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Ampo's Troubled 50th: Hatoyama's Abortive Rebellion, Okinawa's Mounting Resistance and the US-Japan Relationship - Part 3

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2025

Gavan McCormack
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This is the third and final part of a comprehensive survey of the US-Japan relationship defined by the Ampo Treaty of 1960, and refined subsequently in ways that have deepened Japanese and Okinawan subordination to American global power and ambitions. The article focuses on questions pertaining to the legacy of Article Nine of the Constitution, and to Okinawa and base relations as a template for exploring the troubled Ampo relationship, including the powerful and sustained Okinawan resistance to US base expansion.

Type
Research Article
Information
Asia-Pacific Journal , Volume 8 , Issue 22 , May 2010 , e4
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2010

Footnotes

A Macedonian translation by John Obri is available here: http://science.webhostinggeeks.com/japanfocus-gavan-mk

A Ukrainian translation by Nikita Shevchenko is available here: https://craftresumes.com/ampo-problem-50%20

A Russian translation by Victor Rudnev of Essay Help Writer is available here: http://nativeedumaterials.com/categories/history/Bespokoistvo-Ampo-50th-Abertivnoe-vostanie-Hatoiamu-narastayshchee-soprotivlenie-Okinavu-i-amerikano-iaponskie-otnoshenia-Chast-3/

A Polish translation by Marie Stefanova is available here: https://www.bildeleekspert.dk/blog/2019/03/14/ampo-niespokojny-50-nieudany-bunt-hatoyama-narastajacy-opor-okinawy-stosunki-stanow-zjednoczonych-japonii-czesc-3/

References

Notes

1 Taoka Shunji, quoted in Taketomi Kaoru, “Amerika ga keikai suru Ozawa dokutorin ‘honto no nerai’,” Sapio, 9 September 2009, pp. 11-14.

2 “Tenkanki no ampo 2010: jochu naki Futenma, shusho ‘fukuan no mikata fujo,”, “Mainichi shimbun, 8 April 2010 (English translation in Satoko Norimatsu, “The myth of 18,000 Marines in Okinawa admitted by USMC, “Peace Philosophy, 11 April 2010. 2010)

3 Sato Manabu, “Forced to ‘Choose’ its Own Subjugation: Okinawa's Place in U.S. Global Military Realignment,” Japan Focus, 2 August 2006.

4 Yanagisawa Kyoji (special researcher and former Director of National Institute for Defense Studies), “Futenma no kakushin –kaiheitai no yokushiryoku o kensho seyo,” Asahi shimbun, 28 January 2010.

5 See also Satoshi Ogawa, “Key marine forces to leave Okinawa prefecture,” Yomiuri shimbun, 22 November 2009.

6 Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review, February 2010, p. 89.

7 Iha Yoichi, “Why build a base on Okinawa when the marines are relocating to Guam? Okinawan mayor challenges Japan and the US,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, 18 January 2009. See also Dario Agnote, “Makeover to turn Guam into US fortress,” Japan Times, 12 January 2010.

8 Iha Yoichi, interviewed in “Futenma isetsu to Henoko shin kichi wa kankei nai,” Shukan kinyobi, 15 January 2010, pp. 28-9.

9 Retired Marine General Wallace Gregson, currently Pentagon Foreign Office Assistant Secretary for East Asia, addressing the Japan Institute for International Affairs, 1 February 2010. (“U.S. awaiting Futemma decision, to seek joint solution: official,” Kyodo, 1 February 2010)

10 Lt General Keith Stalder, commander of US Marines in Asia (“US Commander reveals true purpose of troops in Okinawa is to remove North Korea's nukes,” Mainichi shimbun, 1 April 2010.)

11 19.5 per cent of businesses in Nago were reported closed (shuttered) as of 2008. (Chinen Kiyoharu, “Nago shicho sen hitotsu ni natta min-i,” Sekai, March 2010, pp. 20-24, at p. 22.)

12 Figures from a study conducted by the prefecture quoted in Maedomari Hiromori, “‘Kichi izon keizai’ to iu shinwa,” Sekai, February 2010, pp. 203-209, especially p. 207.

13 Maedomari, ibid, p. 203.

14 “Futenma hikojo daitai, kennai isetsu hantai 68%,” Okinawa Times, 14 May 2009. In the Northern Districts (including Nago Ciy) opposition was even higher, at 76 per cent.

15 “Futenma iten: Genko keikaku ni ‘hantai” 67%, Okinawa yoron chosa, “Mainichi shimbun, 2 November 2009; for a partial English account, “Poll: 70 percent of Okinawans want Futenma moved out of prefecture, Japan, “Mainichi Daily News, 3 November 2009. Foreign Minister Okada's “Kadena option “also had scant support. 72 per cent of people opposed it.

16 The “Open Letter” to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the time of her February 2009 February visit to Tokyo demanded cancellation of the Henoko plan, immediate and unconditional return of Futenma, and further reductions in the US military presence “Hirari R. Kurinton Beikokumu chokan e no shokan (Open Letter to Secretary of State Clinton), by Miyazato Seigen and 13 other representative figures of Okinawa's civil society, 14 February 2009, (Japanese) text at “Nagonagu zakki, “Miyagi Yasuhiro blog, 22 March 2009; English text courtesy Sato Manabu.

17 “Kengikai, Futenma ‘kokugai kengai isetsu motomeru’ ikensho kaketsu,” Okinawa Times, 24 February 2010. A resolution to the same effect had been passed by a majority in July 2008.

18 “Zen shucho kennai kyohi, Futenma kengai tekkyo no shiodoki,” editorial, Ryukyu shimpo, 1 March 2010; “Ken shicho kaigi kennai hantai ketsugi zenkai itchi kuni no chokusetsu yosei,” Okinawa Times, 6 April 2010.

19 Onaga Takeshi, “Okinawa wa ‘yuai’ no soto na no ka,” Sekai, February 2010, pp. 149-154.

20 “Kagoshima Mage-to ga hyojo,” Ryukyu shimpo, 5 December 2009 (with photograph).

21 “US in the dark on final Futenma decision,” Asahi shimbun, 5 February 2010.

22 Media reports, especially “Govt to offer 2 Futenma alternatives,” Yomiuri Shimbun, 18 March 2010, and “Futenma hikojo isetsu mondai – 1010 hekutaru jinkojima o teian,” Ryukyu shimpo, 16 March 2010.

23 “Hojo no umi sango kagayaku – Futenma isetsu kohochi,” Ryukyu shimpo, 3 April 2010.

24 “Hatoyama shusho, Okinawa kinrin o mosaku, seiji sekinin ni hatsu genkyu,” Ryukyu shimpo, 22 April 2010.

25 Defense Vice-Minister Nagishima Akihisa, quoted in John Brinsley and Sachiko Sakamaki, “US base to stay on Okinawa, Japanese official says,” Bloomberg, 2 March 2010.

26 “US likely to nix Futenma alternatives,” Yomiuri shimbun, 26 March 2010.

27 “Hatoyama's latest Futenma tack: move choppers to Tokunoshima,” Japan Times, 10 April 2010.

28 “Chiji, seifu 2 an o konnan shi, Futenma isetsu,” Okinawa Times, 3 April 2010.

29 “Ken-nai 2 an wa ‘mattaku dame’,” Asahi shimbun, 1 April 2010.

30 “Futenma seifu an –min-i azamuku wasuto no an da,” editorial, Ryukyu shimpo, 27 March 2010.

31 “Tokunoshima's Record-Breaking Addition to Ryukuans' Democratic Voices,” 18 April 2010.

32 Satoshi Ogawa, “US distrust of Japan sharply accelerating,” Yomiuri shimbun, 19 April 2010.

33 Al Kamen, “Among leaders at summit, Hu's first,” Washington Post, 14 April 2010.

34 John Pomfret, ‘Japan moves to settle dispute with US over base relocation, “Washington Post, 23 April 2010. Hatoyama claimed that the talks had been an “in depth “discussion.

35 “Tero kiken, kankyo-men mo kadai … isetsuan QIP koho,” Yomiuri shimbun, 29 April 2009.

36 “When I stood by the waters of Henoko, I felt very strongly that creating a landfill over those waters would be a sacrilege against nature. The current agreement should not be accepted.” (“Few Futenma choices left for Hatoyama,” Asahi shimbun, 26 April 2010).

37 “Kankyo hairyogata umetate” “Futenma isetsu seifu-an 28 nichi happyo de chosei, Henoko umetate mo,” Mainichi shimbun, 19 May 2010.

38 Clynt Ridgell, “US EPA calls DEIS ‘Environmentally unsatisfactory,” Pacific News Center, 25 February 2010.

39 For documents, maps, etc, including the 17 January 1966 “General Development Plan, Marine Corps Facility, Henoko, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands,” see Makishi Yoshikazu, “Henoko kaijo kichi keikaku wa 1966 nen kara,” http://www.ryukyu.ne.jp/~maxi/sub3.html.

40 “Oura-wan ni 36 shinshu, ebi kani-rui, ken ni hozon hatarakikake e,” Ryukyu shimpo, 25 November 2009 (and photo).

41 Sakurai Kunitoshi, “The Guam Treaty as a modern ‘disposal’ of the Ryukyus,” The Asia Pacific Journal, 21 September 2009.

42 Shimabukuro sought its move by 350 metres to the south and 150 metres to the west. (“Futenma asesu Nago Shicho iken,” Ryukyu shimpo, 26 August 2009). For Nakaima, see “Futenma asesu, Okinawa ken chiji ga ikensho ‘gutai an o sokyu ni’,” Ryukyu shimpo, 13 October 2009; also interview with Nakaima, Okinawa Times, 12 October 2009; and 14 October Ryukyu shimpo editorial, “Asesu chiji iken.”

43 Hideki Yoshikawa, “Dugong Swimming in Uncharted Waters: US Judicial Intervention to Protect Okinawa's ‘Natural Monument’ and Halt Base Construction,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, 7 February 2009.

44 WWF (World Wildlife Fund), Japan, “Futenma hikojo daitai shisetsu jigyo ni kakawaru kankyo eikyo hyoka junbisho ni taisuru ikensho,” 13 May 2009; also Urashima Etsuko, “Okinawa Yambaru, kaze no tayori, (10), Ikusa yo wa tsuzuku,” Impaction, No 170, August 2009, pp. 128-141, at p. 137.

45 Kent E. Calder, Embattled Garrisons: Comparative Base Politics and American Globalism, Princeton University Press, 2008.

46 “Nichibei ampo kaitei 50 nen Okinawa no futan keigen honki de,” Okinawa Times, 19 January 2009.

47 “Okinawa no min-i – Kennai isetsu ‘No’ ga senmei da,” Ryukyu shimpo, editorial, 3 November 2009.

48 “Futenma mondai kuni teiso e chosahi keijo, gikai ni yosan teian,” Okinawa Times, 27 February 2010.

49 Amaki Naoto, Introduction to his Saraba Nichibei domei (Farewell to the Japan-US Alliance), forthcoming, Kodansha 2010, as pre-published in his blog, “Amaki Naoto merumaga,” 31 March 2010. Amaki, formerly Japanese ambassador to Lebanon, was dismissed in 2003 for opposing the US launch of war against Iraq.

50 “Kengikai, Futenma ‘kengai isetsu motomeru’ ikensho kaketsu,” Okinawa Times, 24 February 2010.

51 See “Camp Zama, 1 Corps FWD·HQ, The organization and mission.”