Captivity has political, mental and social effects on captives. According to stress severity, captivity duration, religious idea, resistance and affective susceptibility, captivity causes significant mental and neurological effects. Present study was aimed to evaluate mental situation of captives’ children in Isfahan Province.

This was a cross-sectional analytic observational study. Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SQD) was used for mental evaluation of captives’ children. We selected 384 objectives by random sampling.

There was a significant difference between emotional signs, disruptive and communicational problems and social behaviors related with the age of children. A significant difference was also seen between emotional signs and educational level of children.

Captivity of the father in long term has unsuitable physical and mental effects on children. Rate of these effects depends on mother's reaction to loss of spouse as well as age, and the social support provided for children.

To explore correlations of outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD transitioning from IR MPH onto OROS MPH.

Post hoc analyses of a 12 week open label trial in patients (6-18 yrs) with a diagnosis of ADHD (ICD-10) transitioning from IR MPH onto OROS MPH. Assessments included Conners parents rating scale, children's global assessment scale and quality of life (ILC; LK0-28) of patients, including self rating and parent's rating. A regression model on difference in CPRS at endpoint from baseline as dependent variable and sex, age, baseline CPRS and diagnosis as explanatory variables was performed. Relationships between ILC, CPRS and C-GAS scores were assessed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients.

598 patients (ITT population; 84.8% boys; median 10 yrs) received a median starting and final dose of PR OROS MPH of 36 mg/day. Scores on C-GAS, CPRS, ILC (parents and patients) improved (p< 0.001). Burden of disease in care givers and children decreased (p< 0.001). Older age, poor baseline score, diagnosis of F.90.0 (hyperkinetic disorder) were associated with greater improvements on CPRS. The difference between endpoint versus baseline scores of patient's and parent's rating of patient's ILC, C-GAS and ILC (patients'rating) correlated. ILC (parents'rating) and CPRS correlated inversely (a decrease in CAARS was associated with higher scores on ILC).

Transitioning to OROS MPH was associated with improvement in daily functioning, quality of life and decreased burden of disease. Improvement in symptoms was associated with improved quality of life aspects and better social functioning.

Aim of the study was assessing motivation to change in a clinical sample of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and its relation to specific cognitions and behaviours.

N= 77 patients with anorexia nervosa (75 female, 2 males, mean age = 15.8, SD = 1.3) were evaluated with Anorexia Nervosa Stage of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ) measuring motivation to recover and further questionnaires evaluating treatment and course of the disorder. The latter included Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), the Eating Attitude Test (EAT), the Pros and Cons of Anorexia nervosa questionnaire (PCAN), and the Body Image Questionnaire (FKAN). Data were collected at treatment onset (T1), follow-up was after 12 months (T2).

At T1 motivation to change was significantly related to the EDI subscale measuring drive for thinness (p < .001) and body dissatisfaction (p< .01), to the PCAN pros scales measuring appearance (p< .01) and safe/structure (p< .01), to the EAT scale measuring dieting (p< .001) and the FKAN subscale measuring the feeling of body massivity (p< .001).The stage of motivation to change at treatment onset was very low in the sample (67% in stage 1 = precontemplation or 2 = contemplation). There was no relation between motivation at T1 and BMI at T2 but the increase of motivation between T1 and T2 predicted a better outcome (BMI at T2).

Motivation to change is related to specific cognitions and behaviours in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. Increase of treatment motivation during the first months of treatment seems to be predictive for outcome.

Analizing connection between risk factors in family and behavioral disturbances in children whose parents have had symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

We analyzed a group of 100 children of school age (10 -15 years) in two randomly choused schools. Those children are from complete families and their parents agreed to participate in psychometric testing. We divided those children in two groups: Experimental group (N=50)- those parents show symptoms of PTSD, and Control group (N=50) those whose parents do not show symptoms of PTSD. The assessment to PTSD symptoms and level of dramatization in parents was done with Harvard Trauma Questionnaire- Bosnia and Herzegovina version), and behavior disturbances by using Child Behavior Check List (CBCL for parents, Achenbach 1991). According to gender and participation of parents the sample was homogeneous. Data were processed with descriptive statistics.

Children of parents with PTSD symptoms show higher correlation of family size, number of children in family, (p< 0.05), the level of parents education, social and economic state of family and symptoms of behavior disturbances (p< 0.01). Regarding expression of Internalization as behavior characteristic is in higher correlation with family size (p< 0.01) and Externalization is in higher correlation with family size, socio- economic state of family and education of parents (p< 0.05).

Children whose parents have symptoms of PTSD show significantly higher correlation of risk factors in family and behavior problems. The highest correlation is associated with family size, number of children in family, education of parents and economic circumstances.

Primary objective was to evaluate the influence of atomoxetine on standard variables of a computer-based Continuous Performance Test (cb-CPT) that reflects executive function and inhibitory control in children with ADHD.

Two-arm, 8-week, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study in ADHD patients (6-12yrs). Atomoxetine was initiated at 0.5 mg/kg qd for 1 week, followed by 7 weeks on the target dose of 1.2 mg/kg qd. Primary outcome were the q-scores of the cb-CPT standard variables after 8 weeks using mixed models for repeated measurement. Additionally, ADHD-RS scores, WREMB (Weekly Ratings of Evening and Morning Behavior) and CGI-S-ADHD were assessed (weeks 0,1,2,4,6,8).

N=128 patients were randomized, N=125 evaluated (atomoxetine/placebo: 63/62). Baseline characteristics were comparable (77.6% boys; 40.0% patients with ODD/CD; 24.8% prior stimulant treatment; mean (±SD) age 9.0±1.79yrs; mean ADHD-RS total score 36.99±11.56). At Week 8, all primary outcomes (cb-CPT q-scores) were significantly reduced vs. placebo (all p< 0.001) for mean (effect size [ES] 0.41), variance (ES=0.71), and normalized variance (ES=0.50) of “Reaction time”, “Number of microevents” (ES=1.00), “Commission errors” (ES=0.50), “Omission errors” (ES=0.70), “Distance of movement” (ES=0.90) and “Area of movement” (ES=1.08), “Time active” (ES=0.69), and “Motion simplicity” (ES=0.38). Secondary endpoints at Week 8 improved significantly in favor of atomoxetine: ADHD-RS: total score ES=1.30, p< 0.001; hyperactive/impulsive subscore ES=1.37, p< 0.001; inattentive subscore ES=1.07, p< 0.001). WREMB: total score ES=1.00, p< 0.001; morning subscore ES=0.59, p=0.002.; evening subscore ES=1.02, p< 0.001. CGI-S-ADHD: ES=1.11; p< 0.001.

Atomoxetine for 8 weeks significantly reduced ADHD symptoms as measured by the objective cb-CPT.

The aim of the study was assessing differences in selected psychosocial and behavioural variables between a referred sample of patients with an eating disorder, a non-referred risk sample with eating problems, and a healthy control group.

There were N=100 patients (95 females and 5 males, Mean age = 15.8, SD = 1.3) in the referred sample. The two matched non-referred groups of each N=215 participants (95% females, 5% males; Mean age =16.1, SD = 1.5) stem from the Zurich Adolescent Psychology- and Psychopathology-Study (ZAPPS). Emotional and behavioural problems were assessed using the Youth Self Report (YSR) and a depression scale. In addition, the participants responded to questionnaires covering life events, self-related cognitions, coping capacities, perceived parental behaviour, and family climate.

Compared to both non-referred groups, the referred sample had significantly higher scores on the social withdrawn, anxious/depressed and thought problems scale of the YSR, on the depression and the life events scales, and significantly lower scores on the self esteem scale. Compared to the referred sample, the non-referred risk sample had significantly higher scores on the YSR-scale measuring externalizing problems and the perceived parental rejection scale, but lower scores on the family climate scales measuring cohesion and adaptability.

The three groups were differentiated by various psychosocial and behavioural variables. Externalizing problems and indicators of a poor family climate were more common in a non-referred high-risk group with eating problems than in a referred sample with clinical eating disorders.

To determine the influence of parent and child depressive and anxiety symptoms, family functioning and its influence on child quality of life and diabetes control among children and adolescents.

149 Children and adolescents (aged 8-18 years) with duration of diabetes longer than 1 year were enrolled to the study. Participants and their parents were evaluated by self-report measures (BDI, STAI, CDI, MASC, FACE-IV).

There were 83 males and 66 females in the group. Mean age at the time of evaluation was 13,4±2,7 years. Median duration of diabetes was 4,0 (Interquartile Range 2,4-5,1) years. Mean HbA1c level was 8,0±1,5%. Child depression (beta= -0.41; p< 0.001), child (beta=-0.28; p< 0.01) and parent anxiety (beta=-0.17; p< 0.05) were all associated with lower quality of life. Family communication, flexibility, cohesion and satisfactions scores, despite being significant in univariate correlations were excluded during stepwise regression model building. HbA1c correlated with CDI rating (beta=-0.17; p< 0.05).

Presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among children and their parents significantly worsens the quality of life among individuals with diabetes. Family-based communication trainings could contribute to improved metabolic control.

Post-infarct Depression appears to 15-30% of the patients treated in the Infarction Units, according to the International Standards. It appears 24-72 hours following an Acute Infarction of the Myocardium.

We studied 300 patients treated in the Infraction Treatment Unit for a period of three months, within the framework of a Liaison Consultation Psychiatry program. 180 patients were men (60%) and 120 patients were women (40%). The average age of male patients was 52 years and the average age of female patients was 58 years. These patients were submitted to the Montgomery-Arnsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) to evaluate Depression. According to the results of the Scale, these 120 patients presented depressive symptomatology, 45 patients presented mild symptomatology, 70 patients presented average symptomatology, and 5 patients presented heavy symptomatology.

All the above patients were treated with SSRIs. In particular, they received Fluoxetin, Sitalopram, Esitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline. The MADRS Scale has been evaluated on 15 days, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months following the initiation of therapy. 110 patients (91%) presented a significant reduction of MADRS Scale, while 10 patients (9%) showed resistance to the treatment and had to switch their treatment scheme with SNRIS or NASSAS.

The SSRIs constitute the most advisable treatment for post-infraction depression, due to their low side-effect profile. The rate of positive outcome for post-infarction depression treatment was especially high (91%) during treatment with SSRIs at a level consistent with the international literature reference.

To analyze the clinical and demographic profile of psychiatric interconsultations in a pediatric ward of a Brazilian university hospital in 2008.

Review and statistical analysis, using SPSS, of the medical records of the 31 children/adolescents admitted to the Hospital from the University of Campinas-Brazil who required psychiatric assessment.

1,072 children/adolescents were hospitalized, with a total of 1,933 admissions. Psychiatric consultation was requested for 31(16 girls and 15 boys), 4(12.9%) were hospitalized more than once in 2008. Ages: 2 months-18 years old (mean: 9.9 ± 4.5). 19(61.3%) were white, 5(16.1%) mixed and 3(9.7%) black. Mothers were responsible for the children/adolescents in 23(74.5%) cases. 2(6.5%) children attended kindergarten and 19(61.3%), primary school. The permanence time varied between 1-199 days (mean: 24 ± 38.1). 8(25.8%) patients had psychiatric diagnoses at admission and were taking psychotropic drugs. 26(83.9%) had a positive clinical pediatric history. In 25(80.6%) patients the psychiatry diagnosed at least one mental disorder (more than one in 15-48.4% patients). Depressive mood disorders were the most prevalent. Psychiatric pharmacotherapy was used for 20(64.5%) patients and 17(54.8%) continued taking medication after discharge. Only 1 patient did not need referral after discharge. 1 patient died 7 months after the assessment.

The experience of being ill can have great emotional significance for children/adolescents and their families. The presence of a psychiatrist on staff can help the pediatrician in dealing with these situations, influencing therapy and prognosis.

Depressive syndromes in chronic heart failure (CHF) are highly prevalent with 20-40% and are associated with various aspects of increased cardiac mortality and impact on health system. Likewise, CHF may increase the risk of developing depression or vice-versa via bidirectional interactions of possible shared pathophysiology.

While at current only a minority of comorbid patients with CHF receives adequate diagnosis and treatment, identification, treatment, and prevention by optimizing cardiological and psychiatric strategies appears essential. - An introductory overview on the occurrence, atypical presentation of symptoms, and risk factors of depression and CHF will be given (Norra et al. 2008) with main regard on the recent work.

Concerning depression profiles, conventional cut-off-scores of rating instruments were analysed and have to be newly discussed in cardiologic patients (Forkmann et al. 2009). Further, depressed inpatients versus cardiologic inpatients with depression (Norra et al. in prep) showed differences on the cognitive-emotional aspects of depression (e.g. self-accusation, crying, social withdrawal) as opposed to great similarities (e.g. anergy, sleep disturbances). Here, sleep-related breathing disorders may also contribute to the depressive phenotype in CHF (Skobel, Norra et al. 2005). Interestingly, poor subjective sleep quality significantly predicts increased depressive symptoms in cardiac disease (Norra et al. in prep).

Only early screening, diagnosis and treatment of subclinical/modified depression in CHF may prevent further deteriorating effects of this comorbid disease on the heart and brain. A multicenter trial ‘MyHeart’ (EU 6th framework, IST 507816) is ongoing with a special focus on potential cardiac markers and depressive symptoms.

No figures exist for the prevalence of personality disorder in ethnic minorities, compared to the general UK population, where prevalence figures range between 13% for general practitioner patients to 40-50% of psychiatric in-patients. Differences in diagnosis indicate that Black patients more likely to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia and less likely to be diagnosed with personality disorder. There is underuse of psychotherapy services by ethnic groups and less likelihood of receiving psychological therapies.

A cross-sectional survey of inpatient data collected over 2 years(2007-2009), examined the prevalence of personality disorder, with regards to ethnic distribution, among 6531 psychiatric inpatients. The survey was conducted in Mersey Care NHS Trust, a mental health care provider in the North West of England. Ethnicity was divided into 2 broad categories, White British and Black and Minority Ethnic group (BME).

273(4.2%) patients were diagnosed with personality disorder. 91(33.3%) males and 177(64.8%) females had personality disorder diagnosis. 23(8.4%) BME patients compared to 250(91.6%) White British patients were diagnosed with personality disorder. The most common diagnosis was Emotionally Unstable personality disorder (184 cases). Personality disorder is under-diagnosed in this inpatient population compared to the evidence base. Results support the research evidence base, that personality disorder in BME is under-diagnosed.

Personality disorder is a stigmatizing label and is fraught with diagnostic uncertainty. Pre-existing attitudes in these communities regard mental illness as a non-entity, a stigma or taboo. It is not only the patient population that needs educating but also the professionals responsible for detection and management of personality disorder.

Language is the main investigative and communicative tool in psychiatry and adequate understanding of language is essential for thorough assessment by the clinician, and for patient satisfaction. Interference with communication impairs our ability to assess a patient comprehensively. In a Department of Health survey of British Asians in hospital, more than half had experienced difficulties in communication and reported dissatisfaction with existing interpretation services.

Audit whether language needs and Ethnicity are addressed in an adult inpatient sample and evaluate consequent impact on hospital admission duration.

Casenotes of patients, who were identified as having language needs, were audited against National Institute for Mental Health in England(NIMHE) standards for the provision of an interpreter at every medical review(standard=100%). Electronic patient data was analysed for recording of ethnicity, language, admission duration and demographic data.

Sample size 3028. 3028(100%) had ethnicity recorded and 1434(47%) had spoken language recorded. Of 23 case notes audited, an interpreter was present on 28.3% of occasions. White British patients had average admission durations of 39.8 days compared to 53.7 days in Black/minority ethnic groups(BME). English speaking patients spent 43.4 days in hospital compared to 74.9 days for non-English speaking patients. BME/Non-English speaking patients spent 78.8 days in hospital compared to 42.1 days for English speaking/White British patients.

The study highlights an immediate need for addressing language/interpretation services within the trust. The implications of longer hospital admission duration on service user experience/dissatisfaction with services and financial implications for the Trust are evident. Further training for staff in cultural awareness and documentation of needs has been recommended.

Major depression is often associated with cardiovascular diseases, due to the common ethiopathogenic mechanism: increased sympathetic activity. Mild cognitive impairment is associated with major depression and cardiovascular diseases are a predisposing factor leading to cognitive decline.

of this study is to determine the association of biological markers of sympathetic hyperactivity with cognitive decline in the context of a major depression associated with cardiovascular diseases.

60patients with major depression and cardiovascular pathology were included (16 over 65years and 44 under65). The intensity of depression was evaluated with MADRS and the intensity of cognitive decline was evaluated with MMSE. Paraclinical tests (cortisolemia, fibrinogen,CRP) were also performed.

Increased systolic blood pressure is significantly associated with high MADRSscores and low MMSEscores in the elderly(p=0.004, p=0,035, CI=95%) and in adults(p< 0.05,p=0.034,CI=95%). Increased diastolic blood pressure is significantly associated only with MADRSscores in adults(p=0.019,CI=95%) and it is not correlated with MMSE, neither in adults nor in the elderly.

Increased cortisolemia is significantly associated with the intensity of cognitive decline (p=0.027,CI=95%) and with the intensity of depression (p< 0.05,CI=95%) in adults but the correlation in the elderly is not significant (p>0.05,CI=95%, in both cases). Fibrinogen is not carelated with cognitive decline and with depression but CRP is associated more strongly with the adults (p=0.003,CI=95%) than with the elderly (p=0.041,CI=95%).

Increased systolic blood pressure and CRP are associated with cognitive decline in adults and in the elderly. Hypercortisolemia is significantly associated with mild cognitive impairment only in adults.

To evaluate the cognitive status in an elderly population including both community-dwellers and institutionalised subjects.

462 subjects (mean age 85.1±6.9 years, 53.2% females) living in the Faenza district (Ravenna, Northern Italy) were interviewed and clinically evaluated. The Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX) was administered to all participants to collect socio-demographic and clinical information. The cognitive status was evaluated using the cognitive assessment included in the CAMDEX (CAMCOG) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (adjusted by sex and age). Cut-offs were as follow: CAMCOG scores < 80; MMSE scores < 24.

The CAMCOG identified 245 subjects (53.0%) as cognitively impaired; 132 persons (28.6%) had a MMSE score < 24 and were impaired in the activities of daily living. Prevalence of dementia (DSM-IV criteria) was 19.1% (N=88), including 11 cases of ‘questionable’ dementia. Demented subjects were more likely to be women (65.9%), were less educated (p< 0.05) and older than non-demented (p< 0.001). Demented subjects scored significantly lower than non-demented subjects in any cognitive domain at CAMCOG (p< 0.001).

Cognitive domains: mean score and standard deviation (p< 0.001).

Non-demented vs Demented

All subjects: 78.4(±15.9) vs 28.7(±21.7)

Males: 81.1(±13.0) vs 35.0(±19.9)

≤85: 83.3(±12.3) vs 38.0(±20.5)

>85: 75.7(±13.2) vs 34.0(±20.2)

Females all: 75.7(±18.0) vs 24.3(±21.9)

≤85: 82.5(±12.4) vs 58.5(±10.8)

>85: 67.0(±20.2) vs 18.4(±17.5)

Among demented subjects, only 4.5% were treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (p=0.046); 10.2% used other anti-dementia medications (p=0.067).

Despite of the high prevalence of dementia, only few subjects affected by dementia were properly treated.

We hypothesized that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) not treated with anti-dementia therapy are institutionalized at the earlier AD stages compared to the ones who took nosotropic therapy timely.

100 outpatients with AD were treated with AChE-inhibitors in the Moscow Alzheimer's center. The controls were AD patients, hospitalized in gerontopsychiatric units of the Moscow Psychiatric Hospital №15 and not treated with anti-dementia drugs before.

The mean duration of dementia syndrome in the main group was 73.2±27.6 months compared to 21.6±13.2 months in the control group. The mean duration of the hospitalization in the control group proved to be 6.3±5.6 months (i.e. 29% of dementia syndrome duration). We suggest, that without the antidementia therapy patients of the main group could be hospitalized also for 29% of the duration of dementia syndrome (≥ 21.2 months). The cost of one bed day in Moscow hospitals in 2009 year is 31.2 EUR, thus total expenses for a hospital treatment of one patient with AD for 21.2 months would be 19902.6 EUR (given). The expenses for a treatment of one patient in out-patient clinic for 21.2 months excluding medical staff salary range from 1605.3 EUR (memantine) to 2422 EUR (AChE-inhibitors). Therefore, treatment of AD patients in outpatient clinic instead of hospitalization allows to save 17480.6-18297.3 EUR for public health service budget for each patient.

Long-term anti-Alzheimer therapy allows to postpone institutionalization. Economic expenses resulted from AD-patients institutionalization more than 8 times exceed the cost of the appropriate therapy in outpatient clinic.

This study investigated the efficacy of memantine alone or in combination for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a naturalistic setting, specifically for the cognitive and behavioural symptom domains.

Open-label, 6-month observational study, conducted at 110 sites in Greece. Efficacy was based on the MMSE and NPI scales at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Statistical analysis was made on a modified intent-to-treat dataset (ITT: at least one valid post-baseline measurement) using last observation carried forward (LOCF), and observed cases (OC, defined as patients assessed at all 3 visits).

1,469 patients were enrolled. Their mean age was 75.7±6.5 years and the majority were women (52.7%). At baseline the average scores were 17.6 (±5.3) for the MMSE and 30.6 (±25.9) for the NPI. 285 patients (19.4%), received combination treatment (a second AD medication) during the observation period.

Both cognitive and behavioral symptoms were improved at the end of the study, as measured by the MMSE and NPI scales (repeated measures analysis of variance Hotelling's test, p-value< 0.001, both ITT, LOCF and OC analyses). After 3 and 6 months, cognitive function improved for 50.3% and 55.8% of the patients (ITT, LOCF), while behavioral symptoms improved for 56.8% and 62%, respectively.

Memantine was well tolerated, with 3.5% (52) of patients withdrawing from the study for any reason and 7.6% reporting adverse events.

Memantine treatment resulted in significant improvement of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with AD and was well tolerated based on patient withdrawals.

The objective of the study was to explore whether IETM participate in the development of Alzheimer disease's rats which were established by D-galactose and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3).

Adult Wistar rats were subjected to 90 days of intraperitoneal injection with D-galactose and AlCl3 to establish the Alzheimer disease's model. After the administration, the study and memory ability of the Alzheimer disease's rats were observed by Morris water maze; The level of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the sera of Alzheimer disease's rats was determined by tachypleus amebocyte lysate method; The level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the sera of Alzheimer disease's rats were determined by radioimmunity method; The express of amyloid β-protein precursor (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1) and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE) in hippocampus of Alzheimer disease's rats were detected by RT-PCR.

Compared with the normal control, the level of LPS in the sera and the express of APP, PSI, BACE mRNA in the hippocampus of Alzheimer disease's rats were markedly increased (P< 0.01).

The model of Alzheimer disease's rats which were established by D-galactose and AlCl3 is accompanied IETM. This result suggests that IETM play an important role in the development of Alzheimer disease.

The present work was undertaken in order to investigate the effects of systemic lipopolysaccharide endotoxin administration (250 μg/kg) on spatial memory formation and oxidative stress in rats subjected to right-unilateral lesion of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra by means of 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) compared to normal and lipopolysaccharide alone treated rats.

Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200 ± 50 at the start of the experiment were used. The substantia nigra was right-unilateral lesioned by stereotaxic microinjections of 8 micrograms (free base) 6-OHDA. The rats were pretreated 30 min before the 6-OHDA infusion with 25 mg/kg desipramine to protect noradrenergic projections. Sham-operated rats received only an injection of desipramine, followed by vehicle in the substantia nigra. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Escherichia coli serotype 0111:B4, Sigma) was dissolved in pyrogen-free 0.9% NaCl at the concentration of 250 μg/kg and intraperitonealy injected in normal and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats for a period of 7 continuous days. 7 days after continuous LPS administration we assessed memory formation by means of Y-maze and radial arm-maze task, and the endogenous antioxidants activity in rat temporal cortical area.

Systemic lipopolysaccharide administration significantly decreased spontaneous alternation in Y-maze task, working memory and reference memory in radial arm-maze task, suggesting impairment of both short-term memory and long term-memory, respectively. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide administration significantly decreased activity of the biochemical markers of endogenous antioxidants in rat temporal cortical area.

Our results further validate that lipopolysaccharide may exacerbate the development of neurological dysfunctions associated with Parkinson's disease.