Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T20:29:54.744Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CHAPTER FOURTEEN - The future biogeography of C3 and C4 grasslands

from Part II - Species traits, functional groups, and evolutionary change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2019

David J. Gibson
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Jonathan A. Newman
Affiliation:
University of Guelph, Ontario
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

14.7 References

Still, CJ, Berry, JA, Collatz, GJ, DeFries, RS. Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation: carbon cycle implications. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2003;17(1):6-1–6-14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Grosso, S, Parton, W, Stohlgren, T, Zheng, D, Bachelet, D, Prince, S, et al. Global potential net primary production predicted from vegetation class, precipitation, and temperature. Ecology. 2008;89(8):2117–26.Google Scholar
Staver, AC, Bond, WJ, Stock, WD, Van Rensburg, SJ, Waldram, MS. Browsing and fire interact to suppress tree density in an African savanna. Ecological Applications. 2009;19(7):1909–19.Google Scholar
Lehmann, CER, Archibald, SA, Hoffmann, WA, Bond, WJ. Deciphering the distribution of the savanna biome. New Phytologist. 2011;191(1):197209.Google Scholar
Staver, AC, Archibald, S, Levin, SA. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science. 2011;334(6053):230–2.Google Scholar
Teeri, JA, Stowe, LG. Climatic patterns and the distribution of C4 grasses in North America. Oecologia. 1976;23(1):112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chazdon, RL. Ecological aspects of the distribution of C4 grasses in selected habitats of Costa Rica. Biotropica. 1978;10(4):265–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, PW. The ecological distribution of C4 and C3 grasses in the Hawaiian Islands. Oecologia. 1980;45(3):354–9.Google Scholar
Hattersley, PW. The distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in Australia in relation to climate. Oecologia. 1983;57(1–2):113–28.Google Scholar
Ehleringer, JR, Cerling, TE, Helliker, BR. C4 photosynthesis, atmospheric CO2, and climate. Oecologia. 1997;112(3):285–99.Google Scholar
Edwards, EJ, Still, CJ. Climate, phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses. Ecology Letters. 2008;11(3):266–76.Google Scholar
Christin, P-A, Osborne, CP, Sage, RF, Arakaki, M, Edwards, EJ. C4 eudicots are not younger than C4 monocots. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2011;62(9):3171–81.Google Scholar
Pagani, M, Zachos, JC, Freeman, KH, Tipple, B, Bohaty, S. Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene. Science. 2005;309(5734):600–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, CC, Chen, TM, Brown, RH. Biochemical basis for plant competition. Weed Science. 1969;17(3):338–44.Google Scholar
Ehleringer, JR. Implications of quantum yield differences on the distributions of C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia. 1978;31(3):255–67.Google Scholar
Atkinson, RRL, Mockford, EJ, Bennett, C, Christin, P-A, Spriggs, EL, Freckleton, RP, et al. C4 photosynthesis boosts growth by altering physiology, allocation and size. Nature Plants. 2016;2(5):16038.Google Scholar
Sage, RF. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis. New Phytologist. 2004;161(2):341–70.Google Scholar
Collatz, GJ, Berry, JA, Clark, JS. Effects of climate and atmospheric CO2 partial pressure on the global distribution of C4 grasses: present, past, and future. Oecologia. 1998;114(4):441–54.Google Scholar
Edwards, EJ, Osborne, CP, Strömberg, CAE, Smith, SA, Consortium, CG. The origins of C4 grasslands: integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science. Science. 2010;328(5978):587–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brummitt, RK, Pando, F, Hollis, S, Brummitt, NA. Plant taxonomic database standards no. 2. World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions, 2nd edn. Pittsburgh, PA: Published for the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG) by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University; 2001.Google Scholar
Osborne, CP, Salomaa, A, Kluyver, TA, Visser, V, Kellogg, EA, Morrone, O, et al. A global database of C4 photosynthesis in grasses. New Phytologist. 2014;204(3):441–6.Google Scholar
Dixon, AP, Faber-Langendoen, D, Josse, C, Morrison, J, Loucks, CJ. Distribution mapping of world grassland types. Journal of Biogeography. 2014;41(11):2003–19.Google Scholar
Osborne, CP. Atmosphere, ecology and evolution: what drove the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands? Journal of Ecology. 2008;96(1):3545.Google Scholar
Edwards, EJ, Smith, SA. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady history of C4 grasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2010;107(6):2532–7.Google Scholar
Beerling, DJ, Osborne, CP. The origin of the savanna biome. Global Change Biology. 2006;12(11):2023–31.Google Scholar
Spriggs, EL, Christin, P-A, Edwards, EJ. C4 photosynthesis promoted species diversification during the Miocene grassland expansion. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(5):e97722.Google Scholar
Preston, JC, Sandve, SR. Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2013;4:167.Google Scholar
McKeown, M, Schubert, M, Marcussen, T, Fjellheim, S, Preston, JC. Evidence for an early origin of vernalization responsiveness in temperate Pooideae grasses. Plant Physiology. 2016;172(1):416–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Visser, V, Clayton, WD, Simpson, DA, Freckleton, RP, Osborne, CP. Mechanisms driving an unusual latitudinal diversity gradient for grasses. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2014;23(1):6175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paruelo, JM, Lauenroth, WK. Relative abundance of plant functional types in grasslands and shrublands of North America. Ecological Applications. 1996;6(4):1212–24.Google Scholar
Smith, MD, Knapp, AK. Dominant species maintain ecosystem function with non‐random species loss. Ecology Letters. 2003;6(6):509–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, HE, Lauenroth, WK, Burke, IC, Coffin, DP. Productivity patterns of C3 and C4 functional types in the US Great Plains. Ecology. 1997;78(3):722–31.Google Scholar
Winslow, JC, Hunt, ER Jr, Piper, SC. The influence of seasonal water availability on global C3 versus C4 grassland biomass and its implications for climate change research. Ecological Modelling. 2003;163(1–2):153–73.Google Scholar
Murphy, BP, Bowman, DMJS. The interdependence of fire, grass, kangaroos and Australian Aborigines: a case study from central Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography. 2007;34(2):237–50.Google Scholar
Fischer, V, Joseph, C, Tieszen, LL, Schimel, DS. Climate controls on C3 vs. C4 productivity in North American grasslands from carbon isotope composition of soil organic matter. Global Change Biology. 2008;14(5):1141–55.Google Scholar
Bremond, L, Boom, A, Favier, C. Neotropical C3/C4 grass distributions – present, past and future. Global Change Biology. 2012;18(7):2324–34.Google Scholar
Auerswald, K, Wittmer, MHOM, Bai, Y, Yang, H, Taube, F, Susenbeth, A, et al. C4 abundance in an Inner Mongolia grassland system is driven by temperature–moisture interaction, not grazing pressure. Basic and Applied Ecology. 2012;13(1):6775.Google Scholar
Griffith, DM, Anderson, TM, Osborne, CP, Strömberg, CAE, Forrestel, EJ, Still, CJ. Biogeographically distinct controls on C3 and C4 grass distributions: merging community and physiological ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2015;24(3):304–13.Google Scholar
Hatch, M, editor. Chemical energy costs for CO2 fixation by plants with differing photosynthetic pathways. Prediction and measurement of photosynthetic productivity. Trebon, Czechoslovakia: PUDOC; 1970.Google Scholar
Ehleringer, J, Björkman, O. Quantum yields for CO2 uptake in C3 and C4 plants: dependence on temperature, CO2, and O2 concentration. Plant Physiology. 1977;59(1):8690.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015.Google Scholar
Lehmann, CER, Anderson, TM, Sankaran, M, Higgins, SI, Archibald, S, Hoffmann, WA, et al. Savanna vegetation–fire–climate relationships differ among continents. Science. 2014;343(6170):548–52.Google Scholar
Forrestel, EJ, Donoghue, MJ, Edwards, EJ, Jetz, W, du Toit, JCO, Smith, MD. Different clades and traits yield similar grassland functional responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2017;114(4):705–10.Google Scholar
Pearson, RG, Dawson, TP. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful? Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2003;12(5):361–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, KE, Stouffer, RJ, Meehl, GA. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2012;93(4):485–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owensby, CE, Coyne, PI, Ham, JM, Auen, LM, Knapp, AK. Biomass production in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated CO2. Ecological Applications. 1993;3(4):644–53.Google Scholar
Polley, HW, Johnson, HB, Derner, JD. Increasing CO2 from subambient to superambient concentrations alters species composition and increases above‐ground biomass in a C3/C4 grassland. New Phytologist. 2003;160(2):319–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, JA, Milchunas, DG, LeCain, DR, West, M, Mosier, AR. Carbon dioxide enrichment alters plant community structure and accelerates shrub growth in the shortgrass steppe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2007;104(37):14,724–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, JA, LeCain, DR, Pendall, E, Blumenthal, DM, Kimball, BA, Carrillo, Y, et al. C4 grasses prosper as carbon dioxide eliminates desiccation in warmed semi-arid grassland. Nature. 2011;476(7359):202.Google Scholar
Wittmer, MHOM, Auerswald, K, Bai, Y, Schaeufele, R, Schnyder, H. Changes in the abundance of C3/C4 species of Inner Mongolia grassland: evidence from isotopic composition of soil and vegetation. Global Change Biology. 2010;16(2):605–16.Google Scholar
Griffith, DM, Cotton, JM, Powell, RL, Sheldon, ND, Still, CJ. Multi‐century stasis in C3 and C4 grass distributions across the contiguous United States since the industrial revolution. Journal of Biogeography. 2017;44(11):2564–74.Google Scholar
Higgins, SI, Scheiter, S. Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally. Nature. 2012;488(7410):209.Google Scholar
Knapp, AK, Briggs, JM, Collins, SL, Archer, SR, Bret‐Harte, MS, Ewers, BE, et al. Shrub encroachment in North American grasslands: shifts in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem carbon inputs. Global Change Biology. 2008;14(3):615–23.Google Scholar
Van Auken, O. Causes and consequences of woody plant encroachment into western North American grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management. 2009;90(10):2931–42.Google Scholar
Silva, JF, Zambrano, A, Fariñas, MR. Increase in the woody component of seasonal savannas under different fire regimes in Calabozo, Venezuela. Journal of Biogeography. 2001;28(8):977–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roques, KG, O’Connor, TG, Watkinson, AR. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African savanna: relative influences of fire, herbivory, rainfall and density dependence. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2001;38(2):268–80.Google Scholar
Sankaran, M. Fire, grazing and the dynamics of tall-grass savannas in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India. Conservation and Society. 2005;3(1):425.Google Scholar
Misra, R. Indian savannas. In: Bourlière, F, editor. Tropical savannas, ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1983. pp. 151–66.Google Scholar
Peng, H-Y, Li, X-Y, Li, G-Y, Zhang, Z-H, Zhang, S-Y, Li, L, et al. Shrub encroachment with increasing anthropogenic disturbance in the semiarid Inner Mongolian grasslands of China. Catena. 2013;109:3948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigley, BJ, Bond, WJ, Hoffman, MT. Thicket expansion in a South African savanna under divergent land use: local vs. global drivers? Global Change Biology. 2010;16(3):964–76.Google Scholar
Kgope, BS, Bond, WJ, Midgley, GF. Growth responses of African savanna trees implicate atmospheric [CO2] as a driver of past and current changes in savanna tree cover. Austral Ecology. 2010;35(4):451–63.Google Scholar
Bond, WJ, Midgley, GF. A proposed CO2‐controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology. 2000;6(8):865–9.Google Scholar
Scholes, RJ, Archer, SR. Tree–grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1997;28(1):517–44.Google Scholar
Van Auken, OW. Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 2000;31(1):197215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klink, CA, Joly, CA. Identification and distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in open and shaded habitats in São Paulo State, Brazil. Biotropica. 1989;21(1):30–4.Google Scholar
Bond, WJ, Midgley, GF, Woodward, FI. The importance of low atmospheric CO2 and fire in promoting the spread of grasslands and savannas. Global Change Biology. 2003;9(7):973–82.Google Scholar
Bond, WJ, Keeley, JE. Fire as a global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2005;20(7):387–94.Google Scholar
Scheiter, S, Higgins, SI, Osborne, CP, Bradshaw, C, Lunt, D, Ripley, BS, et al. Fire and fire‐adapted vegetation promoted C4 expansion in the Late Miocene. New Phytologist. 2012;195(3):653–66.Google Scholar
Tilman, D, Wedin, D. Dynamics of nitrogen competition between successional grasses. Ecology. 1991;72(3):1038–49.Google Scholar
Keeley, JE, Pausas, JG, Rundel, PW, Bond, WJ, Bradstock, RA. Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. Trends in Plant Science. 2011;16(8):406–11.Google Scholar
Forrestel, EJ, Donoghue, MJ, Smith, MD. Convergent phylogenetic and functional responses to altered fire regimes in mesic savanna grasslands of North America and South Africa. New Phytologist. 2014;203(3):1000–11.Google Scholar
Bond, WJ, Woodward, FI, Midgley, GF. The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytologist. 2005;165(2):525–38.Google Scholar
Keeley, JE, Rundel, PW. Fire and the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands. Ecology Letters. 2005;8(7):683–90.Google Scholar
Hessl, AE, Ariya, U, Brown, P, Byambasuren, O, Green, T, Jacoby, G, et al. Reconstructing fire history in central Mongolia from tree-rings. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2012;21(1):8692.Google Scholar
Boutton, TW, Cameron, GN, Smith, BN. Insect herbivory on C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia. 1978;36(1):2132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNaughton, S. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs. 1985;55(3):259–94.Google Scholar
Stebbins, GL. Coevolution of grasses and herbivores. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1981;68(1):7586.Google Scholar
Coughenour, MB. Graminoid responses to grazing by large herbivores: adaptations, exaptations, and interacting processes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1985;72(4):852–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forrestel, EJ, Donoghue, MJ, Smith, MD. Functional differences between dominant grasses drive divergent responses to large herbivore loss in mesic savanna grasslands of North America and South Africa. Journal of Ecology. 2015;103(3):714–24.Google Scholar
Sage, RF, Christin, P-A, Edwards, EJ. The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2011;62(9):3155–69.Google Scholar
Grass Phylogeny Working Group II. New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins. New Phytologist. 2012;193(2):304–12.Google Scholar
Christin, P-A, Osborne, CP, Chatelet, DS, Columbus, JT, Besnard, G, Hodkinson, TR, et al. Anatomical enablers and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in grasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2013;110(4):1381–6.Google Scholar
Visser, V, Woodward, FI, Freckleton, RP, Osborne, CP. Environmental factors determining the phylogenetic structure of C4 grass communities. Journal of Biogeography. 2012;39(2):232–46.Google Scholar
Clayton, WD, Govaerts, R, Harman, KT, Williamson, H, Vorontsova, M. World checklist of Poaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet 2011. Available from: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/Google Scholar
Sage, RF. Photosynthesis: mining grasses for a better Rubisco. Nature Plants. 2016;2(12):16192.Google Scholar
Christin, P-A, Osborne, CP. The recurrent assembly of C4 photosynthesis, an evolutionary tale. Photosynthesis Research. 2013;117(1–3):163–75.Google Scholar
Hattersley, PW, editor. C4 photosynthetic pathway variation in grasses (Poaceae): its significance for arid and semi-arid lands. In: Desertified grasslands: their biology and management (Linnean Society Symposium Series No. 13). London: Academic Press; 1992.Google Scholar
Taub, DR. Climate and the US distribution of C 4 grass subfamilies and decarboxylation variants of C4 photosynthesis. American Journal of Botany. 2000;87(8):1211–5.Google Scholar
Cabido, M, Pons, E, Cantero, JJ, Lewis, JP, Anton, A. Photosynthetic pathway variation among C4 grasses along a precipitation gradient in Argentina. Journal of Biogeography. 2008;35(1):131–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, MD. C4 photosynthesis: a unique elend of modified biochemistry, anatomy and ultrastructure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta– Reviews on Bioenergetics. 1987;895(2):81106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, Bräutigam, A, Weber, AP, Zhu, X-G. Three distinct biochemical subtypes of C4 photosynthesis? A modelling analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2014;65(13):3567–78.Google Scholar
Ghannoum, O. C4 photosynthesis and water stress. Annals of Botany. 2008;103(4):635–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, SH, Ripley, BS, Woodward, FI, Osborne, CP. Drought limitation of photosynthesis differs between C3 and C4 grass species in a comparative experiment. Plant, Cell & Environment. 2011;34(1):6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, SH, Ripley, BS, Martin, T, De‐Wet, LA, Woodward, FI, Osborne, CP. Physiological advantages of C4 grasses in the field: a comparative experiment demonstrating the importance of drought. Global Change Biology. 2014;20(6):19922003.Google Scholar
Liu, H, Osborne, CP. Water relations traits of C4 grasses depend on phylogenetic lineage, photosynthetic pathway, and habitat water availability. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2014;66(3):761–73.Google Scholar
Taylor, SH, Hulme, SP, Rees, M, Ripley, BS, Woodward FI, Osborne, CP. Ecophysiological traits in C3 and C4 grasses: a phylogenetically controlled screening experiment. New Phytologist. 2010;185(3):780–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, H, Edwards, EJ, Freckleton, RP, Osborne, CP. Phylogenetic niche conservatism in C4 grasses. Oecologia. 2012;170(3):835–45.Google Scholar
Ripley, B, Visser, V, Christin, P-A, Archibald, S, Martin, T, Osborne, C. Fire ecology of C3 and C4 grasses depends on evolutionary history and frequency of burning but not photosynthetic type. Ecology. 2015;96(10):2679–91.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×