Never enough language/language is never enough: Raciolinguistic perspectives on applied linguistic theories of change [Plenary talk]. American Association for Applied Linguistics. www.aaal.org/2021-plenary-jonathan-rosaGoogle Scholar
Rosa, J., & Flores, N. (2017). Unsettling race and language: Toward a raciolinguistic perspective. Language in Society, 46(5), 621–647.Google Scholar
Rubin, J. & Jernudd, B. H. (Eds.). (1971). Can language be planned? Sociolinguistic theory and practice for developing nations. University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Russell, L. R. (2018). Women and dictionary making: Gender, genre, and English language lexicography. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rymes, B. (2014). Communicating beyond language: Everyday encounters with diversity. Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Saito, L. T. (1998). Race and politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles suburb. University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, O., et al. (2020). Making our nation fear the powerless. In McIntosh, J. & Mendoza-Denton, N. (Eds.), Language in the Trump era: Scandals and emergencies (pp. 237–249). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schera, E. (2015). Record of voluntary dissolution for Citizens of Dade United. Florida Division of Corporations.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. J. (2005). Press ‘one’ for English: Language policy, public opinion, and American identity. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. J. (2011). Americanism in the twenty-first century: Public opinion in the age of immigration. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. (2000). Language policy and identity in the United States. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Schiffman, H. F., & Weiner, R. E. (2012). The language policy of state drivers’ license testing: Expediency, symbolism, or creeping incrementalism? Language Policy, 11, 189–196.Google Scholar
Schuh, M. (2012, February 17). Anne Arundel Co. Councilman Dick Ladd apologizes for using racial slur during open session. CBS Baltimore. https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2012/02/17/aa-co-councilman-dick-ladd-apologizes-for-using-racial-slur-during-open-session/Google Scholar
Serwer, A. (2021). The cruelty is the point: The past, present, and future of Trump’s America. One World.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. (2014). “Words that you said got bigger”: English language learners’ lived experiences of deficit discourse. Research in the Teaching of English, 48(4), 386–406.Google Scholar
Sheridan, M. (2012). Making ethnography our own: Why and how writing studies must redefine core research practices. In Nickoson, L. & Sheridan, M. P. (Eds.), Writing studies research in practice: Methods and methodologies (pp. 73–82). Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Shurtleff, T. (1982, July 28). Republican staff contact list update. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 10, Personnel/Legislative Organization/Job Descriptions, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. (2003). The whens and wheres – as well as hows – of ethnolinguistic recognition. Public Culture, 15(3), 531–557.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. & Urban, G. (1996). The natural history of discourse. In Silverstein, M. & Urban, G. (Eds.), Natural histories of discourse (pp. 1–20). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. & Urban, G. (Eds.). (1996). Natural histories of discourse. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Simon, K. L. (2019). Translating a path to college: Literate resonances of migrant child language brokering. College Composition and Communication, 71(1), 60–85.Google Scholar
Sledd, J. (1969). Bi-dialectalism: The linguistics of white supremacy. English Journal, 58(9), 1307–1315, 1329.Google Scholar
Small Town Defenders. (2006). Illegal immigration relief act passed. https://web.archive.org/web/20061105210506/http://www.smalltowndefenders.com/public/node/6Google Scholar
Smitherman, G. (1977). Talkin and testifyin: The language of Black America. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Smitherman, G. (1981). ‘What go round come round’: King in perspective. Harvard Educational Review, 51(1), 40–56.Google Scholar
Smitherman, G. (1992). African Americans and ‘English Only.’ Language Problems and Language Planning, 16(3), 235–248.Google Scholar
Smitherman, G. (1999). CCCC’s role in the struggle for language rights. College Composition and Communication, 50(3), 349–376.Google Scholar
Spack, R. (2002). America’s second tongue: American Indian education and the ownership of English, 1860–1900. University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Spolsky, B., & Shohamy, E. (1999). The languages of Israel: Policy, ideology and practice. Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Stanley, K. P. (1983). Doctor leads group seeking English as official language. Petoskey News Review. Personal, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Stein, D. (1994) Oral history interview by John Tanton. [Transcript]. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 23, Folder 5. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stories of Flight. (2022). Legacy of Slavery in Maryland, Maryland State Archives. Retrieved from http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/casestudies/countycs.htmlGoogle Scholar
Stornaiuolo, A., & LeBlanc, R. J. (2016). Scaling as a literacy activity: Mobility and educational inequality in an age of global connectivity. Research in the Teaching of English, 50(3), 263–287.Google Scholar
Subtirelu, N. C. (2013). ‘English … it’s part of our blood’: Ideologies of language and nation in United States Congressional discourse. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 17(1), 37–65.Google Scholar
Subtirelu, N. C. (2017). Raciolinguistic ideology and Spanish-English bilingualism on the US labor market: An analysis of online job advertisements. Language in Society, 46(4), 477–505.Google Scholar
Swensrud, S. (1990) Oral history interview by David H. Fowler. [Transcript]. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 22, Folder 9, Sidney Swensrud Oral History. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1969, March 10). Letter to Johan Eliot. Sterilization, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1974, June 14). Letter to Ward H. Walstrom. Zoning – Emmet County, 1971–1981, Box 11, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, John H. (1976, November). Summary: Organizational activities of John H. Tanton, M.D. [CV]. Memoir File, 1960s–1983, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1980, November 5). Letter to John Foley. Correspondence, November 1980, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1981, June 3). Articles of incorporation for the Conservation Workshop, Inc. Michigan Department of Commerce, Corporation and Securities Bureau.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1981, June 30). Letter to Harry Haines. Correspondence, June 1981, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1981, November 3). Letter to Mr. and Mrs. Gary Williams. Correspondence, November 1981, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1981, December 1). Letter to Doris E. Konrad. Correspondence, Nov. 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1981, December 2). Memo to Senator Hayakawa file, with attached memo to Roger Connor [sic] and Barnaby Zall. Hayakawa, Box 3, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1981, December 3). Letter to Stanley Diamond. Hayakawa, Box 3, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, February 22). Letter to John B. Trevor, Jr. Correspondence, February 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, March 18). Letter to Harry F. Weyher. Correspondence, March 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, March 29). Letter to Stanley Diamond. Correspondence, March 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, April 1). Certificate of amendment to the articles of incorporation, for changing the name of the Conservation Workshop, Inc., to the Futures Workshop, Inc. Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, April 22). Letter to Richard Rodriguez. Correspondence, April 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, June 9). Letter to Senator Hayakawa. Correspondence, June 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, July 22). Memo to the U.S. English file. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 239, U.S. English Folder. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, November 11). Letter to Garrett Hardin. Correspondence, Nov. 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, November 24). Letter to Dr. William D. Lutz. Correspondence, Nov. 1982, Box 12. John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, November 26). Letter to Ellis B. Page. Correspondence, Nov. 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1982, December 7). Letter to Jay Harris. Correspondence, December 1982, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, January 17). Letter to Robert Bellah. Correspondence, January 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, March 16). Letter to Mrs. Sidney Gamble. Correspondence, March 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, March 22). Letter to Shelby Cullom Davis. Correspondence, March 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, April 5). Letter to Warren Buffett. Correspondence, April 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, April 13). Letter to Donald A. Collins. Correspondence, April 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, April 26). Letter to Joe Zengerle. Correspondence, April 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, May 7). Letter to S. I. Hayakawa. Correspondence, May 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, June 29). Letter to Mrs. S. I. Hayakawa. Correspondence, June 1983, Box 12, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, July 7). Letter to Gerda Bikales. Correspondence, July 1983, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, October 18). Letter to H. Ross Perot, Sr. Correspondence, Oct. 1983, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, November 10). Letter to Cordelia May. Correspondence, Nov. 1983, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, November 16). Letter to Guy Wright. Correspondence, Nov. 1983, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, December 3). Letter to Morton Smith, M. D. Correspondence, December 1983, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1983, December 9). Letter to John C. Maxwell. Correspondence, December 1983, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1984, February 9). Memo to Gerda Bikales. Correspondence, 1984, February, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1984, February 29). Letter to Ruth E. Williams. Correspondence, 1984, February, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1984, March 11). Memo to K.C. McAlpin RE: Reducing the cost of computer services (CMSI). MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 6, Folder 1, Chronological Files, 1984. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1984, March 29). Memo to Gerda Bikales. Correspondence, 1984, March, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1984, November 25). Memo to Rosemary Amatetti. Correspondence, 1984, November, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1985, February 6). Memo to Roger Conner. Correspondence, Feb 1985, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1985, February 7). Letter to Robert Melby. Correspondence, Feb 1985, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1985, March 8). Letter to Mr. and Mrs. Dale Scran. Correspondence, March 1985, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1985, March 15). Memo to Gerda Bikales and Steve Workings. Correspondence, March 1985, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1985, June 3). Memo to S. I. Hayakawa, Gerda Bikales, Stanley Diamond, Leo Sorensen, and Matt Gallagher Re: A possible organizational plan, California English Campaign (CEC). Correspondence, June 1985, Box 13, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1985, August 5). Certificate of assumed name for transacting U.S. business under the name U.S. English. Michigan Department of Commerce, Corporation and Securities Bureau.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1986, October 10). Memo to WITAN IV attendees. Southern Poverty Law Center. www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/witan-memo-iiiGoogle Scholar
Tanton, J. H. (1989). A skirmish in a wider war: An oral history of John H. Tanton. John Tanton oral history interview by Otis Graham, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1989, September 15). Letter to Richard D. Lamm. Correspondence – September 1989–March 1990, Box 14, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1989, October 4). Fundamentals. Correspondence – September 1989–March 1990, Box 14, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1990, June 8). Memo to Linda Chavez. Correspondence, April – December 1990, Box 14, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1991, March 8). Letter to Robert Park and Leo Sorensen. 1991 March – April, Box 14, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1994a). Point and counterpoint in the immigration debate. Social Contract, 5(1), 47.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1994b). What you can do. In W. Lutton and J. Tanton, The immigration invasion (p. 165). American Immigration Control Foundation.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (1994, January 1). Certificate of assumed name for transacting U.S. business under the name English Language Advocates. Michigan Department of Commerce, Corporation and Securities Bureau.Google Scholar
Tanton, J. (2000, October 23). Certificate of assumed name for transacting U.S. business under the name ProEnglish. Michigan Department of Consumer & Industry Services, Corporation and Land Development Bureau.Google Scholar
Tanton, J., & Bricker, K. (1983, May 23). Certificate of amendment to the articles of incorporation, for changing the name of the Futures Workshop, Inc., to U.S. Michigan Department of Commerce, Corporation and Securities Bureau.Google Scholar
Tardy, C. M. (2009). “Press 1 for English”: Textual and ideological networks in a newspaper debate on US language policy. Discourse and Society, 20(2), 265–286.Google Scholar
Tardy, C. M. (2011). Enacting and transforming local language policies. College Composition and Communication, 62(4), 634–661.Google Scholar
Tardy, C. M. (2016). Beyond convention: Genre innovation in academic writing. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Tardy, C., Sommer-Farias, M., & Gevers, J. (2020). Teaching and researching genre knowledge: Toward an enhanced theoretical framework. Written Communication, 37(3), 287–321.Google Scholar
Tarone, L. A. (2015, October 17). Though expensive, IIRA lawsuit was worth it. The Standard-Speaker.Google Scholar
Tatalovich, R. (1995). Nativism reborn? The Official English Language Movement and the American States. University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Taube, D. (2010, August 4). Jackson hung up on language law. The Post Star. www.poststar.com/news/local/article_66ed4036-a03b-11df-836a-001cc4c002e0.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tollefson, J. W. (1989). Alien winds: The reeducation of America’s Indochinese refugees. Praeger.Google Scholar
Tollefson, J. W. (1991). Planning language, planning inequality: Language policy in the community. Longman.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, C. (2020, January 20). Carroll’s so-called English-only ordinance does no harm to the county’s residents or reputation. Carroll County Times. www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/carroll/opinion/cc-op-tomlinson-012020–20200120-pd54nsvx7zfbdjibu66jnwoely-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Torres, P. J. (2021). The role of modals in policies: The US opioid crisis as a case study. Applied Corpus Linguistics, 1(3), 1–17.Google Scholar
Trimbur, J. (2006). Linguistic memory and the politics of U.S. English. College English, 68(6), 575–588.Google Scholar
Trombley, W. (1986, October 20). Prop. 63 roots traced to small Michigan city. Los Angeles Times. www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-20-mn-6532-story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Trouillot, M. (1990). Haiti, state against nation: Origins and legacy of Duvalierism. Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Tse, L. (2001). ‘Why don’t they learn English?’ Separating fact from fallacy in the U.S. language debate. Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Tupas, T. R. F. (2003). History, language planners, and strategies of forgetting. Language Problems and Language Planning, 27(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Turbak, G. (1994). The campaign against English. American Legion, 136(2), 32–33, 54–55. https://archive.legion.org/node/1479Google Scholar
Urban, G. (1996). Entextualization, replication, and power. In Silverstein, M. & Urban, G. (Eds.), Natural histories of discourse (pp. 21–44). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Urbano, J., & Daugherty, R. (2021). Rural language by law: Why rural towns pass English- only laws. Great Plains Research, 31(2), 173–186.Google Scholar
U.S. English. (1982). USEnglish Time Line (Tentative). MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 239, U.S. English Folder. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
U.S. English. (1983). Letter to Kenneth P. Scheffel. Personal file, Box 1, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
U.S. English (1985, May/June). Request for donations. U.S. Update, 3(3). Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas.Google Scholar
U.S. English. (1989, March/April). Don’t Forget! U.S. English Update, 7(2), p. 2. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 121, Folder 7, U.S. English 1987–1989. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
U.S. English (1991, May). What’s happening in the states? U.S. English Update, 9(3), 5. Pamphlet Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society Library.Google Scholar
U.S. English (1991, July). Reaching across America. U.S. English Update, 9(4), 5. Pamphlet Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society Library.Google Scholar
U.S. English (1993, Spring). Maryland: U.S. English members help defeat ‘Linguistic Diversity’ resolution. U.S. English Update, 10(1) 5. Pamphlet Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society Library.Google Scholar
Vizzue. (2006, April 25). Fredneck. Urban Dictionary. www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=FredneckGoogle Scholar
Wall Street Journal Editorial Board. (1981, May 6). The Senator’s English. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 406a, English as Official Language, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Wan, A. J. (2014). Producing good citizens: Literacy training in anxious times. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Wang, H. L. (2021). Immigration hard-liner files reveal 40-year bid behind Trump’s census obsession. Georgia Public Broadcasting. www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/15/immigration-hard-liner-files-reveal-40-year-bid-behind-trumps-census-obsessionGoogle Scholar
Watcher, M. (2012, December 5). Maryland watch: Meet candidate Blaine Young – One part Pat McDonough, two parts Jim Harkins. The Dagger: Local News with an Edge. www.daggerpress.com/2012/12/05/maryland-watch-meet-candidate-blaine-young-one-part-pat-mcdonough-two-parts-jim-harkins/Google Scholar
Waterman, K. (2012, April 24). Op-Ed: The case against English-only mandates. The Talbot Spy. https://talbotspy.org/op-ed-the-case-against-english-only-mandates/Google Scholar
Watson, M., & Shapiro, R. (2018). Clarifying the multiple dimensions of monolingualism: Keeping our sights on language politics. Composition Forum, 38. https://compositionforum.com/issue/38/monolingualism.phpGoogle Scholar
Weiden, D. H. W. (2019). Carlisle longings. Shenandoah, 69(1). https://shenandoahliterary.org/691/carlisle-longings/Google Scholar
Wee, L. (2018). The Singlish controversy: Language, culture and identity in a globalizing world. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weldon, T. L. (2003). Revisiting the Creolist Hypothesis: Copula variability in Gullah and Southern Rural AAVE. American Speech, 78(2), 171–191.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, W. H. (2019). Back to America: Identity, political culture, and the Tea Party movement. University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
White, P. (1981, May 11). Note to George Brazier. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 152, English Amendment … Memos, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Wible, S. (2013). Shaping language policy in the U.S.: The role of composition studies. Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Wible, S. (2017). The rhetoric of economic costs and social benefits in US healthcare language policy. In Horner, B., Nordquist, B., & Ryan, S. M. (Eds.), Economies of writing: Revaluations in rhetoric and composition (pp. 172–190). Utah State University Press.Google Scholar
Wiley, T. G. (1998). The imposition of World War I era English-only policies and the fate of German in North America. In Ricento, T. & Burnaby, B. (Eds.), Language and politics in the United States and Canada (pp. 211–241). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Wilgoren, J. (2002, July 19). Divided by a call for a common language. www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/us/divided-by-a-call-for-a-common-language.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wilkerson, M. E., & Salmons, J. (2008). ‘Good old immigrants of yesteryear’ who didn’t learn English: Germans in Wisconsin. American Speech, 83(3), 259–283.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, M. (1987, November 16). Memo to All FAIR, IRLI, CIS Staff. MS2195: Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Records, Box 42, Folder 12, Administrative-Personnel. Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Libraries. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Williams, D. (2008, November 1). Officer Richard Mark Bremer Memorial Fund. Frederick Maryland News. https://fredericknewsblog.blogspot.com/2008/11/officer-richard-mark-bremer-memorial.htmlGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. L. (1941). Review of the books Holmes of the Breakfast-Table, by M. A. DeWolfe Howe, and Oliver Wendell Holmes: Representative selections with introduction, bibliography, and notes, edited by S. I. Hayakawa & H. M. Jones. New England Quarterly, 14(4), 755–758.Google Scholar
Williams, P. (2022, November 7). The right-wing mothers fuelling the school board wars. New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/11/07/the-right-wing-mothers-fuelling-the-school-board-warsGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. R. (1966, November 29). Letter to S. I. Hayakawa. S. I. Hayakawa Papers, Box 626, English Department Materials, 1959–1968, Hoover Institution Library & Archives.Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A. (1989). Sentences in the language prison: The rhetorical structuring of an American language policy debate. American Ethnologist, 16(2), 268–278.Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A. (1998a). Simultaneity and bivalency as strategies in bilingualism. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 8(1), 3–29.Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A. (1998b). Language ideology as a field on inquiry. In Schieffelin, B. B., Woolard, K. A., & Kroskrity, P. V. (Eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory (pp. 3–47). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A. (2016). Singular and plural: Ideologies of linguistic authority in 21st century Catalonia. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Woolard, K. A., & Schieffelin, B. B. (1994). Language ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23(1), 55–82.Google Scholar
Wortham, S. (2012). Beyond macro and micro in the linguistic anthropology of education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 43(2), 128–137.Google Scholar
Wortham, S., & Rhodes, C. (2012). The production of relevant scales: Social identification of migrants during rapid demographic change in one American town. Applied Linguistics Review, 3, 75–99.Google Scholar
Wortham, S., & Reyes, A. (2015). Discourse analysis beyond the speech event. Routledge.Google Scholar
Wright, Z. (2011, June 3). English-only town law is rescinded in Jackson, N.Y. Revote follows letter from AG. Bennington Banner. www.benningtonbanner.com/local-news/english-only-town-law-is-rescinded-in-jackson-n-y-revote-follows-letter-from-ag/article_f2aa6a6e-1a92-5a40-afdf-eca2cebd7043.htmlGoogle Scholar
Yaghi, E., & Ryan, J. (2022). ‘Because you’re all covered up’: Islamophobia in the ELT classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 56(4), 1345–1368.Google Scholar
Yan-Gonzalez, V. (2022). Model minority or myth? Reexamining the politics of S. I. Hayakawa. Amerasia Journal, 48(1), 24–43.Google Scholar
Yergeau, M. (2018). Authoring autism: On rhetoric and neurological queerness. Duke University Press.Google Scholar
You., X. (2016). Cosmopolitan English and transliteracy. Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Young, V. A. (2009). ‘Nah, we straight’: An argument against code switching. JAC, 29(1/2), 49–76.Google Scholar
Zall, B. (1981, December 3). Letter to John Tanton. Hayakawa, Box 3, John Tanton Papers. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Zall, B. (2009). Brief of the American Unity Legal Defense Fund, English Language Political Action Committee, ProEnglish and the Center for Equal Opportunity, As amicus curiae supporting petitioners. Horne v. Flores. www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/ED-AZ-0001-0024.pdfGoogle Scholar
Zall, B. (2017). Email to Mandatory Malpractice Insurance Task Force. Washington State Bar Association. www.wsba.org/docs/default-source/legal-community/committees/mandatory-malpractice-insurance-task-force/comments-received-by-the-task-forceGoogle Scholar
Zall, B. (2023). Annual Report for Public Policy Legal Institute. Office of the Secretary of State, Corporations & Charities Division, Washington State.Google Scholar
Zall, B. W., & Stein, S. M. (1990). Legal background and history of the English language movement. In Adams, K. L. & Brink, D. T. (Eds.), Perspectives on official English: The campaign for English as the official language of the USA (pp. 261–272). Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zentella, A. C. (1988). Language politics in the U.S.A.: The English-only movement. In Craige, B. J. (Ed.), Literature, language, and politics (pp. 39–53). University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Zentella, A. C. (1996). The ‘chiquitafication’ of U.S. Latinos and their languages, OR why we need an anthropolitical linguistics. In Ide, R., Parker, R., & Sunaoshi, Y. (Eds.), SALSA III: Proceedings of a Symposium on Language and Society (Austin, TX, April 5–7, 1995) (pp. 1–18). University of Texas Department of Linguistics. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED416671Google Scholar
Zentella, A. C. (1999) Language policy/planning and US colonialism: The Puerto Rican thorn in English Only’s side. In Davis, K. A. & Huebner, T. (Eds.), Sociopolitical perspectives on language policy and planning in the USA (pp. 155–172). John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Zentella, A. C. (2014). TWB (Talking while bilingual): Linguistic profiling of Latina/os, and other linguistic torquemadas. Latino Studies, 12(4), 620–635.Google Scholar
Zentella, A. C. (2017). ‘Limpia, fija y da esplendor’: Challenging the symbolic violence of the Royal Spanish Academy. Chiricú Journal, 1(2), 21–42.Google Scholar
Zentz, L. (2021). Narrating stance, morality, and political identity: Building a movement on Facebook. Routledge.Google Scholar