Book contents
- Frontmatter
- PART I CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
- PART II GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS
- PART III EAST AND WEST: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
- PART IV THE PROVINCES AND THE NON-ROMAN WORLD
- PART V RELIGION AND CULTURE
- 24 The organization of the church
- 25 Monasticism
- 26 Holy Men
- 27 The definition and enforcement of orthodoxy
- 28 Philosophy and philosophical schools
- 29 Education in the Roman empire
- 30 The visual arts
- 31 Building and architecture
- Conclusion
- Chronological Table
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- References
24 - The organization of the church
from PART V - RELIGION AND CULTURE
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- PART I CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
- PART II GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS
- PART III EAST AND WEST: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
- PART IV THE PROVINCES AND THE NON-ROMAN WORLD
- PART V RELIGION AND CULTURE
- 24 The organization of the church
- 25 Monasticism
- 26 Holy Men
- 27 The definition and enforcement of orthodoxy
- 28 Philosophy and philosophical schools
- 29 Education in the Roman empire
- 30 The visual arts
- 31 Building and architecture
- Conclusion
- Chronological Table
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- References
Summary
BISHOPS AND PATRIARCHS
The fifth-century church inherited an organization matching that of the empire. Each community usually had its bishop, though increasingly presbyters or sometimes deacons deputized for the bishop in governing congregations. Above the local bishop stood the bishop of the metropolis, the metropolian (μητροπολιτης) whose position had been codified at Nicaea in 325. Superior to the metropolitan, the city which was the centre of an imperial diocese (επαρχια) attained comparable status in the church, and its bishop was called ‘archbishop’ (αρχιεπισκοπος) This term was frequently used of the bishops of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch at the Council of Ephesus in 431, the same sees which had been named as exercising territorial superiority in the canons of Nicaea in 325. The term ‘archbishop’ was limited to those of such standing till about 500. After that it is more widely used, first of metropolitans, then of others whose independence was being asserted. The term ‘patriarch’ (πατριαρχης) then began to be applied to the bishops of the greater sees. ‘Patriarch’ was first used of the ancient biblical figures, and had been adopted for leading officers by the Jewish communities before Constantine’s time. Its rare use for Christian figures began to be extended to the superior bishops in documents associated with the Council of Chalcedon in 451. That council also specified that the metropolitan bishops of the imperial dioceses of Pontus, Asia and Thrace should be ordained by the bishop of Constantinople; thus the metropolitans of Cappadocian Caesarea, Ephesus and Philippopolis, who were to ordain bishops in their respective imperial provinces and any pendent sees among the barbarians, were declared subordinate to the capital.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 731 - 744Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2001
References
(1974) The Calendar and Hunting Mosaics of the Villa of the Falconer in Argos. Stockholm.Google Scholar
(ed.) (1967) Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995) ‘The Proconnesian production of architectural elements in late antiquity, based on evidence from the marble quarries’, in and (eds.) (1995).Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Persecution and response in late paganism: the evidence of Damascius’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1984) Aspects de l’architecture domestique d’Apamée (Apamée de Syrie. Bilan des recherches archéologiques 1973–79). Brussels.Google Scholar
(1990) ‘The imperial panels at San Vitale: a reconsideration’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) ‘The Koimesis Church, Nicaea: the limits of representation on the eve of Iconoclasm’, Jarhbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 41.Google Scholar
(1997) ‘The palace of Lausus and nearby monuments in Constantinople: a topographical study’, American Journal of Archaeology 101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , (1980) The Imperial Church from Constantine to the Early Middle Ages (= (ed.) (1980) History of the Church II, London) (tr. from Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte (1973/1975) II/1-2, Freiburgim-Br.).Google Scholar
(1960) ‘The thought-world of east Rome’, in , Byzantine Studies and Other Essays. London.Google Scholar
(1950) The Pastoral Care of Souls in South-East France during the Sixth Century (Analecta Gregoriana 51). Rome.Google Scholar
(1982) The Churches and Monasteries of the Tur ʿAbdin (ed. and annotated Mango). London.Google Scholar
(1994) Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314–631. Oxford.Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Neoplatonic elements in the De anima commentaries’, Phronesis 21 (= (ed.) (1990)).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1977–78) ‘Neoplatonic interpretations of Aristotle on phantasia‘, Review of Metaphysics 31.Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Some Platonist readings of Aristotle’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society n.s. 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Alexandria as a centre of philosophy in later classical antiquity’, Illinois Classical Studies 18.Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Uso e abuso del miracolo nella cultura altomedioevale’, in Les Fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe–XIIIe siècle) (Collection de l’École Française de Rome 149) (Rome).Google Scholar
and (1972) ‘Priscianus Lydus en de “de animardquo; van Pseudo(?)-Simplicius’, Tijdschrift voor filosofie 34.Google Scholar
, and (eds.) (1999) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
(1992) ‘A “metropolitan” treasure from a church in the provinces: an introduction to the study of the Sion Treasure’, in and (eds.) (1992).Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1992) Ecclesiastical Silver Plate in Sixth-Century Byzantium. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
(1986) Le site monastique copte des Kellia. Sources historiques et explorations archéologiques. Geneva.Google Scholar
(1973) ‘Early Syrian asceticism’, Numen 20 (= Brock (1984) Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London) I).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘The conversations with the Syrian Orthodox under Justinian (532)’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 47.Google Scholar
(1985) ‘A monothelete florilegium in Syriac’, in , , (eds.), After Chalcedon: Studies in Theology and Church History Offered to Prof. A. Van Roey for his 70th birthday (Louvain).Google Scholar
(1966) L’iconographie oubliée de l’Arc Éphésien de Sainte Marie Majeur à Rome. Brussels.Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Town, village and Holy Man: the case of Syria’, in (ed.), Assimilation et résistance à la culture gréco-romaine dans le monde ancien. Bucharest (= Brown, Society and the Holy).Google Scholar
(1981) The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Haskell Lectures on History of Religions, n.s. 2). Chicago.Google Scholar
(1998) ‘The rise and function of the holy man in late antiquity, 1971–1997‘, Journal of Early Christian Studies 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987) Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. Chicago and London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1994) Byzantium: Treasures of Byzantine Art and Culture from British Collections. London.Google Scholar
(1979) ‘Jacob Baradaeus. The state of research, a review of sources and a new approach’, Le Muséon 91.Google Scholar
(1919, 1920) Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expedition to Syria in 1904–1905 and 1909. II Architecture. A.Southern Syria (1919) B. Northern Syria (1920). Leiden.Google Scholar
(1965) ‘Wandering poets: a literary movement in Byzantine Egypt’, Historia 14 (= Cameron, Literature and Society I).Google Scholar
(1969) ‘The last days of the Academy at Athens’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society n.s. 15 (= Cameron, Literature and Society XIII).Google Scholar
(1982) ‘The empress and the poet: paganism and politics at the court of Theodosius II’, in and (eds.), Later Greek Literature (Yale Classical Studies 27) (= Cameron, Literature and Society III).Google Scholar
(1987) ‘The construction of court ritual: the Byzantine Book of Ceremonies‘, in and (eds.), Rituals of Royalty (Cambridge).Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Eustratius’ Life of the patriarch Eutychius and the Fifth Ecumenical Council’, in (ed.), Kathegetria. Essays Presented to Joan Hussey on her 80th Birthday (Camberley).Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Models of the past in the late sixth century: the Life of the patriarch Eutychius’, in et al. (eds.), Reading the Past in Late Antiquity (Rushcutters Bay).Google Scholar
(1992) ‘The language of images: the rise of icons and Christian representation’, in (ed.), The Church and the Arts (Oxford) (Studies in Church History 28) (= Cameron, Cultural Changes XII).Google Scholar
(1977) Le monachisme syrien selon Théodoret de Cyr (Théologie historique 42). Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed. and tr.) (1908, 1933) Documenta ad origines monophysitarum illustrandas (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scr. Syr. 2.37). Paris, Louvain.Google Scholar
(1974) ‘John Moschus and his friend Sophronius the Sophist’, Journal of Theological Studies 25.Google Scholar
(1986) The First Christian Histories: Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius (2nd edn, revised and enlarged). Macon, GA.Google Scholar
(1966) The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egyptian and Palestinian Monasticism under the Christian Empire. Oxford.Google Scholar
(1992) The Origenist Controversy: The Cultural Construction of an Early Christian Debate. Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (eds.) (1981) Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism (British Archaeological Reports, Oxford International Series, 113). Oxford.Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Caesarius von Arles’, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, ed. G. Krause and G. Müller, Berlin, 1977– 7.Google Scholar
(1977) Gregorio di Tours. Convegno del Centro di Studi sulla spiritualità medievale, 10–13 ottobre 1971 (Convegni 12). Todi.Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Byzantine Aphrodisias. Changing the symbolic map of a city’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 216 (n.s. 36).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1839–41) Anecdota Parisiensia e codd. manuscriptis bibliothecae regiae Parisiensis. Oxford.Google Scholar
(1985) The Craft of Ivory: Sources, Techniques and Uses in the Mediterranean World A.D. 200–1400. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
(1970) ‘Les moines et la ville. Le monachisme à Constantinople jusqu»au Concile de Chalcédoine (451)’, Travaux et Mémoires 4 (= Dagron (1984) La romanité chrétienne en Orient. Héritages et mutations (London) VII).Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Le saint, le savant, l’astrologue’, in Hagiographie, cultures et sociétés, IVe–XIIe siècles (Paris).Google Scholar
(1992) ‘L’ombre d’un doute: l’hagiographie en question, VIe–XIe siècle’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(tr.) (1989) The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis) (Translated Texts for Historians, Latin Series 5). Liverpool.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1966) ‘La Règle du Maître et les Dialogues de S. Grégoire’, Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique 61.Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Benoît, modèle de vie spirituelle d’après le deuxième livre des Dialogues de Saint Grégoire’, Collectanea Cisterciensia 38.Google Scholar
(1865–77) Syrie centrale, architecture civile et religieuse, du I eau VII e siècle.Paris.Google Scholar
and . (1995) ‘Das Hypogäum beim Silivri-Kapi in Istanbul’, in Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses für Christliche Archäologie, Bonn, 22.–28. September 1991 ed. , II. Vatican City and Münster (1995)pls.Google Scholar
(1969, 1974, 1976, 1989) Ravenna. Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes, vol. 1. Geschichte und Monumente. Wiesbaden; Kommentar, vol. 2 part 1. Wiesbaden; Kommentar, vol. 2 part 2. Wiesbaden; Kommentar, vol. 2 part 3. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
(1995) Clavis Patrum Latinorum, editio tertia (Corpus Christianorum Series Latina). Steenbrugge.Google Scholar
(1992) ‘Ermites et ascètes à fin de l’antiquité et leur fonction dans la société rurale. L’exemple de la Gaule’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome (Moyen Âge) 104: 1981–24.Google Scholar
(1980) Règles monastiques d’Occident: IVe–Ve siècle, d’Augustin à Ferréol. French trans. with introductions and notes (Vie monastique, 9; Spiritualité orientale, 9). Abbaye de Bellefontaine, Bégrolles-en-Mauges.Google Scholar
(1986) Archaeological Investigations in the Region West of Antioch-on-the-Orontes. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
(1924) Julien d’Halicarnasse et sa controverse avec Sévère d’Antioche sur l’incorruptibilité du corps du Christ. Louvain.Google Scholar
(1982) ‘The marine mosaic (no. 16) from the House of the Greek Charioteers’, in Excavations at Carthage 1978 conducted by the University of Michigan 7, ed. . Ann Arbor (1982).Google Scholar
(ed.) (1992) Byzance. L’art byzantin dans les collections publiques françaises. Paris.Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Les maisons d’Apamée et l’architecture “palatiale” de l’antiquité tardive’, in (1984).Google Scholar
(1994) ‘L’architecture chrétienne et les pratiques liturgiques en Jordanie en rapport avec la Palestine: recherches nouvelles’, in (ed.), Churches Built in Ancient Times. London.Google Scholar
, , (eds.) (1981) Peter of Callinicum. Anti-Tritheist Dossier (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 10). Louvain.Google Scholar
(1986) Früchristliche Kunst und Kultur. Von den Anfängen bis zum 7. Jahrundert. Leipzig.Google Scholar
(1995) Art and the Roman Viewer: The Transformation of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity. Cambridge.Google Scholar
(ed.) (1992) Encyclopedia of the Early Church (tr. from the Italian by ). 2 vols. Cambridge (= Dizionario Patristico e di Antichità Cristiana, Casale Monferrato 1983/1988).Google Scholar
(1974) Mission und Politik in Byzanz. Ein Beitrag zur Strukturanalyse byzantinischer Mission zur Zeit Justins und Justinians (Miscellanea Byzantina Monacensia 19). Munich.Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Recent work at Aphrodisias’, in and (eds.), Aphrodisias Papers: Recent Work on Architecture and Sculpture (Ann Arbor).Google Scholar
(1999) Monachisme et Église: le monachisme syrien du IV eau VIIe siècle: un ministère charismatique. Paris.Google Scholar
(1986) The Thought of Gregory the Great (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, fourth series, 2). Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991) ‘Démons et Sarrasins. L’auteur et le propos des Diègèmata Stèriktika d’Anastase le Sinaïte’, Travaux et Mémoires XI.Google Scholar
Forschungen in Ephesos (1906). Vienna (Österreichischen archaeologischen Institut).
and (1973) The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Church and Fortress of Justinian. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
(1979) Ephesus after Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City. Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Plato’s philosopher king in the political thought of sixth-century Byzantium’, Florilegium 71Google Scholar
(1990a) ‘The Athenian agora and the progress of Christianity’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 3Google Scholar
(1990b) ‘Religious developments in late Roman Lycia’, Meletemata tou K.E.R.A. (Athens) 10Google Scholar
(1991) ‘The Council of Constantinople II as a model reconciliation council’, Theological Studies 52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Stylites and phallobates: pillar religions in late antique Syria’, Vigiliae Christianae 44Google Scholar
(1973) ‘Severus of Antioch and the rise of the Monophysite hierarchy’, Orientalia Christiana Analecta 195Google Scholar
(1993) Die Patriarchietheorie. Ein Modell der Kirchenleitung von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart.FrankfurtGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘Patriarchat I’, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, ed. G. Krause and G. Müller, Berlin, 1977– 26Google Scholar
(1941) ‘La Vie prémetaphrastique de S. Chariton’, Bulletin de l’Institut Historique Belge de Rome 21Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1989) Les Canons des Conciles mérovingiens (Sources Chrétiennes 353). ParisGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘A marble group of Ganymede and the eagle from the age of Augustine’, in Excavations at Carthage 1977 conducted by the University of Michigan 6, ed. . Ann Arbor (1981)Google Scholar
(ed.) (1975) Musaeus. Hero and Leander in Callimachus. Aetia, etc (ed. ). Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
(1970) Codex Vindobonensis med. gr. 1 der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Kommentarband zu der Faksimile.GrazGoogle Scholar
(1988) The Narrators of Barbarian History: Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul the Deacon.PrincetonGoogle Scholar
(1976) ‘The “Palace of the Dux”’, in (ed.), Apollonia, The Port of Cyrene: Excavations by the University of Michigan, 1965–1967. Supplements to Libya Antiqua 4Google Scholar
(1965) Byzance avant l’Islam. Byzance et l’occident sous les successeurs de Justinien. Vol. II, Rome, Byzance et Carthage.ParisGoogle Scholar
(1965) review of M., Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 16
(1979) Vox Populi. Popular Opinion and Violence in the Religious Controversies of the Fifth Century A.D.Columbus, OHGoogle Scholar
(1953) Histoire du texte des Ascétiques de saint Basile (Bibliothèque du Muséon 32). LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Architecture’, in (ed.), Sinai: Treasures of the Monastery of St Catherine (Athens)Google Scholar
(ed.) (1895) Collectio Avellana (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 35). Prague, Vienna, LeipzigGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1903, repr. 1955) Chronica Minora II (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Ser. Syr. 3.4). LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1962) Recherches sur la tradition grecque des Apophthegmata Patrum (Subsidia hagiographica, 36). BrusselsGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Patriarch and people: Peter Mongus of Alexandria and Episcopal leadership in the late fifth century’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1989) Ancient Synagogues in Israel, Third–Seventh Century C.E. (British Archaeological Reports, Oxford International Series 499). OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1987a) ‘Les introductions aux commentaires exégétiques chez les auteurs néoplatoniciens et les auteurs chrétiens’, in (ed.), Les règles de l’interprétationParis (= (1990b))Google Scholar
(1990a) ‘The life and work of Simplicius in Greek and Arabic sources’, in (ed.) (1990)Google Scholar
(1991) ‘The role of the commentaries on Aristotle in the teaching of philosophy according to the prefaces of the Neoplatonic commentaries on the Categories‘, in and (eds.), Aristotle and the Later Tradition (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1962) Le Synode Permanent (σύυοδοζ ἐυδημοῦσα) dans l’Église byzantine des origines au XIe siècle (Orientalia Christiana Analecta 164). RomeGoogle Scholar
(1957) ‘Papst Gregor der Grosse und der heiliger Benedikt’, in (ed.), Commentationes in Regulam S. Benedicti (Studia Anselmiana 42). RomeGoogle Scholar
(1989) A Temple for Byzantium: The Discovery and Excavation of Anicia Juliana’s Palace-Church in Istanbul.London and Austin, TXGoogle Scholar
and (1973) ‘The mosaics of the Monastery of Mar Samuel, Mar Simeon, and Mar Gabriel, near Kartmin’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976) Bischofsherrschaft in Gallien. Zur Kontinuität römischer Führungsschichten vom 4. bis zum 7. Jahrhundert.MunichGoogle Scholar
(1989) Adventus Domini: Eschatological Thought in Fourth-Century Apses and Catechesis.LeidenCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Iona, Kells and Derry. The History and Hagiography of the Monastic Familia of Columba.OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Modes of evangelization of western Europe in the seventh century’, in and (eds.), Irland und die Christenheit (Stuttgart)Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Andreas philoktistes: a proconsul of Byzantine Palestine’, Israel Exploration Journal 36Google Scholar
(1951) Évêques et évêchés monophysites d’Asie antérieure au VIe siècle (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Subsidia 2). LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Responses to possession and insanity in the earlier Byzantine world’, Social History of Medicine 6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (eds.) (1999) The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Contributi archeologici alla storia dell’ insediamento urbano veneto (iv–xi secolo)’, in and (eds.), Il Veneto nel medioevo. 2 vols. Verona, II.338–9Google Scholar
(1988a) ‘Images of St Martin in late Roman and early Merovingian Gaul’, Viator 19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1979) Römische und frühbyzantinische Porträtplastik aus der Türkei. Neue Funde.MainzGoogle Scholar
(1969) Les Églises et les monastères (Géographie ecclésiastique de l’empire byzantin, I, 3). 2nd edn. ParisGoogle Scholar
(1975) Les Églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins (Géographie ecclésiastique de l’empire byzantin, I, 2). ParisGoogle Scholar
(1995) Italia Ascetica atque Monastica. Das Asketen- und Mönchtum in Italien von den Anfängen bis zur Zeit der Langobarden (ca. 150/250–604) (Monographien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, Bd 39, 1–2). StuttgartGoogle Scholar
and (1949) Byzantine Egypt: Economic Studies (Princeton University Studies in Papyrology 6). PrincetonGoogle Scholar
(1960) ‘Church finance in the fifth and sixth centuries’, Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 11 (= , Roman Economy)Google Scholar
(1976) Les propriétés de la couronne et de l’Église dans l’Empire byzantin (Ve–VIe siècles). Documents (Byzantina Sorbonensia 2). ParisGoogle Scholar
(1984) The Monastic Holy Man and the Evangelization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia.WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
(1991) Theologie und Askese. Die Spiritualität des Inselmönchtums von Lérins im 5. Jahrhundert (Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Mönchtums und des Benediktinertums, Bd 40). MünsterGoogle Scholar
(1954) ‘The cult of images in the age before Iconoclasm’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8 (repr. in (1976))CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976) The Art of Byzantium and the Medieval West: Selected Studies by E. Kitzinger ed. . BloomingtonGoogle Scholar
(1972) ‘The iconography and date of the mosaics of the rotunda of Hagios Georgios, Thessaloniki’, Viator 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1973) ‘The origin and functions of the aisled tetraconch churches in Syria and northern Mesopotamia’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture: An Annotated Bibliography and Historiography.BostonGoogle Scholar
(1994) Caesarius of Arles: The Making of a Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul.CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985) Amt und Askese. Priesteramt und Mönchtum bei den lateinischen Kirchenvätern in der vorbenediktinischer Zeit (Regulæ Benedicti Studia, Supplementa 12). Erzabtei St OttilienGoogle Scholar
(1983) Three Christian Capitals. Topography and Politics: Rome, Constantinople, Milan.Berkeley and Los AngelesGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1907) Zacharie le scholastique: Vie de Sévère, Patrologia Orientalis II.1. Paris (repr. Turnhout 1993)Google Scholar
(1982) ‘La controverse trithéite depuis la condamnation de Conon et Eugène jusqu’à la conversion de l’évêque Élie’, Von Kanaan bis Kerala (= FS ) (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 211). NeukirchenGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘La controverse trithéite jusqu’à l’excommunication de Conon et d’Eugène (557–569)’, OLP 16Google Scholar
(ed.) (1962) La vie ancienne de St Symeon le Jeune, 2 vols. (Subsidia Hagiographica 32). BrusselsGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1992) Eustratii Presbyteri Vita Eutychii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani (Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca 25). TurnhoutGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘The Life of Daniel’, in and (eds.), Portraits. Biographical Representation in the Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1964) Die Gallienpolitik des Papstes in 5. und 6. Jahrhundert. Eine Studie über den apostolischen Vikariat von Arles.Theophaneia 16. BonnGoogle Scholar
(1947) Sanctuaires chrétiens de Syrie. Essai sur la genèse, la forme et l’usage liturgique des édifices de culte chrétiens en Syrie, du IIIe siècle à la conquête musulmane.ParisGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘A skeletal history of Byzantine fortification’, Annual of the British School at Athens 78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Melchisedech and the emperor: icons of subversion and orthodoxy’, reprinted in and (eds.), Structuralist Interpretations of Biblical Myth (Cambridge)Google Scholar
(1903) Schenute von Atripe und die Entstehung des national-ägyptischen Christentums. Texte und Untersuchungen 25Google Scholar
(1982) Les Règles des saints pères. Introduction, texte critique, traduction et notes par Adalbert de Vogüé. Sources ChrétiennesParis.Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Luxury and liturgy: the function of books’, in (ed.), Church and People in Byzantium (Birmingham)Google Scholar
and (1988) ‘The architecture of ekphrasis: construction and context of Paul the Silentiary’s ekphrasis of Hagia Sophia’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church.London. Reissued London 1997Google Scholar
(1984) Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
, and (1992) ‘The palace of Lausus at Constantinople and its collection of ancient statues’, Journal of the History of Collections 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1959) The Brazen House: A Study of the Vestibule of the Imperial Palace of Constantinople.CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
(1972) The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312–1453 (Sources and Documents in the History of Art Series). Englewood Cliffs, NJGoogle Scholar
(1977) ‘Storia dell’arte’, in (ed.), La civiltà bizantina dal IV al IX secolo. Aspetti e problemi (Bari)Google Scholar
(1984a) ‘A Byzantine hagiographer at work’, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl. Sitzungsberichte 432Google Scholar
(1986) ‘The pilgrimage centre of St Michael at Germia’, Jarhbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 36Google Scholar
(1994) Prolegomena. Questions to be Settled Before the Study of an Author or a Text.LeidenGoogle Scholar
(1814) Life of Proclus ed. (1) . Leipzig, 1814, reprinted 1966; (2) , with Italian translation and notes. Naples, 1985Google Scholar
(1971) ‘La Vita patrum iurensium et les débuts du monachisme à Saint-Maurice d’Agaune’, in and (eds.), Festschrift Bernhard Bischoff zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (Stuttgart)Google Scholar
(1971) The Early Churches of Constantinople: Architecture and Liturgy.University Park, PAGoogle Scholar
(1989) Ecclesiastical Factionalism and Religious Controversy in Fifth-Century Gaul.Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
(1993) Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul. Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition.Austin, TXGoogle Scholar
(1994) St Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy. Its History, Theology, and Texts (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 23). LeidenCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1977) The Church of the Panagia Kanakaria at Lythrankomi in Cyprus: Its Mosaics and Frescoes.Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
(1955) ‘Cassiodorus and the Italian culture of his time’, Proceedings of the British Academy 41Google Scholar
and (ed. and tr.) (1994) Monophysite Texts of the Sixth Century (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 56). LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1960) Les Statuta ecclesiae antiqua (Bibliothèque de l’Institut de Droit Canonique de l’Université de Strasbourg 5).ParisGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1963a) Statuta Ecclesiae Antiqua (Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 148). TurnhoutGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1963b) Concilia Galliae I. A.314–A.506, II. A.511–A.695 (Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 98, 98a). TurnhoutGoogle Scholar
and (1974) Constantinople II et Constantinople III (Histoire des conciles oecuméniques 3). ParisGoogle Scholar
(1975) Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition.London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1910) Histoire de Saint Maurice, empereur des Romains (Patrologia Orientalis v). ParisGoogle Scholar
(1990) Thermae et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths.AarhusGoogle Scholar
(1953) Ravennastudien: Ideengeschichtliche und ikonographische Untersuchungen über die Mosaiken von Ravenna.StockholmGoogle Scholar
(1963) ‘Equal representation from each patriarchate at Constantinople II?’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 29Google Scholar
and (1981) Die Synoden auf der Iberischen Halbinsel bis zum Einbruch von Islam (711) (Konziliengeschichte Reihe A: Darstellungen). Paderborn-Munich-Vienna-ZurichGoogle Scholar
(1990) Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur «Abdin (University of Cambridge Oriental Publications 39). CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Papyri Greek and Egyptian: In Honour of Eric Gardiner Turner (1981). London
(1968) ‘Ancienne hagiographie byzantine et histoire sociale’, Annales: ESC 23 (Eng. trans. , ‘Ancient Byzantine hagiography and social history’, in (ed.) (1983) Saints and their Cults (Cambridge))CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995) Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism: A Comparative Study in Eastern Monasticism. Fourth to Seventh Centuries (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 32). Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
(1986). ‘Eine wiedergewonnene byzant. Ehrensäule in Istanbul’, in and (eds.), Studien zur spätantiken und byzantinischen Kunst F. W. Deichmann gewidmet I (Mainz)Google Scholar
(1984) The Dialogues of Gregory the Great in their Late Antique Cultural Background (Studies and Texts 69). TorontoGoogle Scholar
(1986) Die Synoden im Merowingerreich (Konziliengeschichte Reihe A: Darstellungen). Paderborn-Munich-Vienna-ZurichGoogle Scholar
(1910) ‘Richtungen und Schulen im Neuplatonismus’, in Genethliakon Carl Robert (Berlin)Google Scholar
(1913) ‘Hierokles’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll, Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1894– VIII.2Google Scholar
(1927) ‘Simplikios’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll, Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1894– III.a.1Google Scholar
(tr.) (1991) The Lives of the Monks of Palestine by Cyril of Scythopolis (Cistercian Studies 114). KalamazooGoogle Scholar
(1978) L’Isola dei Santi. Il Cenobio di Lerino e le Origini del Monachesimo Gallico.RomeGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Gli scritti agiografici in prosa di Venanzio Fortunato’, in Venanzio Fortunato tra Italia e Francia. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Valdobbiadene 17 maggio 1990, Treviso 18–19 maggio 1990, ed. Giuseppe Marton (Treviso)Google Scholar
(1965) Frühes Mönchtum im Frankenreich. Kultur und Gesellschaft in Gallien, den Rheinlanden und Bayern am Beispiel der monastischen Entwicklung (4. bis 8. Jahrhundert).Munich and ViennaGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1966) Les homéliaires du Moyen Âge (Rerum Ecclesiasticarum Documenta, series maior, Fontes 6). RomeGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Tradition et nouveauté dans les Carmina de Fortunat’, in Venanzio Fortunato tra Italia e Francia. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Valdobbiadene 17 maggio 1990, Treviso 18–19 maggio 1990, ed. (Treviso)Google Scholar
(1972) ‘L’enseignement et la culture des laïcs dans l’occident précarolingien’, Settimane di Studi, Spoleto 19Google Scholar
(ed.) and (tr.) (1992) Grégoire le Grand, Règle Pastorale (Sources Chrétiennes). ParisGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘The definitions of philosophy and a new fragment of Stephanus the philosopher’, Jarhbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 40Google Scholar
(1975) ‘Cassian, contemplation, and the coenobitic life’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995) ‘Eccentrics and coenobites in the late Roman East’, Byzantinische Forschungen 21 (= Conformity and Non-Conformity in Byzantium, ed. )Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Il miracolo nella cultura del tardo impero’, in Hagiographie, cultures et sociétés, IVe–XIIe siècles (Paris)Google Scholar
(1975) ‘Allusions antichrétiennes chez Proclus: le diadoque platonicien’, Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques 59Google Scholar
(1982) ‘New objective links between the Pseudo-Dionysius and Proclus’, in (ed.), Neoplatonism and Christian Thought (Norfolk, VA)Google Scholar
(1994) Les lois des bâtiments. Voisinage et habitat urbain dans l’empire romain. Recherches sur les rapports entre le droit et la construction privée du siècle d’Auguste au siècle de Justinien.BeirutCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) Transmigration und Translation. Studien zur Bistumswechsel der Bischöfe von der Spätantike bis zum hohen Mittelalter (Kölner Historische Abhandlungen 37). Cologne-Weimar-ViennaGoogle Scholar
(1986) The Byzantine Liturgy: Symbolic Structure and Faith Expression (translated by M. J. O’Connell). New YorkGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1927) ‘Codex Vaticanus gr. 1431, eine anti-chalkedonische Sammlung aus der Zeit Kaisers Zenos’, Abh. der bayer. Akad. der Wiss., phil.-hist. Abt. 32.6Google Scholar
(ed.) (1934) ‘Publizistische Sammlungen zum acacianischen Schisma’, Abh. der bayer. Akad. der Wiss., phil.-hist. Abt. n.s. 10.4Google Scholar
(1977) The Urban Saint in Early Byzantine Social History (British Archaeological Reports, Oxford Supplementary Series 37). OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1967) ‘The Greek Christian Platonist tradition from the Cappadocians to Maximus and Eriugena’, in (ed.) (1967)Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Roman aristocrats, Christian commissions: the Carrand diptych’, in and (eds.) (1989)Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Monad and dyad as cosmic principles in Syrianus’, in and (eds.), Soul and the Structure of Being in late Neoplatonism (Liverpool)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Proclus’ philosophical method of exegesis: the use of Aristotle and the Stoics in the commentary on the Cratylus‘, in and (eds.) (1987)Google Scholar
(1986) Die Konzilsidee der alten Kirche (Konziliengeschichte Reihe B: Untersuchungen). Paderborn-Munich-Vienna-ZurichGoogle Scholar
and (1994) The Excavations of San Giovanni di Ruoti, I. The Villas and Their Environment.TorontoGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Roman portraits: honours, empresses, and late emperors’, Journal of Roman Studies 75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Late Roman philosopher portraits from Aphrodisias’ Journal of Roman Studies 80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (eds.) (1991) Aphrodisias Papers 2. The Theatre, a Sculptor’s Workshop, Philosophers, and Coin-Types.Ann ArborGoogle Scholar
(1994) ‘Images sculptées et propagande impériale du IVe au VIe siècle: recherches récentes sur les colonnes honorifiques et les reliefs politiques à Byzance’, in and (eds.), Byzance et les images (Paris)Google Scholar
(ed.) (1987) Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science.Ithaca, NY and LondonGoogle Scholar
(1979) ‘“The Promised Blessing”: the iconography of the mosaics of S. Maria Maggiore’, Art Bulletin 61Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Das Religionsgespräch mit den severianischen Bischöfen in Konstantinopel im Jahre 532’, Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 16Google Scholar
(1983) St Martin and his Hagiographer: History and Miracle in Sulpicius Severus.OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1978) The Changing Self: A Study on the Soul in Later Neoplatonism: Iamblichus, Damascius and Priscianus.BrusselsGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Proclus et Aristote sur la causalité efficiente de l’intellect divin’, in and (eds.) (1987)Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Working the Earth of the Heart’: The Messalian Controversy in History, Texts and Language.OxfordGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1938, 1941) Antioch-on-the-Orontes. II. The Excavations 1933–1936; III. The Excavations 1937–1939.PrincetonGoogle Scholar
(1988) Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection (The Transformation of the Classical Heritage 14). Berkeley and Los AngelesGoogle Scholar
(1991) ‘Leo the Great’, in (ed.), Patrology IV. The Golden Age of Patristic Literature (Westminster, MD) (tr. from Patrologia, Casale (1978) III., with additional bibliography)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Les calendriers en usage à Harran d’après les sources arabes et le commentaire de Simplicius à la Physique d’Aristote’, in (ed.) (1987b). BerlinGoogle Scholar
(1990) Les paysages reliques. Routes et haltes syriennes d’Isidore et Simplicius.Louvain and ParisGoogle Scholar
(1954) L’Abbaye de Saint-Maurice d’Agaune. Des origines à la réforme canoniale (515–830).Saint-MauriceGoogle Scholar
and (eds.) (1881–7) Servii grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii.Leipzig (= Berlin, 1891–97); repr. 1923–27Google Scholar
(1936) Koptische Heiligen-und Märtyrerlegende: pt 2. Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum, ed. , Berlin, 1914–40; , Berlin, 1971– 108. RomeGoogle Scholar
(1960) ‘Die koptischen Ostraka’, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl. Denkschrift 78.1. ViennaGoogle Scholar
and (1997) ‘Urbanism at Scythopolis-Bet Shean in the fourth to seventh centuries’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
et al. (1992) ‘The Bet Shean project (1989–1991)’, Excavations and Surveys in Israel 11Google Scholar
(1966) ‘Le sens de l’adjectif οὀκυμευικόζ dans la tradition patristique et dans la tradition byzantine’, StPatr 7: (Texte und Untersuchungen 92)Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Stephanos von Alexandrien und die Konversion des Jakobiten Probos, des späteren Metropoliten von Chalkedon’, in , , (eds.), After Chalcedon: Studies in Theology and Church History Offered to Prof. A. Van Roey for his 70th birthday (Louvain)Google Scholar
(1958, 1960) History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient. 2 vols (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 184, Subsidia 14; Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 197, Subsidia 17). LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1965) History of the School of Nisibis (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 266). LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1978) ‘L’abbandono degli edifici pubblici a Luni’, Centro di studi lunensi, Quaderni 3Google Scholar
(1976) The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Icons from the Sixth to the Tenth Century.PrincetonGoogle Scholar
(1980) ‘Philosophy and medicine in late antiquity’, Janus 57 (= Texts and Studies in Neoplatonism and Byzantine Literature (Amsterdam)Google Scholar
(1990) ‘The Alexandrian commentators and the introductions to their commentaries’, in (ed.) (1990)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Ritual and reconstructed meaning: the Neonian Baptistery in Ravenna’, Art Bulletin, 69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982a) ‘Eucherius von Lyon’, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, ed. and , Berlin, 1977– 10Google Scholar
(1982b) ‘Eutyches/Eutychianischer Streit’, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, ed. and , Berlin, 1977– 10Google Scholar
(1995) ‘Aspects of clerical life in the early Byzantine Church in two scenes: Mopsuestia and Apamea’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) John Philoponus’ Criticism of Aristotle’s Theory of Aether.Berlin and New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought.New Haven and LondonGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Stéphanos d’Athènes et Stéphanos d’Alexandrie. Essai d’identification et de biographie’, Revue des Études Byzantines 47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘A prelude to Columbanus: the monastic achievement in the Burgundian territories’, in and (eds.) (1981)Google Scholar
(1979) The Grammatical Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt: Contributions to the Study of the ‘Ars Grammatica’ in Antiquity.BrusselsGoogle Scholar
(1974) Die Bestätigung des V. ökumenischen Konzils durch Papst Vigilius (Antiquitas, Reihe 1, 20). BonnGoogle Scholar