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Chapter 29 - Competence to Stand Trial and Criminalization: An Overview of the Research

from Part V - Criminal Justice and Social Considerations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2021

By
Amanda Beltrani  and
Patricia A. Zapf
Edited by
Katherine Warburton  and
Stephen M. Stahl
Katherine Warburton
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Stephen M. Stahl
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
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Summary

Beginning in the 1960s, a steady decline in the number of inpatient psychiatric beds has occurred across the United States, primarily as a result of stricter civil commitment criteria and a societal movement toward deinstitutionalization. Concomitant with this decrease in psychiatric beds has been a steady increase in the number of mentally ill individuals who are arrested and processed through the criminal justice system as defendants. One consequence of this has been an explosion in the number of defendants who are referred for evaluations of their present mental state – adjudicative competence – and who are subsequently found incompetent and ordered to complete a period of competency restoration. This explosion has resulted in forensic mental health systems that are overwhelmed by the demand for services and that are unable to meet the needs of these defendants in a timely manner. Defendants with mental health concerns are spending an inordinate amount of time incarcerated while waiting for their competency-related services, resulting in what we refer to as criminalization of individuals with mental illness. In many states, lawsuits have been brought by defendants who have had their liberties restricted as a result of lengthy confinements in jail awaiting forensic services. The stress on state-wide forensic systems has become so widespread that we have nearly reached the level of a national crisis. Many states and national organizations are currently attempting to study these issues and develop creative strategies for relieving this near-national overburdening of forensic mental health systems.

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Decriminalizing Mental Illness , pp. 289 - 302
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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