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2019 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 12 of 101

Spontaneous Intracranial Haemorrhage Caused by a Non-aneurysmal Brain Vascular Malformation

Spontaneous Intracranial Haemorrhage Caused by a Non-aneurysmal Brain Vascular Malformation
  • Sherif R. W. Kirollos, Ramez W. Kirollos
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • Emergency management of intracranial haemorrhage due to AVMs, DAVFs, and cavernomas involves addressing both the haemorrhage consequences and the underlying vascular lesion. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup identify factors necessitating urgent intervention and define the vascular lesion. Urgent intervention may involve ICH management with increased ICP or CSF drainage for acute hydrocephalus. Definitive intervention for the vascular lesion may coincide with or follow evacuation of the intracranial haematoma. Careful considerations and precautions are taken independently or concurrently with the vascular lesion. Indications and timing for AVM intervention involve determining the bleeding source, evaluating mass effect, and assessing the utility of existing ICH for microsurgical AVM resection. Modified microsurgical techniques ensure safety. DAVF intervention with ICH or ASDH requires urgent endovascular treatment and surgical nuances. Cavernoma intervention follows straightforward indications and timing, while brainstem cavernomas require careful consideration of early intervention. Aftercare and a team approach are vital.
Kant on the History and Development of Practical Reason

Kant on the History and Development of Practical Reason
  • Olga Lenczewska
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • This Element's focus is Kant's history of human reason: his teleological vision of the past development of our rational capacities from their very emergence until Kant's own 'age of Enlightenment.' One of the goals is to connect Kant's speculative account of the very beginning of rationality – a topic that has thus far been largely neglected in Kantian scholarship – to his well-known theory of humankind's progress. The Element elucidates Kant's hopes with regard to reason's future progress and his guidelines for how to achieve this progress by unifying them with his vision of reason's past. Another goal is to bring more attention to Kant's essay 'Conjectural Beginning of Human History,' where this account is presented, and to show that this unusual text does not stand in conflict with Kant's philosophy and is not merely tangentially related to it, but illuminates and complements certain aspects of his critical philosophy.
Performance and Postsocialism in Postmillennial China

Performance and Postsocialism in Postmillennial China
  • Rossella Ferrari
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025
    • Element
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  • This Element examines performance in postmillennial China through the lens of postsocialism. The fragmented ontology of Chinese postsocialism captures the structural contradictions of a political system that supports a neoliberal economy while continuing to promote socialist values. This study explores how the ideological ambivalence and cultural paradoxes that characterise the postsocialist condition are embodied and represented in performance. Focusing on independent practitioners and postdramatic practices, it builds on theorisations of postsocialism as a state of temporal disjunction to propose a tripartite taxonomy structured around past, present, and future temporal regimes. The categories of postsocialist hauntologies, postsocialist realisms, and postsocialist futurities are introduced to investigate performance works that respectively revisit the socialist past, document present realities, and envision future imaginations. The intersection of competing temporalities and their performative manifestations reflects the disjunctive constitution of contemporary China, where past socialist legacies and futurological ambitions coexist within a fractured postsocialist present.
Explanation in Biology

Explanation in Biology
  • Lauren N. Ross
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
    • Element
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  • This Element examines philosophical accounts of scientific explanation, particularly those that apply to biology and the life sciences. Two main categories of scientific explanation are examined in detail –causal explanations and non-causal explanations. The first section of this Element provides a brief history and some basics on philosophical accounts of scientific explanation. Section 2 covers causal explanation, first by discussing foundational topics in the area, such as defining causation, causal selection, and reductive explanation. This is followed by an examination of distinct types of causal explanation, including those that appeal to mechanisms pathways, and cascades. The third section covers non-causal, mathematical explanations, which have received significant attention in philosophy of biology and the life sciences. Three main types of non-causal, mathematical explanation are discussed: topological and constraint-based explanation, optimality and efficiency explanations, and minimal model explanations. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Hidden Music

Hidden Music
  • The Composer's Guide to Sonification
  • Milton Mermikides
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • This book explores the intersection of data sonification (the systematic translation of data into sound) and musical composition. Section 1 engages with existing discourse and offers an original model (the sonification continuum) which provides perspectives on the practice of sonification for composers, science communicators and those interested in this rapidly emerging field. Section 2 engages with the sonification process itself, exploring techniques, models of translation, data fidelity, analogic and symbolic data mapping, temporality and the listener experience. In Section 3 these concepts and techniques are all made concrete in the context of a selection of the author's projects (2004–2023). Finally, some reasons are offered on how sonification as a practice might enrich composition, communication, collaboration, and a sense of connection.
African American Gothic in the Era of Black Lives Matter

African American Gothic in the Era of Black Lives Matter
  • Maisha Wester
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • This Element explores twenty-first century Black Gothic literature and film as it responds to American anti-Blackness and as they illustrate a mode of Black Gothic fiction termed Black Lives Matter (BLM) Gothic. The various texts express frustration, rage, and sorrow over the failures of previous civil rights fights. Intended as an introduction to a complex mode, this Element explores the three central themes in BLM Gothic texts and defines the mode's pattern of tropes. The first section reviews the depictions of American anti-Blackness, and defines the mode's pattern of tropes reveal the necropolitical mechanisms at play in US systemic racism. The second section explores the ways the fictions 'make whiteness strange' in order to destabilize white normativity and shatter the power arising from such claims. The final section examines the costs of waging war against racial oppression and the power of embracing 'monstrosity'.
Rhythm and Heritage in Modern Flamenco Guitar

Rhythm and Heritage in Modern Flamenco Guitar
  • Carlos van Tongeren
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • Discourses about rhythmic skill and feel have often been associated with forms of non-Western, and especially African and Afro-diasporic identity and heritage. How can we rethink rhythmic skill for the contemporary world where concepts of heritage and belonging are attaining new meanings across cultural and geographical borders? This Element addresses this question through the case study of modern flamenco guitar, an instrumental practice that has achieved daunting levels of rhythmic sophistication and has been flourishing across the globe for decades, even before flamenco was inscribed into UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010. Drawing on examples from local guitar traditions in Jerez de la Frontera and Morón de la Frontera and from an online guitar contest launched during the Covid-19 pandemic, this Element explores how rhythm can shape new ways of understanding and performing heritage in the global and digital age.
The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance

The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance
  • Reform, Adaptation, and Collapse of the Warsaw Pact, 1985–1991
  • Mark Kramer
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • When Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, the Warsaw Pact was a robust military alliance. It was capable of waging a large-scale war in Europe and was an instrument of Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe, keeping orthodox Communist regimes in power. The alliance over the years had also become an effective mechanism of political coordination and consultation. In April 1985, the Warsaw Pact leaders met in Warsaw and renewed the Pact for another thirty years. Yet only six years later, the alliance was disbanded, having been rendered obsolete by the political transformation of Eastern Europe in 1989–1990. This monograph recounts what happened to the Warsaw Pact during its final years and explains why the organization ceased to exist in 1991.
Gender, Ethnicity, and Intersectionality in Cabinets

Gender, Ethnicity, and Intersectionality in Cabinets
  • Asia and Europe in Comparative Perspective
  • Amy H. Liu, Roman Hlatky, Keith Padraic Chew, Eoin L. Power, Sam Selsky, Betty Compton, Meiying Xu
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • What explains patterns of representation – of women and ethnic minorities – in government cabinets? The authors argue governments diversify their cabinets when (1) a minority group – and it need not be ethnic – is sizable and can mobilize (political competition); and/or (2) the general population believes in and expects the inclusion of minorities (popular norms). The authors test their argument using original cabinet data from Asia and Europe (N=93) 1960-2015 and a most-similar design of four case studies. They identify the gender and ethnicity of 91,000 country-year-minister observations – with consideration of the rank of their ministerial portfolio. They find evidence that in countries where there is political competition and/or popular norms, cabinets have fewer double-hegemons. However, this does not necessarily suggest minorities are holding portfolios of substantive prestige. This project offers a way to study intersectionality in democratic representation and political institutions.
Spontaneous Preterm Labour and Birth (Including Preterm Pre-labour Rupture of Membranes)

Spontaneous Preterm Labour and Birth (Including Preterm Pre-labour Rupture of Membranes)
  • Natasha L. Hezelgrave, Andrew Shennan
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • Spontaneous preterm birth remains the leading cause of neonatal death, and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide in children below five years of age. The causes of preterm birth are multifactorial, likely contributing to why significant progress in reducing the incidence has been slow. This Element contains the most up-to-date evidence regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, and management of pregnancies at risk of, or complicated by, spontaneous preterm birth and preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes. It concentrates largely on those aspects potentially amenable to preventative intervention (i.e. cervical dysfunction and premature uterine contractility), as well as strategies to improve outcomes for infants born prematurely.
Caesarean Section Delivery

Caesarean Section Delivery
  • Joshua D. Dahlke, Suneet P. Chauhan
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • Caesarean section delivery (CD) is the most common surgical operation performed in the world. Since first described 400 years ago, surgical rates continue to rise globally. Caesarean rates are now reported from South American countries of over 50% and rates of over 32% are currently being reported from the United States, China, England and Scotland. Surgical complications can occur at the time of operation and there are major implications for future pregnancies, including increased rates of placenta previa/accreta, stillbirth and preterm labour. This Element discusses many aspects of CD, including the Robson 10 group classification system, which classifies populations by characteristics such as parity, presentation of the fetus and the history of previous births, an evidencebased approach to surgical techniques, recommendations of the major guidelines and recommendations concerning trial of labour after previous caesarean.
Multiple Pregnancy

Multiple Pregnancy
  • Jack Hamer, Jennifer Tamblyn, James Castleman, R. Katie Morris
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • Multiple pregnancy affects 0.9-3.1% of births worldwide. Prevalence rates vary significantly due to differences in dizygotic twinning rates and use of assisted reproduction. Both maternal and fetal/neonatal complications are more common in multiple compared to singleton pregnancies, and there are specific problems for the fetuses related to monochorionicity. Multiple pregnancies require specialised and individualised care. Complicated multiple pregnancies should be managed in a tertiary care centre where there is additional expertise, such as the laser ablation needed to treat monochorionic monozygotic pregnancies with conjoined circulations. Cornerstones of management in pregnancy are the need for accurate fetal measurement to optimise dating of gestational age, and documentation of chorionicity. High-level ultrasound expertise is needed. The mothers need frequent assessment to detect hypertension and anemia, and early identification and management of preterm labour.
Unprinted

Unprinted
  • Publication Beyond the Press
  • Daria Kohler, Daniel Wakelin, Natascha Domeisen, Daniel Haywood, Edward Jones, Micah Mackay, Rosie Maxton, Brian M. Moore, Katie Noble, Felix M. Simon, Daniel Wojahn
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • This Element explores the idea of publication in media used before, alongside, and after print. It contrasts multiple traditions of unprinted communication in their diversity and particularity. This decentres print as the means for understanding publication; instead, publication is seen as an heuristic term which identifies activities these traditions share, but which also differ in ways not reducible to comparisons with printing. The Element engages with texts written on papyrus, chiselled in stone, and created digitally; sung, proclaimed, and put on stage; banned, hidden and rediscovered. The authors move between Greek inscriptions and Tibetan edicts, early modern manuscripts and AI-assisted composition, monasteries and courts, constantly questioning the term 'publication' and considering the agency of people publishing and the publics they address. The picture that transpires is that of a colourful variety of contexts of production and dissemination, underlining the value of studying 'unprinted' publication in its own right.
Diabetes in Pregnancy

Diabetes in Pregnancy
  • Lee Wai Kheong Ryan, Lim Weiying, Ann Margaret Wright, Lay-Kok Tan
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and important medical complications affecting pregnancy. It can predate the pregnancy ('pre-existing diabetes') or arise during pregnancy ('gestational diabetes', GDM). Typically, GDM resolves once the pregnancy has ended. However, about 3% of women with a diagnosis of GDM have type 2 diabetes diagnosed for the first time in pregnancy, which persists beyond pregnancy. The coexistence of diabetes of any type and pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes for both the woman and baby. However, with appropriate management by a multidisciplinary team before, during and after delivery these risks can be minimised. Optimising blood glucose control, screening for maternal and fetal complications and a discussion about delivery are key strategies. During pregnancy, all women should be offered screening for GDM. After pregnancy, all women with GDM should be offered annual screening to identify the development of type 2 diabetes.
Fetal Compromise in Labor

Fetal Compromise in Labor
  • Mark I. Evans, Lawrence D. Devoe, Philip J. Steer
  • Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
  • Sixty years ago, the purpose of introducing electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) was to reduce the incidence of intrapartum stillbirth. However, by the early 1980s, with falling stillbirth rates, fetal blood sampling had been widely abandoned, as many considered that EFM was sufficient on its own. Unfortunately, while the sensitivity of EFM for the detection of potential fetal compromise is high, specificity is low, and there is a high false positive rate which has been associated with a rising cesarean section rate. The authors suggest that EFM is considered and analyzed as a classic screening test and not a diagnostic test. Furthermore, it requires contextualization with other risk factors to achieve improved performance. A new proposed metric, the Fetal Reserve Index, takes into account additional risk factors and has demonstrated significantly improved performance metrics. It is going through the phases of further development, evaluation, and wider clinical implementation.
Crime Fiction and Ecology

Crime Fiction and Ecology
  • From the Local to the Global
  • Nathan Ashman
  • Published online:
    14 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • This Element examines how contemporary ecological crime narratives are responding to the scales and complexities of the global climate crisis. It opens with the suggestion that there are certain formal limits to the genre's capacity to accommodate and interrogate these multifaceted dynamics within its typical stylistic and thematic bounds. Using a comparative methodological approach that draws connections and commonalities between literary crime texts from across a range of geographical locales – including works from Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, North America and Oceana – it therefore seeks to uncover examples of world crime fictions that are cultivating new forms of environmental awareness through textual strategies capable of conceiving of the planet as a whole. This necessitates a movement away from considering crime fictions in the context of their distinct and separate national literary traditions, instead emphasising the global and transnational connections between works.
Refugee Policies in East Asia

Refugee Policies in East Asia
  • Petrice R. Flowers
  • Published online:
    14 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • East Asia stands apart from the rest of Asia in the prevalence of the institutionalization of the 1951 Refugee Convention. Despite this widespread adoption of the Convention in East Asia, the record on implementation into domestic law and policy is uneven. This Element offers a comparative analysis of the gap between the institutionalization of the Refugee Convention and the implementation of refugee policy in China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau, and Mongolia. Specific attention is given to two key policy issues: refugee status determination—deciding who is granted government recognition as a refugee—and complementary forms of protection—protection based on statutes other than the Refugee Convention. This Element demonstrates that implementation of the Refugee Convention in East Asia depends on a vibrant civil society with the space and opportunity to engage with local UNHCR offices, local branches of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), and other stake holders.
Printing Technologies and Book Production in Seventeenth-Century Japan

Printing Technologies and Book Production in Seventeenth-Century Japan
  • Peter Kornicki
  • Published online:
    14 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025
  • This Element first sets the history of printing in Japan in its East Asian context, showing how developments in China, Korea and elsewhere had an impact upon Japan. It then undertakes a re-examination of printing in seventeenth-century Japan and in particular explores the reasons why Japanese printers abandoned typography less than fifty years after it was introduced. This is a question that has often been posed but never satisfactorily answered, but this Element takes a new approach, focusing on two popular medical texts that were first printed typographically and then xylographically. The argument presented here is that the glosses relied upon by Japanese readers could be much more easily be provided when printing xylographically: since from the early seventeenth century onwards printed books customarily included glosses for the convenience of readers, this was surely the reason for the abandonment of typography.
Psycholinguistics and Phonology

Psycholinguistics and Phonology
  • The Forgotten Foundations of Generative Phonology
  • Naiyan Du, Karthik Durvasula
  • Published online:
    14 January 2025
    Print publication:
    20 February 2025
  • Research over the last few decades has consistently questioned the sufficiency of abstract/ discrete phonological representations based on putative misalignments between predictions from such representations and observed experimental results. The authors first suggest that many of the arguments ride on misunderstandings of the original claims from generative phonology, and that the typical evidence furnished is consistent with those claims. They then focus in on the phenomenon of incomplete neutralisation and show that it is consistent with the classic generative phonology view. The authors further point out that extant accounts of the phenomenon do not achieve important desiderata and typically do not provide an explanation for either the phenomenon itself, or why there are actually at least two different kinds of incomplete neutralisation that don't stem from task confounds. Finally, they present new experimental data and explain that the phenomenon is an outcome of planning using abstract/discrete phonological knowledge.
The Welfare State in East Asia

The Welfare State in East Asia
  • Joseph Wong
  • Published online:
    14 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025
  • During the postwar period, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea emerged as industrial and democratic exemplars in the East Asia region. A less well-known story is of their equally remarkable achievements in social policy reform and the formation of welfare states. Section 1 of the Element provides an overview of welfare state deepening in Japan, Taiwan and Korea and an account of why and how the developmental states institutionalized the social insurance model. Section 2 examines the drivers of social welfare universalization in Japan, Taiwan and Korea, notably the importance of democratization. Section 3 focuses on emerging challenges to the East Asian welfare state and how it has adapted. Though Japan, South Korea and Taiwan evolved their welfare states in a distinctive way historically, the current challenges they face and their responses have converged with other developed, post-industrial democracies.

Page 12 of 101