Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:49:22.671Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

34 - Hazardous Material, Toxic, and Industrial Events

from Subpart IIIA: - CBRNE and HAZMAT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

By
Hoon Chin Lim  and
Hock Heng Tan
Edited by
Kristi L. Koenig  and
Carl H. Schultz
Kristi L. Koenig
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Carl H. Schultz
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine
Comprehensive Principles and Practices
 , pp. 579 - 600
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

World Health Organization. WHO Manual: The Public Health Management of Chemical Incidents. 2009.Google Scholar
Chemical Abstracts Service. Chemical abstracts service. http://www.cas.org (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Public Health and Chemical Incidents – Guidance for national and regional policy makers in the public/environmental health roles. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), 1999.Google Scholar
OECD. Environmental outlook for the chemical industry. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/45/2375538.pdf (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Prüss-Ustün, A, Vickers, C, Haefliger, P, Bertollini, R. Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review. Environmental Health 2011; 10(9). http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1476–069X-10–9.pdf (Accessed June 19, 2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OECD. OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. June 2012.Google Scholar
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). National Toxic Substance Incidents Program (NTSIP) Annual Report 2010. 2010. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ntsip/docs/ATSDR_Annual%20Report_031413_FINAL.pdf (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards. Chemical Surveillance Report. January 1–December 31, 2009. http://www.hpa.org.uk/Publications/ChemicalsPoisons/ChemicalsSurveillanceReports (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Duan, W, Chen, G, Ye, Q, Chen, Q. The situation of hazardous chemical accidents in China between 2000 and 2006. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2011; 186: 1489–1494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keim, ME. Industrial chemical disasters. In: Ciottone, GR, Anderson, PD, Auf der Heide, E, et al., eds. Disaster Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Mosby Elsevier, 2006; 556–562.Google Scholar
Mehta, PS, Mehta, AS, Mehta, SJ, Makhijani, AB. Bhopal tragedy's health effects. JAMA. 1990; 264: 2781–2787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ATSDR. Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system – Annual report 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/annual2004.html (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
WHO. Chemical Incidents – Technical Hazard Sheet – Technological Disaster Profiles. http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/chemical_insidents/en/index.html (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Noll, GG, Hildebrand, MS, Yvorra, JG. Hazardous materials: managing the incident. Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, 1995.Google Scholar
ATSDR. Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system – Cumulative Report 1998–2001. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/Cum1998_2001.html (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Transportation. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Strategic Plan (2012–2016). http://www.phmsa.dot.gov (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Olowokure, B, Pooransingh, S, Tempowski, J, et al. Global surveillance for chemical incidents of international public health concern. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 928–934.Google ScholarPubMed
Eckerman, I. Chemical Industry and Public Health – Bhopal as an Example. 2001. http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/research.php (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Broughton, E. The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environ Health 2005; 4(1): 6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckerman, I. The Bhopal gas leak: Analyses of causes and consequences by three different models. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 2005; 18: 213–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, JP. The Bhopal gas tragedy: could it have happened in a developed country? Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 2002; 15(1): 1–4.Google Scholar
Sharma, DC. Bhopal: 20 years on. Lancet 2005; 365(9454): 111–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willey, RJ, Crowl, DA, Lepkowski, W. The Bhopal tragedy: its influence on process and community safety as practiced in the United States. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 2005; 18(4): 365–374.Google Scholar
Dunning, AE, Oswalt, JL. Train Wreck and Chlorine Spill in Graniteville, South Carolina: Transportation Effects and Lessons in Small-Town Capacity for No-Notice Evacuation. Transportation Research Record 2007; 2009(1): 130–135.Google Scholar
Wenck, MA, Van Sickle, D, Drociuk, D, et al. Rapid assessment of exposure to chlorine released from a train derailment and resulting health impact. Public Health Reports 2007; 122(6): 784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, C, Belflower, A, Drociuk, D et al. Public health consequences from hazardous substances acutely released during rail transit–South Carolina, 2005; selected States, 1999–2004. MMWR 2005; 54(3): 64–67.Google Scholar
United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. Agenda 21. 1992. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The Future We Want. http://www.uncsd2012.org/thefuturewewant.html (Accessed on March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). International Conference on Chemicals Management on the work of its first session (SAICM/ICCM.1/7), annexes I–III. http://www.chem.unep.ch/ICCM/ICCM.htm (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Clifton, JC. Mercury exposure and public health. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2007; 54(2): 237.e1–237.e45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. Minamata Disease – The History and Measures. http://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/hs/minamata2002/ch2.html (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Basel Convention. www.basel.int (Accessed April 16, 2013).Google Scholar
Elliott, MR, Wang, Y, Lowe, RA, Kleindorfer, PR. Environmental justice: frequency and severity of US chemical industry accidents and the socioeconomic status of surrounding communities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2004; 58(1): 24–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environment Justice. http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Environmental Protection Agency. Summary of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/epcra.html (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Levitin, HW, Siegelson, HJ. Hazardous materials emergencies. In: Hogan, DE, Burstein, JL, eds. Disaster Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007; 311–325.Google Scholar
Chemical Abstracts Service. http://www.cas.org (Accessed September 7, 2015).Google Scholar
Walter, FG. Hazmat incident response. In: Flomenbaum, NE, Goldfrank, LR, Hoffman, RS, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2006.Google Scholar
UNECE. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
UNECE. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. 4th revised ed. http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev04/04files_e.html (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs): International Programme on Chemical Safety. http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/ipcs/icstart.html (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
OECD. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response 2003. http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-management/chemicalaccidents.htm (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
UNECE. UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods – Model Regulations: 17th revised ed. http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev17/17files_e.html (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC). http://www.cefic.be (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
National Chemical Emergency Centre (NCEC). Hazchem guide. http://the-ncec.com/hazchem (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Emergency Response Guidebook – ERG 2012. http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/library/erg (Accessed March 27, 2013).Google Scholar
National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. 2012 ed.Google Scholar
Environment Directorate, OECD. Guidance concerning health aspects of chemical accidents. 1996. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=OCDE/GD(96)104&docLanguage=En (Accessed September 7, 2015).Google Scholar
Garatwa, W, Bollin, C. Disaster Risk Management – Working Concept. http://www.giz.de/en/html/index.html (Accessed September 7, 2015).Google Scholar
Crawford, IWF, Mackway-Jones, K, Russell, DR, Carley, SD. Planning for chemical incidents by implementing a Delphi based consensus study. Emergency Medicine Journal 2004; 21(1): 20–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OSHA. Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs). http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/chemical.html (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Molino, LN. EMS beyond the barricade. In: Ciottone, GR, Anderson, PD, Auf Der, Heide E, et al., eds. Disaster Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby Elsevier, 2006; 278–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Council of Chemical Associations. Responsible Care. http://www.icca-chem.org/en/Home/Responsible-care (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
International Council of Chemical Associations. Global Product Strategy. http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/ICCA-initiatives/Global-product-strategy (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
EPA. Emergency Management – Risk Management Plan (RMP) Rule. http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/rmp/index.htm (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
European Commission. Chemical Accidents (Seveso III) – Prevention, Preparedness and Response. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/index.htm (Accessed March 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Gougelet, RM. Disaster mitigation. In: Ciottone, GR, Anderson, PD, Auf der, Heide E, et al., eds. Disaster Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby Elsevier, 2006; 139–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scenarios of sustainable hazards mitigation. In: Mileti, DS, ed. Disasters by Design. Washington, DC, Joseph Henry Press, 1999; 41–64.Google Scholar
Department of Energy. Protective Action Criteria (PAC). http://www.atlintl.com/DOE/teels/teel/teeldef.html (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ALOHA. Http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/chemical-spills/response-tools/aloha.html (Accessed April 30, 2013).Google Scholar
Barbisch, DFKKL. Understanding surge capacity: essential elements. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13(11): 1098–1102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keim, MEPN, Twum-Danso, NA. Lack of hospital preparedness for chemical terrorism in a major US city: 1996–2000. Prehosp Disaster Med 2003; 18(3): 193–199.Google Scholar
OSHA. http://www.osha.gov (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. EMTALA overview. http://www.cms.hhs.gov/emtala (Accessed February 5, 2013).Google Scholar
EPA. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) requirements. http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/epcra/index.htm (Accessed April 1, 2013).Google Scholar
The Joint Commission. http://www.jointcommission.org (Accessed February 5, 2013).Google Scholar
EPA. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Local Emergency Planning Requirements. http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/content/epcra/epcra_plan.htm#plan (Accessed April 1, 2013).Google Scholar
Tur-Kaspa, ILEI, Hendler, I, Siebner, R, et al. Preparing hospitals for toxicological mass casualties events. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(5): 1004–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Northington, WEMGM, Hahn, ME, Suyama, J, Hostler, D. Training retention of Level C personal protective equipment use by emergency medical services personnel. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14(10): 846–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, JTYRS, Tang, SY. Hospital preparedness for chemical and biological incidents in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2002; 8(6): 440–446.Google ScholarPubMed
Han, KHWR, Kuhri, M. An integrated response to chemical incidents–the UK perspective. Resuscitation 1999; 42(2): 133–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milsten, A. Hospital responses to acute-onset disasters: a review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2000; 15(1): 32–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwenk, MKS, Jaroni, H. Toxicological aspects of preparedness and aftercare for chemical-incidents. Toxicology 2005; 214(3): 232–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barelli, ABI, Soave, M, Tafani, C, Bononi, F. The comprehensive medical preparedness in chemical emergencies: ‘the chain of chemical survival.’ Eur J Emerg Med 2008; 15(2): 110–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henretig, FMCTJ, Eitzen, EM. Biological and chemical terrorism. J Pediatr 2002; 141(3): 311–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharp, TWBRJ, Keim, M, Williams, RJ, et al. Medical preparedness for a terrorist incident involving chemical or biological agents during the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32(2): 214–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreutzer, KA. Three-point Hazmat size-up. Fire Engineering November 2007: 119–124.Google Scholar
Decontamination. In: Briggs, SM, Brinsfield, KH, eds. Advanced Disaster Medical Response – Manual for Providers. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Medical International, Inc., 2003; 35–38.Google Scholar
Kenar, L, Karayilanoglu, T. Prehospital management and medical intervention after a chemical attack. Emerg Med J 2004; 21(1): 84–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United States Department of Labor: Evacuation plans and procedures. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/shelterinplace.html (Accessed April 1, 2013).Google Scholar
Byers, M, Russell, M, Lockey, DJ. Clinical care in the “Hot Zone.” Emerg Med J 2008; 25(2): 108–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moles, TM, Baker, DJ. Clinical analogies for the management of toxic trauma. Resuscitation 1999; 42(2): 117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, D. Medical management of HAZMAT victims in civilian practice. Current Anesthesia & Critical Care 1998; 9(2): 52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markel, G, Krivoy, A, Rotman, E, et al. Medical management of toxicological mass casualty events. Israel Medical Association Journal 2008; 10(11): 761–766.Google ScholarPubMed
Garner, A, Lee, A, Harrison, K, Schultz, CH. Comparative analysis of multiple-casualty incident triage algorithms. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38(5): 541–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgetts, TJ, Mackway-Jones, K. Major Incident Medical Management and Support: The Practical Approach. London, BMJ Publishing, 1995.Google Scholar
Cone, DC, Koenig, KL. Mass casualty triage in the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2005; 12(6): 287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brennan, RJ, Waeckerle, JF, Sharp, TW, Lillibridge, SR. Chemical warfare agents: emergency medical and emergency public health issues. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2): 191–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Holstege, CP, Kirk, M, Sidell, FR. Chemical warfare: nerve agent poisoning. Critical Care Clinics 1997; 13(4): 923–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nozaki, H, Hori, S, Shinozawa, Y et al. Secondary exposure of medical staff to sarin vapor in the emergency room. Intensive Care Medicine 1995; 21(12): 1032–1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horton, DK, Berkowitz, Z, Kaye, WE. Secondary contamination of ED personnel from hazardous materials events, 1995–2001. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21(3): 199–204.Google ScholarPubMed
OSHA. Best practices for hospital-based first receivers of victims from mass casualty incidents involving the release of hazardous substances. 2005. http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/html/hospital_firstreceivers.html (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Geller, RJ, Singleton, KL, Tarantino, ML, et al. Nosocomial poisoning associated with emergency department treatment of organophosphate toxicity-Georgia, 2000. Clinical Toxicology 2001; 39(1): 109–111.Google ScholarPubMed
Leikin, JB, Thomas, RG, Walter, FG, et al. A review of nerve agent exposure for the critical care physician. Critical Care Medicine 2002; 30(10): 2346–2354.Google ScholarPubMed
Advanced Hazmat Life Support. 3rd ed. Tucson, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and University of Arizona Emergency Research Center, 2003.Google Scholar
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry – ATSDR. Medical Management Guidelines for Phosgene. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=1201&tid=182 (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program. Current Hazardous Materials Transportation Research and Future Needs. April 2012. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/hmcrp/hmcrp_w001.pdf (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
National Toxic Substance Incidents Program(NTSIP). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ntsip (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar
UNECE. Convention on the trans-boundary effects of industrial accidents 1992. http://www.unece.org/env/teia/welcome.htm (Accessed June 19, 2013).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×