2 - A contextual analysis of Xhosa iimbongi and their izibongo

Summary

Southern African oral literature

Southern African oral literature has conventionally been grouped into three primary genres: oral poetry (praise poems and songs); narrativematerial (folktales, myths, legends, fables); and wisdom-lore (idioms, riddles and proverbs) (Lestrade, ‘Domestic and Communal Life’). An analysis of these various genres and how they relate to aspects of modern-day African existence such as music, gender, medicine, theatre, cinema, religion, politics and history can be found in my edited work, African Oral Literature (2001). This chapter begins by outlining some of the most important early works in the narrative genre of the folk-tale and then moves on to oral poetry, the main focus of this chapter.

A number of seminal works over the years have emphasised the importance of southern African oral literature and offered different approaches to analysis. A few of these dealing with the folk-tale in southern Africa are contained in my edited work, Foundations in Southern African Oral Literature (1993). Collected in that volume is a broad-based essay dating from 1930 by G. H. Franz, which deals generally with the preliterary period as well as the development of modern written literature in Lesotho. Franz looks at oral poetry, lithoko, as well as folktales, litsomo. He traces the development of Christian and school literature and includes a valuable analysis of writings concerning folklore and custom. In the same volume, P. D. Cole-Beuchat (1958) provides a contextualised analysis of various oral literary genres (riddles, folk-tales and proverbs) among the Tsonga-Ronga peoples.