Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:05:29.933Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Functional imaging of obsessive–compulsive disorder

from Section III - Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2011

By
Bon-Mi Gu ,
Do-Hyung Kang  and
Jun Soo Kwon
Edited by
Martha E. Shenton  and
Bruce I. Turetsky
Bon-Mi Gu
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
Do-Hyung Kang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
Jun Soo Kwon
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science and Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
Martha E. Shenton
Affiliation:
VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Bruce I. Turetsky
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has explored a broad range of cognitive functions, in addition to the neural correlates of symptom provocation and symptom improvement after treatment. Additionally, given the heterogeneity of patients with OCD, some fMRI research has examined symptom-specific neural correlates or comparisons of different symptom dimensions in these patients. fMRI research on OCD has also included family members of patients with OCD, and have suggested trait-dependent neural patterns of cognitive dysfunction and genetic susceptibility to OCD.

The current model of OCD pathophysiology involves cortico basal ganglia–thalamo-cortical loop dysfunction, especially including dysfunction in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), caudate nucleus, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The major findings in neuroimaging research in OCD suggest hyperactivation in the ventral frontal–striatal areas, such as the OFC, insula, ACC, and caudate head, during symptom provocation or resting states, and generally show normalized activation after symptom improvement. Additionally, various cognitive paradigms have been applied to fMRI research in OCD, and have provided evidence of neural correlates of specific cognitive dysfunction. The overall results of fMRI research in cognitive paradigms indicate reduced brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) or parietal lobes, related to executive function or cognitive flexibility, increased hippocampus activation, as compensation for dysfunction in the basal ganglia during implicit sequence learning, and hyperactivation in ACC, related to error processing.

Keywords

cognitive activation paradigmscortico basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop dysfunctionfunctional MRIsymptom-specific neural correlatesobsessive-compulsive disordersymptom provocation studies
Type
Chapter
Information
Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Insights from Neuroimaging
 , pp. 247 - 259
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, C M, McDonough-Ryan, P, Sax, K W, Holland, S K, Arndt, S and Strakowski, S M. 2000. fMRI of neuronal activation with symptom provocation in unmedicated patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 34, 317–24.Google Scholar
Alonso, P, Menchon, J M, Mataix-Cols, D, et al. 2004. Perceived parental rearing style in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Relation to symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Res 127, 267–78.Google Scholar
An, S K, Mataix-Cols, D, Lawrence, N S, et al. 2009. To discard or not to discard: the neural basis of hoarding symptoms in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 14, 318–31.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N C, Paradiso, S and O'Leary, D S. 1998. “Cognitive dysmetria” as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: A dysfunction in cortical–subcortical–cerebellar circuitry? Schizophr Bull 24, 203–18.Google Scholar
Bannon, S, Gonsalvez, C J, Croft, R J and Boyce, P M. 2002. Response inhibition deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 110, 165–74.Google Scholar
Bannon, S, Gonsalvez, C J, Croft, R J and Boyce, P M. 2006. Executive functions in obsessive–compulsive disorder: State or trait deficits? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40, 1031–8.Google Scholar
Baxter, L R, Schwartz, J M, Bergman, K S, et al. 1992. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49, 681–9.Google Scholar
Benkelfat, C, Nordahl, T E, Semple, W E, King, A C, Murphy, D L and Cohen, R M. 1990. Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Patients treated with clomipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47, 840–8.Google Scholar
Bolton, D, Raven, P, Madronal-Luque, R and Marks, I M. 2000. Neurological and neuropsychological signs in obsessive compulsive disorder: Interaction with behavioural treatment. Behav Res Ther 38, 695–708.Google Scholar
Boulougouris, V, Dalley, J W and Robbins, T W. 2007. Effects of orbitofrontal, infralimbic and prelimbic cortical lesions on serial spatial reversal learning in the rat. Behav Brain Res 179, 219–28.Google Scholar
Breiter, H C and Rauch, S L. 1996. Functional MRI and the study of OCD: From symptom provocation to cognitive–behavioral probes of cortico-striatal systems and the amygdala. Neuroimage 4, S127–38.Google Scholar
Cannistraro, P A, Wright, C I, Wedig, M M, et al. 2004. Amygdala responses to human faces in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 56, 916–20.Google Scholar
Cath, D C, Grootheest, D S, Willemsen, G, Oppen, P and Boomsma, D I. 2008. Environmental factors in obsessive–compulsive behavior: Evidence from discordant and concordant monozygotic twins. Behav Genet 38, 108–20.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, S R, Blackwell, A D, Fineberg, N A, Robbins, T W and Sahakian, B J. 2005. The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: The importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29, 399–419.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, S R, Fineberg, N A, Blackwell, A D, Robbins, T W and Sahakian, B J. 2006. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive–compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry 163, 1282–4.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, S R, Fineberg, N A, Menzies, L A, et al. 2007. Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164, 335–8.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, S R, Menzies, L, Hampshire, A, et al. 2008. Orbitofrontal dysfunction in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder and their unaffected relatives. Science 321, 421–2.Google Scholar
Corcoran, K M, Woody, S R and Tolin, D F. 2008. Recognition of facial expressions in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 22, 56–66.Google Scholar
Critchley, H D, Wiens, S, Rotshtein, P, Ohman, A and Dolan, R J. 2004. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci 7, 189–95.Google Scholar
Deckersbach, T, Savage, C R, Curran, T, et al. 2002. A study of parallel implicit and explicit information processing in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159, 1780–2.Google Scholar
Delorme, R, Gousse, V, Roy, I, et al. 2007. Shared executive dysfunctions in unaffected relatives of patients with autism and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 22, 32–8.Google Scholar
Braber, A, Ent, D, Blokland, G A, et al. 2008. An fMRI study in monozygotic twins discordant for obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Biol Psychol 79, 91–102.Google Scholar
Dias, R, Robbins, T W and Roberts, A C. 1996. Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 380, 69–72.Google Scholar
Enright, S J and Beech, A R. 1993. Reduced cognitive inhibition in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Br J Clin Psychol 32, 67–74.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, K D, Welsh, R C, Gehring, W J, et al. 2005. Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57, 287–94.Google Scholar
Gehring, W J, Coles, M G, Meyer, D E and Donchin, E. 1995. A brain potential manifestation of error-related processing. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 44, 261–72.Google Scholar
Gehring, W J, Himle, J and Nisenson, L G. 2000. Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Sci 11, 1–6.Google Scholar
Gu, B M, Park, J Y, Kang, D H, et al. 2008. Neural correlates of cognitive inflexibility during task-switching in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Brain 131, 155–64.Google Scholar
Hornak, J, O'Doherty, J, Bramham, J, et al. 2004. Reward-related reversal learning after surgical excisions in orbito-frontal or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 16, 463–78.Google Scholar
Inouye, E. 1965. Similar and dissimilar manifestations of obsessive–compulsive neuroses in monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 121, 1171–5.Google Scholar
Johannes, S, Wieringa, B M, Nager, W, et al. 2001. Discrepant target detection and action monitoring in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 108, 101–10.Google Scholar
Jung, W H, Gu, B M, Kang, D H, et al. 2009. BOLD response during visual perception of biological motion in obsessive–compulsive disorder: An fMRI study using the dynamic point-light animation paradigm. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259, 46–54.Google Scholar
Kang, D H, Kwon, J S, Kim, J J, et al. 2003. Brain glucose metabolic changes associated with neuropsychological improvements after 4 months of treatment in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 107, 291–7.Google Scholar
Karno, M, Golding, J M, Sorenson, S B and Burnam, M A. 1988. The epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 1094–9.Google Scholar
Kiehl, K A, Liddle, P F and Hopfinger, J B. 2000. Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate: An event-related fMRI study. Psychophysiology 37, 216–23.Google Scholar
Kim, J, Doop, M L, Blake, R and Park, S. 2005. Impaired visual recognition of biological motion in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 77, 299–307.Google Scholar
Kim, M S, Park, S J, Shin, M S and Kwon, J S. 2002. Neuropsychological profile in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder over a period of 4-month treatment. J Psychiatr Res 36, 257–65.Google Scholar
Lawrence, N S, An, S K, Mataix-Cols, D, Ruths, F, Speckens, A and Phillips, M L. 2007. Neural responses to facial expressions of disgust but not fear are modulated by washing symptoms in OCD. Biol Psychiatry 61, 1072–80.Google Scholar
Lazaro, L, Caldu, X, Junque, C, et al. 2008. Cerebral activation in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder before and after treatment: A functional MRI study. J Psychiatr Res 42, 1051–9.Google Scholar
Maltby, N, Tolin, D F, Worhunsky, P, O'Keefe, T M and Kiehl, K A. 2005. Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal–striatal circuits in obsessive–compulsive disorder: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 24, 495–503.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D, Alonso, P, Pifarre, J, Menchon, J M and Vallejo, J. 2002. Neuropsychological performance in medicated vs. unmedicated patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 109, 255–64.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D, Wooderson, S, Lawrence, N, Brammer, M J, Speckens, A and Phillips, M L. 2004. Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 564–76.Google Scholar
Menon, V, Adleman, N E, White, C D, Glover, G H and Reiss, A L. 2001. Error-related brain activation during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Hum Brain Mapp 12, 131–43.Google Scholar
Menzies, L, Achard, S, Chamberlain, S R, et al. 2007. Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Brain 130, 3223–36.Google Scholar
Menzies, L, Chamberlain, S R, Laird, A R, Thelen, S M, Sahakian, B J and Bullmore, E T. 2008. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder: The orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, 525–49.Google Scholar
Miguel, E C, Leckman, J F, Rauch, S, et al. 2005. Obsessive–compulsive disorder phenotypes: Implications for genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 10, 258–75.Google Scholar
Miyata, A, Matsunaga, H, Kiriike, N, Iwasaki, Y, Takei, Y and Yamagami, S. 1998. Event-related potentials in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52, 513–8.Google Scholar
Morault, P M, Bourgeois, M, Laville, J, Bensch, C and Paty, J. 1997. Psychophysiological and clinical value of event-related potentials in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 42, 46–56.Google Scholar
Nabeyama, M, Nakagawa, A, Yoshiura, T, et al. 2008. Functional MRI study of brain activation alterations in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder after symptom improvement. Psychiatry Res 163, 236–47.Google Scholar
Nakao, T, Nakagawa, A, Yoshiura, T, et al. 2005a. A functional MRI comparison of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder and normal controls during a Chinese character Stroop task. Psychiatry Res 139, 101–14.Google Scholar
Nakao, T, Nakagawa, A, Yoshiura, T, et al. 2005b. Brain activation of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder during neuropsychological and symptom provocation tasks before and after symptom improvement: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 57, 901–10.Google Scholar
Nestadt, G, Samuels, J, Riddle, M, et al. 2000. A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57, 358–63.Google Scholar
Nielen, M M and Boer, J A. 2003. Neuropsychological performance of OCD patients before and after treatment with fluoxetine: Evidence for persistent cognitive deficits. Psychol Med 33, 917–25.Google Scholar
Parker, H A, McNally, R J, Nakayama, K and Wilhelm, S. 2004. No disgust recognition deficit in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 35, 183–92.Google Scholar
Pauls, D L, Alsobrook, J P, Goodman, W, Rasmussen, S and Leckman, J F. 1995. A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152, 76–84.Google Scholar
Penades, R, Catalan, R, Rubia, K, Andres, S, Salamero, M and Gasto, C. 2007. Impaired response inhibition in obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 22, 404–10.Google Scholar
Phillips, M L, Marks, I M, Senior, C, et al. 2000. A differential neural response in obsessive–compulsive disorder patients with washing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychol Med 30, 1037–50.Google Scholar
Phillips, M L, Young, A W, Scott, S K, et al. 1998. Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust. Proc Biol Sci 265, 1809–17.Google Scholar
Phillips, M L, Young, A W, Senior, C, et al. 1997. A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature 389, 495–8.Google Scholar
Pitman, R K. 1987. A cybernetic model of obsessive–compulsive psychopathology. Compr Psychiatry 28, 334–43.Google Scholar
Purcell, R, Maruff, P, Kyrios, M and Pantelis, C. 1998a. Cognitive deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder on tests of frontal–striatal function. Biol Psychiatry 43, 348–57.Google Scholar
Purcell, R, Maruff, P, Kyrios, M and Pantelis, C. 1998b. Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A comparison with unipolar depression, panic disorder, and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55, 415–23.Google Scholar
Rauch, S L. 2003. Neuroimaging and neurocircuitry models pertaining to the neurosurgical treatment of psychiatric disorders. Neurosurg Clin N Am 14, 213–23, vii–viii.Google Scholar
Rauch, S L, Savage, C R, Alpert, N M, et al. 1997a. Probing striatal function in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A PET study of implicit sequence learning. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9, 568–73.Google Scholar
Rauch, S L, Wedig, M M, Wright, C I, et al. 2007. Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain activation during implicit sequence learning in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61, 330–6.Google Scholar
Rauch, S L, Whalen, P J, Savage, C R, et al. 1997b. Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 5, 124–32.Google Scholar
Rauch, S L, Whalen, P J, Shin, L M, et al. 2000. Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 47, 769–76.Google Scholar
Remijnse, P L, Nielen, M M, Balkom, A J, et al. 2006. Reduced orbitofrontal–striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63, 1225–36.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, D R and Keshavan, M S. 1998. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Toward a neurodevelopmental model of of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 43, 623–40.Google Scholar
Roth, R M, Saykin, A J, Flashman, L A, Pixley, H S, West, J D and Mamourian, A C. 2007. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of response inhibition in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 62, 901–09.Google Scholar
Rubin, R T, Ananth, J, Villanueva-Meyer, J, Trajmar, P G and Mena, I. 1995. Regional 133xenon cerebral blood flow and cerebral 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder before and during treatment. Biol Psychiatry 38, 429–37.Google Scholar
Sanavio, E. 1988. Obsessions and compulsions: The Padua Inventory. Behav Res Ther 26, 169–77.Google Scholar
Sanz, M, Molina, V, Martin-Loeches, M, Calcedo, A and Rubia, F J. 2001. Auditory P300 event related potential and serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment in obsessive–compulsive disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 101, 75–81.Google Scholar
Saxena, S, Brody, A L, Ho, M L, et al. 2002. Differential cerebral metabolic changes with paroxetine treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder vs major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59, 250–61.Google Scholar
Saxena, S, Brody, A L, Maidment, K M, et al. 1999. Localized orbitofrontal and subcortical metabolic changes and predictors of response to paroxetine treatment in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 21, 683–93.Google Scholar
Saxena, S, Brody, A L, Schwartz, J M and Baxter, L R. 1998. Neuroimaging and frontal–subcortical circuitry in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 35(Suppl), 26–37.Google Scholar
Saxena, S and Rauch, S L. 2000. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 23, 563–86.Google Scholar
Schienle, A, Schafer, A, Stark, R, Walter, B and Vaitl, D. 2005. Neural responses of OCD patients towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust-inducing and fear-inducing pictures. Int J Psychophysiol 57, 69–77.Google Scholar
Schmahmann, J D and Pandya, D N. 1997. The cerebrocerebellar system. Int Rev Neurobiol 41, 31–60.Google Scholar
Shapira, N A, Liu, Y, He, A G, et al. 2003. Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 54, 751–6.Google Scholar
Sheline, Y I, Barch, D M, Donnelly, J M, Ollinger, J M, Snyder, A Z and Mintun, M A. 2001. Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: An fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry 50, 651–8.Google Scholar
Sprengelmeyer, R, Rausch, M, Eysel, U T and Przuntek, H. 1998. Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions. Proc Biol Sci 265, 1927–31.Google Scholar
Sprengelmeyer, R, Young, A W, Pundt, I, et al. 1997. Disgust implicated in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Proc Biol Sci 264, 1767–73.Google Scholar
Stein, D J and Ludik, J. 2000. A neural network of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Modelling cognitive disinhibition and neurotransmitter dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 55, 168–76.Google Scholar
Stevens, A A, Skudlarski, P, Gatenby, J C and Gore, J C. 2000. Event-related fMRI of auditory and visual oddball tasks. Magn Reson Imaging 18, 495–502.Google Scholar
Swedo, S E, Pietrini, P, Leonard, H L, et al. 1992. Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. Revisualization during pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49, 690–4.Google Scholar
Tolin, D F, Kiehl, K A, Worhunsky, P, Book, G A and Maltby, N. 2009. An exploratory study of the neural mechanisms of decision making in compulsive hoarding. Psychol Med 39, 325–36.Google Scholar
Towey, J, Bruder, G, Tenke, C, et al. 1993. Event-related potential and clinical correlates of neurodysfunction in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 49, 167–81.Google Scholar
Ursu, S, Stenger, V A, Shear, M K, Jones, M R and Carter, C S. 2003. Overactive action monitoring in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Sci 14, 347–53.Google Scholar
Heuvel, O A, Veltman, D J, Groenewegen, H J, et al. 2005. Frontal–striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62, 301–09.Google Scholar
Wee, N J, Ramsey, N F, Jansma, J M, et al. 2003. Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex. Neuroimage 20, 2271–80.Google Scholar
Wee, N J, Ramsey, N F, Megen, H J, Denys, D, Westenberg, H G and Kahn, R S. 2007. Spatial working memory in obsessive–compulsive disorder improves with clinical response: A functional MRI study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17, 16–23.Google Scholar
Oppen, P and Arntz, A. 1994. Cognitive therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 32, 79–87.Google Scholar
Veale, D M, Sahakian, B J, Owen, A M and Marks, I M. 1996. Specific cognitive deficits in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 26, 1261–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Functional imaging of obsessive–compulsive disorder
    • By Bon-Mi Gu, Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea, Do-Hyung Kang, Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea, Jun Soo Kwon, Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science and Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book: Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Online publication: 10 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Functional imaging of obsessive–compulsive disorder
    • By Bon-Mi Gu, Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea, Do-Hyung Kang, Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea, Jun Soo Kwon, Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science and Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book: Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Online publication: 10 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Functional imaging of obsessive–compulsive disorder
    • By Bon-Mi Gu, Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea, Do-Hyung Kang, Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea, Jun Soo Kwon, Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science and Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book: Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Online publication: 10 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091.018
Available formats
×