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4 - La geopolítica de la templanza: la ciencia del imperio español transatlántico

from Parte II - Grandeza mexicana y la polémica por la posesión de la Nueva España

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2017

Jorge L. Terukina Yamauchi
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor in Hispanic Studies at the College of William and Mary (Williamsburg, VA, USA)
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Summary

Durante los juegos olímpicos del año 356 d.C. celebrados en la ciudad helénica de Antioquía, en la actual Turquía, el famoso orador Libanio (c. 314 d.C.- c. 394 d.C.) se ve obligado a elogiar la ciudad que alberga dichos juegos. Curiosamente, al explicar a su auditorio su plan para elogiar la ciudad, Libanio rompe explícitamente con las convenciones del enkōmion poleōs y critica sarcásticamente a otros oradores por seguirlas ciegamente y, así, caer en el absurdo de presentar toda ciudad elogiada como centro del mundo:

My attitude, I must confess, will not be like that of others, who force themselves to demonstrate that the place whose praise they sing, whichever it may be, is the centre of the world. First of all, if any one has this advantage, and the additional advantage of beauty also, then it belongs to one city only, since it is impossible for the rest to be central. Thus, their speeches are, for the most part, nonsense. (Libanius “The Antiochikos” 14)

Distinguiéndose del resto de oradores, Libanio arremete contra una de las directrices esenciales del género del enkōmion poleōs, rama del género epidíctico que, como ya hemos visto anteriormente, fue detalladamente codificada por Menandro de Laodicea (siglo III d.C.) y reintroducida en la Europa occidental a través de la Italia del Renacimiento a fines del siglo XV. Tales directrices valoraban positivamente la ‘centralidad’ o ‘mediocridad’ de la ciudad elogiada y exigían al orador mostrar de uno u otro modo dicha centralidad sin importar su verdadera ubicación geográfica. El ejemplo más exacerbado de esta práctica quizás sea el “Panatenaicos” pronunciado en el año 155 d.C. por otro reconocido orador, Elio Arístides (117 d.C.-181 d.C.), quien, no conforme con acatar el modelo retórico, decide dotar a la ciudad de Atenas de una quíntuple centralidad: “Greece is in the center of the whole earth, and Attica in the center of Greece, and the city in the center of its territory, and again its namesake in the city center” (16).

Type
Chapter
Information
El imperio de la virtud
<I>Grandeza mexicana</I> (1604) de Bemardo de Balbuena y el discurso criollo novohispano
, pp. 151 - 242
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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