Book contents
- Hormones, Cognition and Dementia
- Hormones, Cognition and Dementia
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section 1 Estrogens and cognition: perspectives and opportunities in the wake of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
- Chapter 1 Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) program: emerging findings
- Chapter 2 Identifying risk factors for cognitive change in the Women's Health Initiative: a neural networks approach
- Chapter 3 Estrogen therapy – relationship to longevity and prevalent dementia in the oldest-old: the Leisure World Cohort Study and the 90+ Study
- Chapter 4 The critical window hypothesis: hormone exposures and cognitive outcomes after menopause
- Chapter 5 Animal studies that support estrogen effects on cognitive performance and the cholinergic basis of the critical period hypothesis
- Chapter 6 The healthy cell bias of estrogen action through regulating glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function: implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease
- Section 2 Varieties of estrogenic therapy
- Section 3 Potential modulators and modifiers of estrogenic effects
- Section 4 Possible genetic factors related to hormone treatment effects
- Section 5 Testosterone, estradiol and men, and sex hormone binding globulin
- Section 6 Gonadotropin effects
- Index
- Plate Section
Chapter 2 - Identifying risk factors for cognitive change in the Women's Health Initiative: a neural networks approach
from Section 1 - Estrogens and cognition: perspectives and opportunities in the wake of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2010
- Hormones, Cognition and Dementia
- Hormones, Cognition and Dementia
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section 1 Estrogens and cognition: perspectives and opportunities in the wake of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
- Chapter 1 Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) program: emerging findings
- Chapter 2 Identifying risk factors for cognitive change in the Women's Health Initiative: a neural networks approach
- Chapter 3 Estrogen therapy – relationship to longevity and prevalent dementia in the oldest-old: the Leisure World Cohort Study and the 90+ Study
- Chapter 4 The critical window hypothesis: hormone exposures and cognitive outcomes after menopause
- Chapter 5 Animal studies that support estrogen effects on cognitive performance and the cholinergic basis of the critical period hypothesis
- Chapter 6 The healthy cell bias of estrogen action through regulating glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function: implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease
- Section 2 Varieties of estrogenic therapy
- Section 3 Potential modulators and modifiers of estrogenic effects
- Section 4 Possible genetic factors related to hormone treatment effects
- Section 5 Testosterone, estradiol and men, and sex hormone binding globulin
- Section 6 Gonadotropin effects
- Index
- Plate Section
Summary
The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) has been much criticized and it has been suggested that subgroups of women exist for whom hormone therapy (HT) might improve or impair cognitive function. Possible modifying variables could be age, smoking, body mass index, and menopausal symptoms. These were included in artificial neural networks (ANN) analyses, which allow testing of complex non-linear higher order interactions of variables to predict outcomes. Artificial neural networks analyses without hidden units could predict responders and non-responders to treatment as well as logistic regression models that included only main effects, which indicated that higher order interactions were not necessary and did not add to the value of the models. There seemed to be no subgroups (e.g., older women who smoke and have a high body mass) for whom HT has a worse or better effect on cognitive function over time. This study also showed that cross-validation is essential in building robust models with many independent variables and should be applied as a standard technique in complex multivariate analyses.
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- Hormones, Cognition and DementiaState of the Art and Emergent Therapeutic Strategies, pp. 11 - 24Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
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