Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T10:02:55.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - The formation of polities and Christianization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2014

Nora Berend ,
Przemysław Urbańczyk  and
Przemysław Wiszewski
Nora Berend
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Przemysław Urbańczyk
Affiliation:
Polish Academy of Sciences
Przemysław Wiszewski
Affiliation:
Uniwersytet Wroclawski, Poland
Get access

Summary

The tenth and eleventh centuries were a period of transition, a time when Christian polities emerged. Leaders increased their power at the expense of various rivals and Christianity penetrated the region, ultimately turning it into part of Latin Christendom. In all three areas, new polities formed under the leadership of a local elite, which became the basis of the medieval kingdoms. The reinforcement and extension of rulers’ power were intertwined with Christianization. Internal rivalries as well as relationships with neighbours – the East Frankish Kingdom (later the Ottonian Empire) in particular, but also other neighbouring territories where Christianization and the development of a polity had already started – had a significant impact on this process. Hungarians raided while Bohemians and Poles were sedentary. Nonetheless, all had contacts with Frankish/Ottonian society and were influenced by it. All three Ottonian emperors intervened frequently in political developments beyond their eastern frontier and, while they could pose a threat to their neighbours, they were also a powerful model of kingship for contemporary rulers. The dynasties of the three polities were frequently bound together by common political interests or by military conflicts. Their relations were dynamic and sometimes unpredictable, despite attempts to regulate them through pragmatic marriage strategies.

Type
Chapter
Information
Central Europe in the High Middle Ages
Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300
 , pp. 110 - 164
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Fried, Johannes, Otto III. und Boleslav Chrobry. Das Widmungsbild des Aachener Evangeliars, der ‘Akt von Gnesen’ und das frühe polnische und ungarische Königtum (Stuttgart, 1989)Google Scholar
Třeštík, D., ‘Von Svatopluk zu Bolesław Chrobry. Die Entstehung Mitteleuropas aus der Kraft des Tatsächlichen und aus einer Idee’, in The Neighbours of Poland in the Tenth Century, ed. Urbańczyk, P. (Warsaw, 2000), 111–146Google Scholar
Encyklopedie slovanskýh bohů a mýtů by Profantova, N. and Profant, M. (Prague, 2000)Google Scholar
Štefan, Ivo, ‘Zmìna pohřebniho ritu v raném středovìku jako archeologický a kulturnì-antropologický problem’, Archeologicke Rozhledy 59 (2007), 805–36Google Scholar
Lutovský, M., ‘Kolínský knížeci hrob’, Sborník Národního muzea v Praze: Řada A – Historie 48 (1994), 37–76Google Scholar
Moszyński, L., Die vorchristliche Religion der Slaven im Lichte der slawischen Sprachwissenschaft (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 1992), 115–17Google Scholar
Słupecki, L., Slavonic Pagan Sanctuaries (Warsaw, 1994), 229–38Google Scholar
Cibulka, J., ‘Επιούσιος – nasoštьnyi – quotidianus – vezdejší’, Slavia 25 (1956), 406–15Google Scholar
Lübke, C., Regesten zur Geschichte der Slawen an Elbe und Oder (vom Jahr 900 an), vols. I-V (Berlin, 1984–8)Google Scholar
Regesten 900–983 (Berlin, 1985), no. 19 (32–33).
Othloni Vita sancti Wolfkangi episcopi, chap. 29, ed. Waitz, G., MGH SS, vol. 4 (Hanover, 1981)
Krumphanzlová, Z., ‘Der Ritus der slawischen Skelttfriedhöfe der mittleren und jüngeren Burgwallzeit in Böhmen’, Památky Archeologické 57 (1966), 277–327Google Scholar
Sommer, Petr, ‘Heidnische und christiliche Normen im Konflikt. Die Vorstellungswelt der böhmischen Gesellschaft im frühen Mittelalter’, in Prozesse der Normbildung und Normveränderung im mittelalterlichen Europa, ed. Ruhe, Doris and Spieß, Karl-Heinz (Stuttgart, 2000), 161–86Google Scholar
Sommer, Petr, Třeštík, Dušan, Žemlička, Josef and Doležalová, Eva, ‘The Christianisation of Bohemia and Moravia’, Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU Budapest 13 (2007), 153–63Google Scholar
Sobiesiak, J., Bolesław II Przemyślida: dynasta i jego państwo (Cracow, 2006), 181.Google Scholar
Sommer, Petr, ‘Der beginnende böhmische Staat und seine Heiligen’, Questiones Medii Aevii Novae 14 (2009), 41–54Google Scholar
Sommer, , ‘Die gegenwärtige tschechische kirchliche Archäologie’, in Kirchenarchäologie heute. Fragestellungen – Methoden – Ergebnisse, ed. Krohn, Niklot (Darmstadt, 2010), 544–60Google Scholar
Hanak, Walter K., ‘Saint Procopius, the Sázava monastery and the Byzantine–Slavonic legacy: some reconsiderations’, Byzantina et Slavica Cracoviensia 1 (1991), 71–80Google Scholar
Hunacek, Vacláv, ‘Ostrov zwischen Břevnov und Sázava’, in Boleslav II. Der Tschechische Staat um Jahr 1000. Internationales Symposium, Praha 9.–10. Februar 1999, ed. Sommer, Petr (Prague, 2001), 463–80Google Scholar
Koutná-Karg, Dana, ‘Die Anfänge des Klosters Břevnov’, in Tausend Jahre Benediktiner in den Klöstern Břevnov, Braunau und Rohr, ed. Hoffman, Johannes (St Ottilien, 1993), 219–30Google Scholar
Sommer, Petr, ‘Sázava und böhmische Klöster des 11. Jahrhunderts’, in Der heilige Prokop, Böhmen und Mitteleuropa. Internationales Symposium Benešov–Sázava 24.–26. September 2003, ed. Sommer, Petr (Prague, 2005), 151–71Google Scholar
Kurnatowska, Zofia, ‘Ostrów Lednicki in the early Middle Ages’, in Polish Lands at the Turn of the First and the Second Millennium, ed. Urbańczyk, P. (Warsaw, 2004), 167–84Google Scholar
Ludat, H., An Elbe und Oder von das Jahr 1000 (Cologne and Vienna, 1971), 35Google Scholar
Mishin, Dmitrij, ‘Ibrahim ibn-Ya’qub al-Turtushi’s account of the Slavs from the middle of the tenth century’, Annual of Medieval Studies at the CEU, 1994–1995 (1996), 184–99.Google Scholar
Kara, Michał, ‘Z badań nad składem etnicznym, organizacją i dyslokacją drużyny pierwszych Piastów’, Kronika Wielkopolska 3, 62 (1993), 33–47Google Scholar
Labuda, Gerard, ‘Zjazd i synod gnieźnieński roku 1000 w nowym oświetleniu historiograficznym’, in Sikorski, D. A. and Wyrwa, A. M., eds., Cognitioni gestorum (Poznań, 2006), 166Google Scholar
Weiss, Anzelm, Biskupstwa bezpośrednio zależne od Rzymu w średniowiecznej Europie (Lublin, 1992)Google Scholar
Sikorski, Dariusz A., Kościół w Polsce za Mieszka I i Bolesława Chrobrego: rozważania nad granicami poznania historycznego (Poznań, 2010), 159–66Google Scholar
Michałowski, Roman, Zjazd gnieźnieński: religijne przesłanki powstania arcybiskupstwa gnieźnieńskiego (Wrocław, 2005)Google Scholar
Michałowski, Roman, ‘Christianisation of political culture in Poland in the tenth and the early eleventh century’, in Political Culture in Central Europe (Tenth–Twentieth Century), vol. 1, Middle Ages and Early Modern Era, ed. Manikowska, Halina and Pánek, Jaroslav (Prague, 2005), 31–40Google Scholar
Labuda, Gerard, ‘Die Gründung der Metropolitanorganisation der polnischen Kirche auf der Synode in Gnesen am 9. Und 10. März 1000’, Acta Poloniae Historica 84 (2001), 5–30Google Scholar
Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren. Die Berliner Tagung über den ‘Akt von Gnesen’, ed. Borgolte, Michael (Berlin, 2002)CrossRef
Dunin-Wąsowicz, T., ‘Najstarsi polscy święci: Izaak, Mateusz i Krystyn’, in Kościół, kultura, społeczeństwo: studia z dziejów średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych, ed. Bylina, S. et al. (Warsaw, 2000), 35–47Google Scholar
Michałowski, Roman, ‘The nine-week Lent in Boleslaus the Brave’s Poland: a study of the first Piasts’ “Religious Policy”’, Acta Poloniae Historica 89 (2004), 5–50Google Scholar
Zoll-Adamikowa, Helena, ‘Zum Beginn der Köperbestattung bei den Westslawen’, in Rom und Byzanz im Norden. Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.–14. Jahrhunderts, vol. II, ed. Müller-Wille, Michael (Mainz and Stuttgart, 1998), 227–38Google Scholar
Urbańczyk, P., ‘Akceleratorowa chronologia najstarszej architektury murowanej w Polsce’, in Architektura romańska w Polsce: nowe odkrycia i interpretacje’, ed. Janiak, T. (Gniezno, 2009), 33–49Google Scholar
Michałowski, Roman, ‘La christianisation de la Pologne aux Xe–XIIe siècles’, in Clovis. Histoire et memoire. Actes du Colloque International d’Histoire de Reims du 19 au 25 septembre 1996, ed. Rouche, Michel (Paris, 1997), vol. II, 419–34Google Scholar
Michałowski, Roman, ‘Christianization of the Piast monarchy in the tenth and eleventh centuries’, Acta Poloniae Historica 101 (2010), 5–35Google Scholar
Derwich, Marek, ‘Les deux fondations de l’abbaye de Lubiń dans le cadre de l’implantation de monachisme bénédictin en Pologne (moitié de XIe – fin du XIIe siècle)’, Le Moyen Âge 108 (2002), 9–24Google Scholar
Nowak, Przemysław, ‘Die polnische Kirchenprovinz Gnesen und die Kurie im 12. Jahrhundert’, in Römisches Zentrum und kirchliches Peripherie. Das universale Papstum als Bezugspunkt der Kirchen von den Reformpäpsten bis zu Innozenz III., ed. Johrendt, Jochem (Berlin, 2008), 191–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Györffy, György, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft der Ungarn um die Jahrtausendwende (Budapest and Vienna, 1983)Google Scholar
Szabó, János B., A honfoglalóktól a huszárokig: a középkori magyar könnyűlovasságról (Budapest, 2010), 39–105Google Scholar
Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: An Encyclopedia, ed. Rogers, Clifford J. (Oxford, 2010), vol. II, 284–6
Antonopoulos, Panagiotes T., ‘Byzantium, the Magyar raids and their consequences’, Byzantinoslavica 54 (1993), 254–67Google Scholar
Bowlus, Charles R., The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West (Aldershot, 2006)Google Scholar
Obolensky, Dimitri, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe 500–1453 (London, 1971, repr. 2000), 153–8Google Scholar
Tóth, Sándor László, ‘The territories of the Hungarian tribal federation around 950 (some observations on Constantine VII’s “Tourkia”)’, in Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453. Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996, ed. Prinzig, Günter and Salamon, Maciej (Wiesbaden, 1999), 23–33Google Scholar
Benkő, Lóránd, Az ómagyar nyelv tanúságtétele (Budapest, 2002), 17–51Google Scholar
Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis Historiarum, ed. Thurn, Hans, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 5 (New York and Berlin, 1973), 239
Moravcsik, Gyula, Az Árpád-kori magyar történelem bizánci forrásai (Budapest, 1988), 84–6Google Scholar
Stephenson, Paul, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204 (Cambridge, 2000), 38–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornicková, , ‘The Byzantine reliquary pectoral crosses in Central Europe’, Byzantinoslavica 60, 1 (1999), 213–50Google Scholar
Szatmári, Imre, ‘Bizánci típusú ereklyetartó mellkeresztek Békés és Csongréd megyében’, Studia Archaeologica 1 (1995), 219–254Google Scholar
Kristó, Gyula, ‘Géza fejedelem megítélése’, in Veszprémy, László, ed., Szent István és az államalapítás (Budapest, 2002), 369–80Google Scholar
Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum, ed. Szentpétery, Imre, 2 vols. (Budapest, 1937–8, repr. 1999), vol. II, 393–400 (here 394)
Zimonyi, István, ‘Egy új muszlim forrás a Kárpát-medencében élő magyarokról’, in Felföldi, Szabolcs and Sinkovics, Balázs, eds., Nomád népvándorlások, magyar honfoglalás (Budapest, 2001), 88–96Google Scholar
Mesterházy, Károly, ‘A honfoglaló magyarok hitvilága és a monoteizmus’, Acta Musei de János Arany Nominati 7 (1992), 89–120Google Scholar
Liudprand, , Liber de Ottone rege, ed. Bauer, Albert and Rau, Reinhold, Fontes ad Historiam Aevi Saxonici Illustrandam, Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters 8 (Darmstadt, 1971), 496–523Google Scholar
Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Slovaciae, ed. Marsina, Richard, vol. I (Bratislava, 1971), no. 44, at 42–3
Bálint, Csanád, ‘Quedlinburg. Der erste Schritt der Ungarn nach Europa und dessen Vorgeschichte. Sackgassen, Fallen, Wahlmöglichkeiten’, in Der Hoftag in Quedlinburg 973. Von den historischen Wurzeln zum Neuen Europa, ed. Ranft, Andreas (Berlin, 2006), 29–35Google Scholar
Sláma, J., ‘K počátkům hradské organizace v Čechách’, in Typologie raně feudálních slovanských států (Prague, 1987), 175–90 (here 182)Google Scholar
Justová, Jarmila, ‘Kontakty zlické Libice s avarsko-slovanským, karolinským a velkomoravským kulturním okruhem’, Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze. Řada A – Historie 39, 1–2 (1985), 23–31Google Scholar
Justová, , ‘The bailey of the ducal residence at Libice-nad-Cidlinou and its hinterland’, in Archeology in Bohemia 1986–1990 (Prague, 1991), 140–5Google Scholar
S. Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita altera auctore Brunoni Querfurtensi, ed. Karwasińska, Jadwiga, MPH n.s., 4/2 (Warsaw, 1969), 1–69 (21)
Urbańczyk, P., ‘Politická příslušnost Slezka v desátém století v nejnovější polské historiografii’, in Dĕjiny ve vĕku nejistot: sborník k příležitosti 70. narozenin Dušana Třeštíka, ed. Klápště, Jan, Plešková, Eva and Žemlička, Josef (Prague, 2003), 292–304Google Scholar
Buko, Andrzej, ‘Małopolska czeska i Małopolska polańska’, in Ziemie polskie w X wieku i ich znaczenie w kształtowaniu się nowej mapy Europy, ed. Samsonowicz, Henryk (Cracow, 2000), 150–2Google Scholar
Moździoch, Sławomir, ‘Slezsko v 10. století’, in Přemyslovský stát kolem roku 1000: na pamét’ knížete Boleslava II, ed. polanský, J., Slama, Jiři and Třeštík, Dušan (Prague, 2000), 222–4Google Scholar
Dějiny narody českého v Čechách a na Moravě dle původních pramenů, vol. I, 2nd edn (Prague, 1930), 141–4
Žemlička, Josef, ‘Expanze, krize a obnova Čech v letech 935–1055’, Český Časopis Historický 93 (1995), 205–21 (here 208–9)Google Scholar
Mitteleuropa, ’, Archeologické Rozhledy 47 (1995), 267–78
Žemlička, J., Čechy v dobĕ knižeci (1034–1198) (Prague, 1997), 40Google Scholar
Sobiesiak, , Boleslaw II Przemyślida
S. Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita prior, ed. Karwasińska, Jadwiga, MPH s.n., IV/1 (Warsaw, 1962) (henceforth Vita I), 1–84 at 10
Hašková, J., ‘Slavnikovci v historické výpovédi svých minci’, Archeologicke Rozhledy 47 (1995), 225–30Google Scholar
Žemlička, J., Rod Přemyslovců na rozhrani 10. a 11. stoleti (Prague, 2000), 272Google Scholar
Hásková, J., Česká mince doby románské (Cheb, 1975)Google Scholar
Annales Altahenses Maiores, ed. Von Oetele, E. MGH SRG, 20 (Hanover, 1891), 795–6
S. Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita altera auctore Brunoni Querfurtensi, ed. Karwasińska, Jadwiga, MPH s.n., 4/2 (Warsaw, 1969) (henceforth Vita II), 1–69 (at 19)
Suchodolski, Stanisław, Początki mennictwa w Europie Środkowej, Wschodniej i Północnej (Wrocław, 1971)Google Scholar
Urbańczyk, P., ‘Paliusz Gaudentego’, in Viae historicae: księga jubileuszowa dedykowana Profesorowi Lechowi A. Tyszkiewiczowi, ed. Goliński, M. and Rosik, S. (Wrocław, 2001a), 242–60Google Scholar
Die Annales Quedlinburgenses, ed. Giese, Martina, MGH, Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi, 72 (Hanover, 2004), a. 1013
The Russian Primary Chronicle: the Laurentian Text, tr. and ed. Cross, Samuel Hazzard and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (Cambridge, 1953), p. 132, a. 6526 (1018)Google Scholar
Wipo, , Gesta Chuonradi imperatoris, ed. Bresslau, H., Wipos, Die Werke, MGH SRG, 61 (1915), pp. 3–62, IX.
Veszprémy, László, ‘The invented eleventh century of Hungary’, in The Neighbours of Poland in the Eleventh Century, ed. Urbańczyk, Przemysław (Warsaw, 2002), 137–54Google Scholar
Györffy, György, King Saint Stephen of Hungary (Highland Lakes, NJ, 1994)Google Scholar
Curta, Florin, ‘Transylvania around AD 1000’, in Europe around the Year 1000, ed. Urbańczyk, Przemysław (Warsaw, 2001), 141–65Google Scholar
Althoff, Gerd, Otto III (University Park, PA, 2003)Google Scholar
Berend, Nora, ‘Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary’, in Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology, ed. Head, Thomas (New York, 2000), 375–98Google Scholar
Thoroczkay, Gábor, ‘Anmerkungen zur Frage der Entstehungszeit der Hartvik-Legende des Stephan des Heiligen’, Specimina nova: Pars prima, sectio mediaevalis 1 (2001), 107–31Google Scholar
Kristó, Gyula, Szent István király (Budapest, 2001), 52–8Google Scholar
Schmale, Franz-Josef, ed., Gregorii papae VII Epistolae Selectae, Fontes litem de Investitura Illustrantes, Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters 12a (Darmstadt, 1978), 110, no. 33
Caspar, Erich L. E., ed., Das Register Gregors VII, MGH Epistolae Selectae (Berlin, 1920), ii, 13, p. 145
Veszprémy, László, ‘The Holy Crown of Saint Stephen’, in Zsoldos, Attila, ed., Saint Stephen and His Country. A Newborn Kingdom in Central Europe: Hungary (Budapest, 2001), 95–110Google Scholar
Tóth, Endre and Szelényi, Károly, The Holy Crown of Hungary: Kings and Coronations (Budapest, 1999)Google Scholar
Kovács, Éva and Lovag, Zsuzsa, The Hungarian Crown and Other Regalia, 2nd edn (Budapest, 1988)Google Scholar
Veszprémy, , ‘The Holy Crown of Saint Stephen’; Ernő Marosi, ‘La “couronne latine”’, Acta historiae artium Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 43 (2002), 72–82Google Scholar
Bak, János M., ‘Holy Lance, Holy Crown, Holy Dexter: sanctity of insignia in medieval East Central Europe’, in Bak, , Studying Medieval Rulers and Their Subjects (Farnham, 2010), no. VI, 56–65Google Scholar
Kovács, Tibor and Bardoly, István, eds., The Coronation Mantle of the Hungarian Kings (Budapest, 2005)
Zsoldos, Attila, ‘A megyeszervezés kezdetei a Magyar királyságban: az óriás és az átlagos nagyságú megyék kérdéséhez’, in A Veszprém megyei levéltár kiadványai 22 (Veszprém, 2010), 299–318Google Scholar
Kristó, Gyula, A vármegyék kialakulása Magyarországon (Budapest, 1988)Google Scholar
Kristó, Gyula, ‘Die Entstehung der Komitatsorganisation unter Stephan der Heiligen’, Études historiques hongroises 1 (1990), 13–25Google Scholar
Takács, Imre, ed., Mons Sacer 996–1996: Pannonhalma 1000 éve, 3 vols. (Pannonhalma, 1996)
Takács, , ed., Paradisum plantavit: Bencés monostorok a középkori Magyarországon Benedictine Monasteries in Medieval Hungary (Pannonhalma, 2001)
Romhányi, Beatrix F., Kolostorok és társaskáptalanok a középkori Magyarországon (Budapest, 2000)Google Scholar
Kovács, László, A kora-Árpád-kori magyar pénzverésről: érmetani és régészeti tanulmányok a Kárpát-medence I. (Szent) István és II. (Vak) Béla uralkodása közötti időszakának (1000–1141) érméiről, Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 7 (Budapest, 1997)Google Scholar
Györffy, György, Diplomata Hungariae Antiquissima, vol. I, 1000–1131 (Budapest, 1992)Google Scholar
Thorockay, Gábor, ‘La storiografia del Diploma di Pannonhalma di Santo Stefano’, in Mille anni di storia dell’arciabbazia di Pannonhalma, eds. Pál, József and Somorjai, Ádám (Rome, 1997), 39–82Google Scholar
Nemerkényi, Előd, Latin Classics in Medieval Hungary: Eleventh Century (Budapest, 2004)Google Scholar
Bak, János M., Bónis, György and Sweeney, James Ross, eds. and trs., The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, vol. I, 1000–1301 (Bakersfield, CA, 1989)Google Scholar
Jánosi, Monika, Törvényalkotás a korai Árpád-korban (Szeged, 1996)Google Scholar
Hamza, Gábor, ‘Les lois de Saint Étienne et l’Europe’, in Hamza, Gábor, ed., Sanctus Stephanus et Europa (Budapest, 1991), 15–23Google Scholar
Epistola Brunonis ad Henricum regem, ed. Karwasińska, Jadwiga, MPH n.s., 4/3 (Warsaw, 1973), 97–106 at 100
Ademari Cabannensis Chronicon, ed. Bourgain, Pascale, Landes, Richard and Pon, Georges, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaeualis 129 (Turnhout, 1999)
Annales Magdeburgenses, ed. Pertz, G. H., Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Series Scriptores, vol. 16 (Hanover, 1859), 105–96 a
Mozdzioch, Sławomir, ‘Archeologiczne ślady kultu pogańskiego na Śląsku wczesnośredniowiecznym’, in Moździoch, , ed., Człowiek, sacrum, środowisko: miejsca kultu we wczesnym średniowieczu (Wrocław, 2000), 155–93 (here 176–87)Google Scholar
Strzelczyk, J., Iroszkoci w kulturze europejskiej (Warsaw, 1987), 419–22Google Scholar
Kristó, Gyula, ‘Megjegyzések az ún. “pogánylázadások” kora történetéhez’, Acta Universitatis Szegediensis de Attila József Nominatae. Acta Historica 18 (1965), 1–57Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×