The Indistinguishables: Determining Appropriate Environments for Justice-Involved Individuals

Chapter 26 - The Indistinguishables: Determining Appropriate Environments for Justice-Involved Individuals

from Part IV - Nonpsychopharmacological Treatment Considerations

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 October 2021

Sean E. Evans and

Shannon M. Bader

Edited by

Katherine Warburton and

Stephen M. Stahl

Show author details

Katherine Warburton: Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Stephen M. Stahl: Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego

Book contents

Get access

Summary

History may not repeat itself, but there seem to be reverberating themes. One such theme is the challenge of “how” and “where” to manage people who behave in dangerous, scary, or unacceptable ways. Throughout time, these individuals have been placed in institutional settings or facilities; the names of which often belied the philosophical approach popular at the time. Reform schools and correctional institutions were providing discipline, remains because the reality of people who behave in dangerous, scary, or unacceptable ways is much more complex.

Type: Chapter
Information: Decriminalizing Mental Illness , pp. 266 - 271

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108920698 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Subscription

Individual access

Subscriptions are only available for individuals and not institutional access. Subscribe now

References

Chein, I. The environment as a determinant of behavior. J Soc Psychol. 1954; 39: 115–121.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dix, DL. On Behalf of the Insane Poor. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific; 2001.Google Scholar

Rowling, JK. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, 1st edn. New York: A.A. Levine Books; 1998.Google Scholar

Penrose, LS. Mental disease and crime: outline of a comparative study of European statistics. Br J Med Psychol. 1939; 18: 1–15.Google Scholar

Lamb, HR. Does deinstitutionalization cause criminalization?: the Penrose hypothesis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(2): 105.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Large, MM, Nielssen, O. The Penrose hypothesis in 2004: patient and prisoner numbers are positively correlated in low-and-middle income countries but are unrelated in high-income countries. Psychol Psychother. 2009; 82(Pt 1): 113–119.Google Scholar

Kalapos, MP. Penrose’s law: methodological challenges and call for data. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2016; 49: 1–9.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Chaimowitz, G. The criminalization of people with mental illness. Can J Psychiatry. 2012; 57 (2): 6.Google Scholar

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. The psychological impact of incarceration: implications for post-prison adjustment. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; 2001. https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/psychological-impact-incarceration-implications-post-prison-adjustment (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Gramlich, J. U.S. incarceration rate is at its lowest in 20 years. Pew Research Center; 2018. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/02/americas-incarceration-rate-is-at-a-two-decade-low/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Collins, WC. Supermax Prisons and the Constitution: Liability Concerns in the Extended Control Unit. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Library; 2004.Google Scholar

Riveland, C. Prison management trends, 1915–2025. Crime Justice. 1999; 26: 163–203.Google Scholar

Grassian, S. Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. Am J Psychiatry. 1983; 140(11): 1450–1454.Google Scholar

Kupers, TA. Trauma and its sequelae in male prisoners: effects of confinement, overcrowding, and diminished services. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1996; 66(2): 189–196.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grassian, S, Friedman, N. Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1986; 8(1): 49–65.Google Scholar

Madrid v. Gomez, 889 F. Supp. 1146 (N.D. Cal. 1995).Google Scholar

Jones ’El v. Berge, 172 F. Supp. 2d 1128 (W.D. Wis. 2001).Google Scholar

Bronson, J, Berzofsky, M. Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners and jail inmates, 2011–12. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2017: 11. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/imhprpji1112.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Broderick, C, Azizian, A, Kornbluh, R, Warburton, KD. Prevalence of physical violence in a forensic psychiatric hospital system during 2011–2013: patient assaults, staff assaults, and repeatedly violent patients. In: Warburton, KD, Stahl, SM, eds. Violence in Psychiatry. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2016: 49–63.Google Scholar

Convit, A, Isay, D, Otis, D, Volavka, J. Characteristics of repeatedly assaultive psychiatric inpatients. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1990; 41(10): 1112–1115.Google Scholar PubMed

Cooke, DJ, Wozniak, E, Johnstone, L. Casting light on prison violence in Scotland: evaluating the impact of situational risk factors. Crim Justice Behav. 2008; 35(8): 1065–1078.Google Scholar

Swanson, JW. Mental disorder, substance abuse, and community violence: an epidemiological approach. In: Monahan, J, Steadman, HJ, eds. Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1994: 101–136.The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development.Google Scholar

Swanson, JW, Swartz, MS, Van Dorn, RA, et al A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006; 63(5): 490–499.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Clements, CB. Crowded prisons: a review of psychological and environmental effects. Law Hum Behav. 1979; 3(3): 217–225.Google Scholar

Bader, SM, Evans, SE. Implementing an ecological approach to violence reduction at a forensic psychiatric hospital: approaches and lessons learned. In: Warburton, KD, Stahl, SM, eds. Violence in Psychiatry. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2016: 263–268.Google Scholar

Welsh, E, Bader, S, Evans, SE. Situational variables related to aggression in institutional settings. Aggress Violent Behav. 2013; 18(6): 792–796.Google Scholar

Gadon, L, Johnstone, L, Cooke, D. Situational variables and institutional violence: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006; 26(5): 515–534.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Katz, P, Kirkland, FR. Violence and social structure on mental hospital wards. Psychiatry Interpers Biol Process. 1990; 53(3): 262–277.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lion, JR, Pasternak, SA. Countertransference reactions to violent patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1973; 130(2): 207–210.Google Scholar

Cornfield, RB, Fielding, SD. Impact of the threatening patient on ward communications. Am J Psychiatry. 1980; 137(5): 616–619.Google Scholar

Rossberg, JI, Friis, S. Staff members’ emotional reactions to aggressive and suicidal behavior of inpatients. Psychiatr Serv. 2003; 54(10): 1388–1394.Google Scholar

Evans, GW. The built environment and mental health. J Urban Health. 2003; 80(4): 536–555.Google Scholar

Holahan, C. Environment and Behavior: A Dynamic Perspective. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.Google Scholar

Timko, C. Physical characteristics of residential psychiatric and substance abuse programs: organizational determinants and patient outcomes. Am J Community Psychol. 1996; 24(1): 173–192.Google Scholar

Zimring, C, Weitzer, W, Knight, R. Opportunity for control and the designed environment. In: Baum, A, Singer, J, eds. Advances in Environmental Psychology. New Jersey: Erlbaum; 1982; 4: 171–210.Google Scholar

Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida. Criminal mental health project. www.jud11.flcourts.org/Criminal-Mental-Health-Project (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Iglehart, JK. Decriminalizing mental illness – the Miami model. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(18): 1701–1703.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed