Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:37:40.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Black Women in Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2023

Donna Baptiste
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Adia Gooden
Affiliation:
Unconditionally Worthy, Co.
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Promoting Black Women's Mental Health
What Practitioners Should Know and Do
, pp. 19 - 130
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In Cooper, H., Camic, P. M., Long, D. L, Panter, A. T., Rindskopf, D., & Sher, K. J (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 5771). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Brendaly, Drayton, taught qualitative research courses at the University of Memphis and Penn State University. She is co-editor of two adult educational journals and is currently a scholar-in-residence at Penn State University.Google Scholar
Floyd, L. (2020, November 6). Black women are facing an overwhelming mental health crisis. Prevention. https://www.prevention.com/health/mental-health/a33686468/black-women-mental-health-crisis/Google Scholar
Gaines, P. (2020, June 29). Black Americans experience deadly stress as pandemic and violent-racism collide. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-americans-experience-deadly-stress-pandemic-violent-racism-collide-experts-n1231448Google Scholar
Gaines, P. (2021, May 27). Black people are in a mental health crisis. Their therapists are busier than ever. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-people-are-mental-health-crisis-therapists-are-busier-ever-rcna1045Google Scholar
Hamp, A., Stamm, K., Lin, L., & Christidis, P. (2016). 2015 survey of psychology health service providers. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/15-health-service-providers/index.aspxGoogle Scholar
Lin, L., Stamm, K., & Christidis, P. (2018, February). How diverse is the psychology workforce? Monitor on Psychology, 49(2). http://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/02/datapointGoogle Scholar
Winfrey-Harris, T. (2015). The sisters are alright: Changing the broken narrative of Black women in America. Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar

Organizations

Black Women’s Health Imperative. (n.d.). https://bwhi.org/Google Scholar
Fertility for Colored Girls. (n.d.). https://www.fertilityforcoloredgirls.org/Google Scholar

Books

Evans, S. Y., Bell, K., & Burton, N. K. (2017). Black women’s mental health: Balancing strength & vulnerability. SUNY Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, A. M. (2020). Know your price: Valuing Black lives and property in America’s Black cities. Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Singh, A. A. (2019). The racial healing handbook: Practical activities to help you challenge privilege, confront systemic racism, & engage in collective healing. New Harbinger Publications. Google Scholar
Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The origins of our discontents. Random House.Google Scholar
Zeigler, I. B. (2021). Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen: The emotional lives of black women now your price: Valuing Black lives and property in America’s Black cities. Harper Collins Publishers.Google Scholar

Articles

Coates, T. N. (2015). The case for reparations. In Holt, S. (Ed.), The Best American Magazine Writing 2015 (pp. 150). Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

References

Allen, A. M., Thomas, M. D., Michaels, E. K., Reeves, A. N., Okoye, U., Price, M. M., Hasson, R. E., Syme, S. L., & Chae, D. H. (2019). Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregulation among midlife African American women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 99, 225235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, N., Ryder, S., Forbes, C., Ross, J., & Quek, R. G. (2019). A systematic review of the international prevalence of BRCA mutation in breast cancer. Clinical Epidemiology, 11, 543561.Google Scholar
Assari, S., Moazen-Zadeh, E., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017). Racial discrimination during adolescence predicts mental health deterioration in adulthood: Gender differences among Blacks. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 104.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, J. C., Aboulafia, G. N., & McIntosh, A. (2020, April 3). The ACA at 10: How has it impacted mental health care? The Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2020/aca-10-how-has-it-impacted-mental-health-careGoogle Scholar
Bell, C. N., Sacks, T. K., Tobin, C. S. T., & Thorpe, R. J. (2020). Racial non-equivalence of socioeconomic status and self-rated health among African Americans and Whites. SSM-Population Health, 10, 100561.Google Scholar
Bell, C. N., Thorpe, R. J., Bowie, J. V., & LaVeist, T. A. (2018). Race disparities in cardiovascular disease risk factors within socioeconomic status strata. Annals of Epidemiology, 28(3), 147152.Google Scholar
Bethea, T. N., Zhou, E. S., Schernhammer, E. S., Castro-Webb, N., Cozier, Y. C., & Rosenberg, L. (2020). Perceived racial discrimination and risk of insomnia among middle-aged and elderly Black women. Sleep, 43(1), zsz208.Google Scholar
Braveman, P., Heck, K., Egerter, S., Dominguez, T. P., Rinki, C., Marchi, K. S., & Curtis, M. (2017). Worry about racial discrimination: A missing piece of the puzzle of Black-White disparities in preterm birth? PLoS ONE, 12(10), e0186151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brito, C. (2020, April 29). Beloved New York City teacher dies from coronavirus after family claims she was denied testing twice. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rana-zoe-mungin-brooklyn-teacher-coronavirus-dies-denied-testingGoogle Scholar
Buchmueller, T. C., Levinson, Z. M., Levy, H. G., & Wolfe, B. L. (2016). Effect of the Affordable Care Act on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage. American Journal of Public Health, 106(8), 14161421.Google Scholar
Burgess, D. J., Ding, Y., Hargreaves, M., Van Ryn, M., & Phelan, S. (2008). The association between perceived discrimination and underutilization of needed medical and mental health care in a multi-ethnic community sample. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 19(3), 894911.Google Scholar
Byfield, E. & Intarasuwan, K. (2020, June 4). Along with COVID, racial trauma takes extra mental toll on African Americans. NBC New York. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/along-with-covid-racial-trauma-takes-extra-mental-toll-on-african-americans/2442886/Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, September 5). Racial and ethnic disparities continue in pregnancy-related deaths [Press release]. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0905-racial-ethnic-disparities-pregnancy-deaths.htmlGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Obesity, race/ethnicity and COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/obesity-and-covid-19.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chen, J., Vargas-Bustamante, A., Mortensen, K., & Ortega, A. N. (2016). Racial and ethnic disparities in health care access and utilization under the Affordable Care Act. Medical Care, 54(2), 140146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosselman, K. E., Navas-Acien, A., & Kaufman, J. D. (2015). Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 12(11), 627642.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1990). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 12411299.Google Scholar
Culhane, J. F., & Elo, I. T. (2005). Neighborhood context and reproductive health. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 192(5), S22S29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dastagir, A. E. (2020, June 21). “A culmination of crises”: America is in turmoil, and a mental health crisis looms next. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/06/20/covid-racism-recession-mental-health-impacts-may-long-lasting/3211464001/Google Scholar
Davis, E. M., Rovi, S., & Johnson, M. S. (2005). Mental health, family function and obesity in African-American women. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(4), 478482.Google Scholar
Dubowitz, T., Heron, M., Basurto-Davila, R., Bird, C. E., Lurie, N., & Escarce, J. J. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in US health behaviors: A decomposition analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35(3), 290304.Google Scholar
Edwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. (2019). Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(34), 1679316798.Google Scholar
Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory: Vol. 2. Sage.Google Scholar
Ettman, C. K., Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2020). Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2019686e201968616798.Google Scholar
Evans, W. N., & Garthwaite, C. L. (2014). Giving mom a break: The impact of higher EITC payments on maternal health. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(2), 258290.Google Scholar
Fishman, S. (2020). An extended evaluation of the weathering hypothesis for birthweight. Demographic Research, 43, 929968.Google Scholar
Fowers, A., & Wan, W. (2020, June 12). Depression and anxiety spike after George Floyd’s death. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/12/mental-health-george-floyd-censusGoogle Scholar
Fry, C. E., & Sommers, B. D. (2018). Effect of Medicaid expansion on health insurance coverage and access to care among adults with depression. Psychiatric Services, 69(11), 11461152.Google Scholar
Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M. T., Pearson, J. A., Seashols, S. J., Brown, K. L., & Cruz, T. D. (2010). Do US Black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging?: A novel theory and first population-based test of Black-White differences in telomere length. Human Nature, 21(1), 1938.Google Scholar
Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Cohen, D., Hunter, G., Zenk, S. N., Huang, C., Beckman, R., & Dubowitz, T. (2014). Distance to store, food prices, and obesity in urban food deserts. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(5), 587595.Google Scholar
Hall, J. C., Everett, J. E., & Hamilton-Mason, J. (2012). Black women talk about workplace stress and how they cope. Journal of Black Studies, 43(2), 207226.Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., Narrow, W. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2008). Racial/ethnic disparities in service utilization for individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders in the general population. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(7), 11121121.Google Scholar
Himmelstein, M. S., Young, D. M., Sanchez, D. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2015). Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychology & Health, 30(3), 253267.Google Scholar
Hotz, V. J. (2003). The earned income tax credit. In Moffit, R. A. (Ed.) Means-tested transfer programs in the United States (pp. 141198). University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoynes, H., Miller, D., & Simon, D. (2015). Income, the earned income tax credit, and infant health. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7(1), 172211.Google Scholar
Hudson, D. L., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2016). Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(3), 221243.Google Scholar
John, E. M., Miron, A., Gong, G., Phipps, A. I., Felberg, A., Li, F. P., West, D. W., & Whittemore, A. S. (2007). Prevalence of pathogenic BRCA1 mutation carriers in 5 US racial/ethnic groups. JAMA, 298(24), 28692876.Google Scholar
Jones, C. P. (2002). Confronting institutionalized racism. Phylon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2013, March 13). Health coverage by race and ethnicity: The potential impact of the Affordable Care Act (Issue brief). https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/health-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-the-potential-impact-of-the-affordable-care-actGoogle Scholar
Marr, C., & Huang, Y. (2019, September 9). Women of color especially benefit from working family tax credit. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/women-of-color-especially-benefit-from-working-family-tax-creditsGoogle Scholar
Martin, N. & Montagne, R. (2017, December 7). Black mothers keep dying after giving birth. Shalon Irving’s story explains why. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2017/12/07/568948782/black-mothers-keep-dying-after-giving-birth-shalon-irvings-story-explains-whyGoogle Scholar
Massey, D., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
National Council for Behavioral Health. (2018, October 10). America’s mental health, 2018. https://www.cohenveteransnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Research-Summary-10-10-2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Navaie-Waliser, M., Spriggs, A., & Feldman, P. H. (2002). Informal caregiving: differential experiences by gender. Medical Care, 40(12), 12491259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 21912200.Google Scholar
Purtle, J. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health equity in the United States. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(8), 969971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, A. S., Boone-Heinonen, J., Popkin, B. M., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2011). Neighborhood fast food restaurants and fast food consumption: A national study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 543.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, C. (2016). Mothering while Black: Feminist thought on maternal loss, mourning and agency in the African diaspora. Transforming Anthropology, 24(1), 6169.Google Scholar
Saha, S., Arbelaez, J. J., & Cooper, L. A. (2003). Patient–physician relationships and racial disparities in the quality of health care. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 17131719.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 10201026.Google Scholar
Simmons, A., Taylor, J., Finegold, K., Yabroff, R., Gee, E., & Chappel, A. (2016, June 14). The Affordable Care Act: Promoting better health for women. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/205066/ACAWomenHealthIssueBrief.pdfGoogle Scholar
Slopen, N., Koenen, K. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012). Childhood adversity and immune and inflammatory biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk in youth: A systematic review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(2), 239250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., Nelson, A. R., & Institute of Medicine. (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Snowden, L. R. (2003). Bias in mental health assessment and intervention: Theory and evidence. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 239243.Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adults (HHS Publication No. SMA-15-4906). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHServicesUseAmongAdults/MHServicesUseAmongAdults.pdfGoogle Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Results from the 2018 national survey on drug use and health: Detailed tables. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2018-nsduh-detailed-tablesGoogle Scholar
Thomas, A. J., Witherspoon, K. M., & Speight, S. L. (2008). Gendered racism, psychological distress, and coping styles of African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 307314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.307Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. (2021, July 8). Infant mortality and African Americans. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=23Google Scholar
VanderWielen, L. M., Gilchrist, E. C., Nowels, M. A., Petterson, S. M., Rust, G., & Miller, B. F. (2015). Not near enough: Racial and ethnic disparities in access to nearby behavioral health care and primary care. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 26(3), 10321047.Google Scholar
Villarosa, L. (2018, April 11). Why America’s Black mothers and babies are in a life-or-death crisis. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/magazine/black-mothers-babies-death-maternal-mortality.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Auchincloss, A. H., Barber, S., Mayne, S. L., Griswold, M. E., Sims, M., & Roux, A. V. D. (2017). Neighborhood social environment as risk factors to health behavior among African Americans: The Jackson heart study. Health & Place, 45, 199207.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R. (2002). Racial/ethnic variations in women’s health: the social embeddedness of health. American Journal of Public Health, 92(4), 588597.Google Scholar
Wilson, S., Hutson, M., & Mujahid, M. (2008). How planning and zoning contribute to inequitable development, neighborhood health, and environmental injustice. Environmental Justice, 1(4), 211216.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Social determinants of health. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1Google Scholar
Young, R., & McMahon, S. (2020, June 16). #SayHerName puts spotlight on Black women killed by police. WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/06/16/black-women-deaths-protestsGoogle Scholar

Books

Bryant-Davis, T. (Ed.). (2019). Multicultural feminist therapy: Helping adolescent girls of color to thrive. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Gorman, A. (2021). The hill we climb and other poems. Penguin Young Readers Group.Google Scholar
Hurston, Z. N. (1937). Their eyes were watching God. J. B. Lippincott & Co.Google Scholar
Mans, J. (1982). Black girl, call home. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Morris, M. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls in schools. New Press.Google Scholar
Shange, N. (1974). For colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (2017). The hate u give. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Walker, A. (1982). The color purple. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar

Films

Berry, D. C., & Duke, B. (Directors). (2011). Dark girls [Film]. RLJ Entertainment.Google Scholar
Egbuonu, O. (Director). (2020). Invisible portraits [Film]. Independently Published.Google Scholar
Rees, D., Cooper, N., Pierce, W., Oduye, A., Walker, P., Mellesse, S., Wright, G., Wise, D., Lewis, C., Anders, M., & Craig, K. (2007). Pariah [Film]. Northstar Pictures.Google Scholar

Media Sources

Cooper, A. (2021, June 2). Cooper speaks with children years later on effects of racial bias in their childhood [Video]. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2021/06/02/racial-bias-children-cooper-pkg-ac360.cnnGoogle Scholar
Watkins, Z. S. (2016, August 2). Growing up as a black girl. Odyssey. https://www.theodysseyonline.com/growing-up-as-black-girlGoogle Scholar

References

Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74(1), 6375.Google Scholar
Aston, C., Graves, S., McGoey, K., Lovelace, T., & Townsend, T. (2018). Promoting sisterhood: The impact of a culturally focused program to address verbally aggressive behaviors in Black girls. Psychology in the Schools, 55(1), 5062.Google Scholar
Bachanas, P. J., Morris, M. K., Lewis-Gess, J. K., Sarett-Cuasay, E. J., Sirl, K., Ries, J. K., & Sawyer, M. K. (2002). Predictors of risky sexual behavior in African American adolescent girls: Implications for prevention interventions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 519530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A. E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. P. (2018). Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review. American Psychologist, 73(7), 855883.Google Scholar
Brown, D. L., Rosnick, C. B., Griffin-Fennell, F. D., & White-Johnson, R. L. (2017). Initial development of a gendered-racial socialization scale for African American college women. Sex Roles, 77(3–4), 178193.Google Scholar
Buckley, T. R., & Carter, R. T. (2005). Black adolescent girls: Do gender role and racial Identity: Impact their self-esteem? Sex Roles, 53(9–10), 647661.Google Scholar
Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Leath, S., Williams, A., Byrd, C., Carter, R. & Chavous, T. M. (2017a). Promoting resilience among African American girls: Racial identity as a protective factor. Child Development, 89 (6), e552e571.Google ScholarPubMed
Butler-Barnes, S. T., Varner, F., Williams, A., & Sellers, R. (2017b). Academic identity: A longitudinal investigation of African American adolescents’ academic persistence. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(7), 714739.Google Scholar
Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Richardson, B. L., Chavous, T. M., & Zhu, J. (2019). The importance of racial socialization: School‐based racial discrimination and racial identity among African American adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(2), 432448.Google Scholar
Carter, J. (2015). A call to action: Women, religion, violence, and power. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Celious, A., & Oyserman, D. (2001). Race from the inside: An emerging heterogeneous race model. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 149165.Google Scholar
Chavous, T. M., Rivas-Drake, D., Smalls, C., Griffin, T., & Cogburn, C. (2008). Gender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 637654.Google Scholar
Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. K. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In Newcomb, T. & Hartley, E. (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. Holt.Google Scholar
CNN. (2010b, May 14). Study: White and black children biased toward lighter skin. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/05/13/doll.study/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cooper, A. (2021, June 2). Cooper speaks with children years later on effects of racial bias in their childhood [Video]. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2021/06/02/racial-bias-children-cooper-pkg-ac360.cnnGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, K., Ocen, P., & Nanda, J. (2015 ). Black girls matter: Pushed out, overpoliced and underprotected. African American Policy Forum & Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies. http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/54dcc1ece4b001c03e323448/1423753708557/AAPF_BlackGirlsMatterReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Crosnoe, R. (2011). Fitting in, standing out: Navigating the social challenges of high school to get an education. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davis Tribble, B. L., Allen, S. H., Hart, J. R., Francois, T. S., & Smith-Bynum, M. A. (2019). “No [right] way to be a black woman”: Exploring gendered racial socialization among black women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(3), 381397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318825439Google Scholar
Epstein, R., Blake, J., & González, T. (2017). Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of black girls’ childhood. SSRN Electronic Journal, 3000695.Google Scholar
Gerding, S. A., & Aubrey, J. (2018). Sexualization, youthification, and adultification: A content analysis of images of girls and women in popular magazines. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(3), 625646.Google Scholar
Gooden, A. S., & McMahon, S. D. (2016). Thriving among African‐American adolescents: Religiosity, religious support, and communalism. American Journal of Community Psychology, 57(1–2), 118128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12026Google Scholar
Hamlat, E. J., Stange, J. P., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2014). Early pubertal timing as a vulnerability to depression symptoms: Differential effects of race and sex. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(4), 527538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9798-9Google Scholar
Herman-Giddens, M. E. (2013). The enigmatic pursuit of puberty in girls. Pediatrics, 132(6), 11251126.Google Scholar
Holland, M. M. (2012). Only here for the day: The social integration of minority students at a majority white high school. Sociology of Education, 85(2), 101120.Google Scholar
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747770.Google Scholar
Jones, J. M., Lee, L. H., Matlack, A., & Zigarelli, J. (2018). Using sisterhood networks to cultivate ethnic identity and enhance school engagement. Psychology in the Schools, 55(1), 2035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, M. K., & Day, S. X. (2018). An exploration of Black women’s gendered racial identity using a multidimensional and intersectional approach. Sex Roles, 79(1–2), 115.Google Scholar
Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., & Lim, C. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2017. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(8), 1114.Google Scholar
Kaplan, D. L., Jones, E. J., Olsen, E. C., & Yunzal-Butler, C. B. (2013). Early age of first sex and health risk in an urban adolescent population. Journal of School Health, 83, 350356.Google Scholar
Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Zongrone, A. D., Clark, C. M., & Truong, N. L.(2018). The 2017 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN). https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/GLSEN-2017-National-School-Climate-Survey-NSCS-Full-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lei, J. L. (2003). (Un) necessary toughness? Those “loud Black girls” and those “quiet Asian boys.Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 34(2), 158181.Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S., Naudeau, S., Jelicic, H., Alberts, A., Ma, L., Smith, L. M., Bobek, D. L., Richman-Raphael, D., Christiansen, E. D., & Von Eye, A. (2005). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth-grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave of the 4-H study of positive youth development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 1771.Google Scholar
Lorde, A. (1984) Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., & Osterman, M. J. K. (2018). Births in the United States, 2017 (NCHS data brief no. 318). National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Martin, L. (2021, June 8). “Representation matters,” Sales of diverse dolls booming at mall kiosk in Brockton. CBS Boston. https://boston.cbslocal.com/2021/06/08/widline-pyrame-fusion-dolls-brockton-westgate-mall-kiosk/Google Scholar
Morris, E. W. (2007). “Ladies” or “loudies”? Perceptions and experiences of Black girls in classrooms. Youth and Society, 38(4), 490515.Google Scholar
Morris, M. W. (2019). Countering the adultification of Black girls. Educational Leadership, 76(7), 4448.Google Scholar
Neblett, E. W., Banks, K. H., Cooper, S. M., & Smalls-Glover, C. (2013). Racial identity mediates the association between ethnic racial socialization and depressive symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(2), 200207. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032205Google Scholar
Nishina, A., Bellmore, A., Witkow, M. R., & Nylund-Gibson, K. (2010). Longitudinal consistency of adolescent ethnic identification across varying school ethnic contexts. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 13891401.Google Scholar
Peck, S. C., Brodish, A. B., Malanchuk, O., Banerjee, M., & Eccles, J.S. (2014). Racial/ethnic socialization and identity development in Black families: The role of parent and youth reports. Developmental Psychology, 50(7), 18971909.Google Scholar
Peters, M. (1985). Racial socialization of young Black children. In Pipes McAdoo, H. & McAdoo, J. L. (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 159174). Sage.Google Scholar
Pflieger, J. C., Cook, E. C., Niccolai, L. M., & Connell, C. M. (2013). Racial/ethnic differences in patterns of sexual risk behavior and rates of sexually transmitted infections among female young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 903909.Google Scholar
Rees, D., Cooper, N., Pierce, W., Oduye, A., Walker, P., Mellesse, S., Wright, G., Wise, D., Lewis, C., Anders, M., & Craig, K. (2007). Pariah [Film]. Northstar Pictures.Google Scholar
Reynolds, B. M., & Juvonen, J. (2012). Pubertal timing fluctuations across middle school: Implications for girls’ psychological health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(6), 677690.Google Scholar
Rivas‐Drake, D., Syed, M., Umaña‐Taylor, A., Markstrom, C., French, S., & Schwartz, S. J., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Feeling good, happy, and proud: A meta‐analysis of positive ethnic–racial affect and adjustment. Child Development, 85(1), 77102.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. (2013). Order and dispute: An introduction to legal anthropology. Quid Pro Books.Google Scholar
Ross, T., Kena, G., Rathbun, A., KewalRamani, A., Zhang, J., Kristapovich, P., & Manning, E. (2012). Higher education: Gaps in access and persistence. National Center for Education Statistics.Google Scholar
Salsberry, P. J., Reagan, P. B., & Pajer, K. (2009). Growth differences by age of menarche in African American and White girls. Nursing Research, 58(6), 382390.Google Scholar
Search Institute. (2018). Developmental assets among U.S. youth: 2018 update. https://www.search-institute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/DataSheet-Assets-x-Gender-2018-update.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Cooke, D. Y. (1998). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students’ academic performance. Journal of Black Psychology, 24, 827.Google Scholar
Sellers, R. M., Copeland‐Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. L. H. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 187216.Google Scholar
Smith‐Bynum, M. A., Anderson, R. E., Davis, B. L., Franco, M. G., & English, D. (2016). Observed racial socialization and maternal positive emotions in African American mother–adolescent discussions about racial discrimination. Child Development, 87(6), 19261939.Google Scholar
Stephens, D. P., & Phillips, L. D. (2003). Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women’s sexual scripts. Sexuality and Culture, 7, 349.Google Scholar
Stettler, N. M., & Katz, L. F. (2017). Minority stress, emotion regulation, and the parenting of sexual-minority youth. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 13(4), 380400.Google Scholar
Stevenson, H. C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002). Development of the teenager experience of racial socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(2), 84106.Google Scholar
Stokes, M., Hope, E., Cryer-Coupet, Q., & Elliot, E. (2020). Black girl blues: The roles of racial socialization, gendered racial socialization, and racial identity on depressive symptoms among Black girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(11), 21752189.Google Scholar
Suárez-Orozco, C. (2004). Formulating identity in a globalized world. In Suárez-Orozco, M. M. & Qin-Hilliard, D. B. (Eds.), Globalization: Culture and education in the new millennium (pp. 173202). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tanner-Smith, E. E. (2010). Negotiating the early developing body: Pubertal timing, body weight, and adolescent girls’ substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 14021416.Google Scholar
Tareen, R. S. (2015). Substance abuse and adolescent girls. International Public Health Journal, 7(2), 191207.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. J., & Blackmon, S. M. (2015). The influence of the Trayvon Martin shooting on racial socialization practices of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(1), 7589.Google Scholar
Thomas, O., Davidson, W., & McAdoo, H. (2008). An evaluation study of the Young Empowered Sisters (YES!) Program: Promoting cultural assets among African American adolescent girls through a culturally relevant school-based intervention. Journal of Black Psychology, 34, 281308.Google Scholar
Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., & Hill, N. E. (2020). Ethnic–racial socialization in the family: A decade’s advance on precursors and outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 244271.Google Scholar
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Yip, T., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 2139.Google Scholar
Watkins, Z. S. (2016, August 2). Growing up as a Black girl. Odyssey. https://www.theodysseyonline.com/growing-up-as-black-girlGoogle Scholar
Way, N., Hernández, M. G., Rogers, L. O., & Hughes, D. L. (2013). “I’m not going to become no rapper”: Stereotypes as a context of ethnic and racial identity development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 284(4), 407430.Google Scholar
Yasui, M. (2015). A review of the empirical assessment of processes in ethnic–racial socialization: Examining methodological advances and future areas of development. Developmental Review, 37, 140.Google Scholar

Books

Angelou, M. (1969). I know why the caged bird sings. Random House.Google Scholar
Harris-Perry, M. V. (2011). Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hooks, B. (2001). Salvation: Black people and love. HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Morris, M. W. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of black girls in schools. The New Press.Google Scholar
Morrison, T. (1970). The bluest eye. Holt.Google Scholar
Walker, A. (1982). The color purple. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar

References

Abdou, C. M., & Fingerhut, A. W. (2014). Stereotype threat among Black and White women in health care settings. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 316323. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036946Google Scholar
Adeyinka-Skold, S. (2020). Barriers in women’s romantic partner search in the digital age. In Kalish, R. (Ed.), Young adult sexuality in the digital age (pp. 113137). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3187-7.ch007Google Scholar
Ashley, W. (2014) The angry Black woman: The impact of pejorative stereotypes on psychotherapy with Black women, Social Work in Public Health, 29(1), 2734. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.619449Google Scholar
Beasley, M. A., & Fischer, M. J. (2012). Why they leave: The impact of stereotype threat on the attrition of women and minorities from science, math and engineering majors. Social Psychology of Education, 15(4), 427448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218–012-9185-3Google Scholar
Blascovich, J., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12(3), 225229. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00340Google Scholar
Brown, D. L., & Segrist, D. (2016). African American career aspirations: Examining the relative influence of internalized racism. Journal of Career Development, 43(2), 177189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845315586256Google Scholar
Brown, T. N., Sellers, S. L., & Gomez, J. P. (2002). The relationship between internalization and self-esteem among Black adults. Sociological Focus, 35(1), 5571.Google Scholar
Carr, E. R., Szymanski, D. M., Taha, F., West, L. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (2014). Understanding the link between multiple oppressions and depression among African American women: The role of internalization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(2), 233245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313499900Google Scholar
Daniels, L. (Director). (2009). Precious [Film]. Lee Daniels Entertainment.Google Scholar
Decaille, N., & Hatzipanagos, R. (2019, January 11). What “Surviving R. Kelly” tells us about race and sexual abuse. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/01/11/what-surviving-r-kelly-tells-us-about-race-sexual-abuse/Google Scholar
Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Sage.Google Scholar
Greene, B. (2000). African American lesbian and bisexual women. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 239249. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00163Google Scholar
Harris-Perry, M. V. (2011). Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 113135.Google Scholar
Hill, J. (2019, January 11). R. Kelly and the cost of Black protectionism. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/01/r-kelly-and-cost-black-protectionism/580150/Google Scholar
Hill, M. J. (2013). Is the Black community more homophobic?: Reflections on the intersectionality of race, class, gender, culture and religiosity of the perception of homophobia in the Black community. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 17(2), 208214. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.768089Google Scholar
Jerald, M. C., Cole, E. R., Ward, L. M., & Avery, L. R. (2017). Controlling images: How awareness of group stereotypes affects Black women’s well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 487499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000233Google Scholar
Jerald, M. C., Ward, L. M., Moss, L., Thomas, K., & Fletcher, K. D. (2017). Subordinates, sex objects, or Sapphires? Investigating contributions of media use to Black students’ femininity ideologies and stereotypes about Black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(6), 608635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798416665967Google Scholar
Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). Shifting: The double lives of Black women in America. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Kanahara, S. (2006). A review of the definitions of stereotype and a proposal for a progressional model. Individual Differences Research, 4(5), 306321.Google Scholar
Klesse, C. (2005). Bisexual women, non-monogamy and differentialist anti-promiscuity discourses. Sexualities, 8(4), 445464. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460705056620Google Scholar
Molina, K. M., & James, D. (2016). Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the U.S. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(4), 439461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216641304Google Scholar
Monahan, J. L., Shtrulis, I., & Givens, S. B. (2005). Priming welfare queens and other stereotypes: The transference of media images into interpersonal contexts. Communication Research Reports, 22(3), 199205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036810500207014Google Scholar
Morris, M. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls in schools. The New Press.Google Scholar
Moynihan, D. P. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action (No. 31-33). U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Nadasen, P. (2007). From widow to “welfare queen”: Welfare and the politics of race. Black Women, Gender & Families, 1(2), 5277.Google Scholar
Nelson, C. A. (2006). Of eggshells and thin-skulls: A consideration of racism-related mental illness impacting Black women. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29(2), 112136.Google Scholar
Obama, M. (2018). Becoming. Crown Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Rudder, C. (2014, September 10). Race and attraction, 2009–2014. OKTrends. https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/raceandattraction20092014.htmlGoogle Scholar
Scott, K. D. (2013) Communication strategies across cultural borders: Dispelling stereotypes, performing competence, and redefining Black womanhood. Women’s Studies in Communication, 36(3), 312329. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2013.831005Google Scholar
Sesko, A. K., & Biernat, M. (2010). Prototypes of race and gender: The invisibility of Black women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 356360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.016Google Scholar
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 428. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1998.1373Google Scholar
Steele, C. M. (2010). Whistling Vivaldi: How stereotypes affect us and what we can do. WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. J., Witherspoon, K. M., & Speight, S. L. (2008). Gendered racism, psychological distress, and coping styles of African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 307314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.307Google Scholar
Walley-Jean, J. C. (2009). Debunking the myth of the “angry Black woman”: An exploration of anger in young African American women. Black Women, Gender & Families, 3(2), 6886.Google Scholar
Ward, T. (2019, December 30). I asked 5 Black men why they don’t date Black women and their answers were shocking but not surprising. Praise 102.5. https://mypraiseatl.com/1692779/i-asked-5-black-men-why-they-dont-date-black-women-and-their-answers-were-shocking-but-not-surprising/Google Scholar
West, C. M. (1995). Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of Black women and their implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(3), 458466.Google Scholar

Hotlines and Websites

Me too. (n.d.). https://metoomvmt.org/. Founded by Tarana Burke.Google Scholar
Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network. (n.d.). https://www.rainn.org/. National hotline, resources for survivors, family members, and providers, statistics, and other resources.Google Scholar
The National Center on Violence Against Women in the Black Community. (n.d.). Ujimacommunity.org. Ujima is a clearinghouse for research literature, webinars, national issue forums, regional trainings, community-specific roundtables, blogs, articles, and on-site technical assistance.Google Scholar
The National Organization of Sisters of Color Ending Sexual Assault (SCESA). (n.d.). https://sisterslead.org/. An advocacy organization of Women of Color dedicated to working with our communities to create a just society in which all Women of Color are able to live healthy lives free of violence.Google Scholar
Self-Compassion. (n.d.). https://self-compassion.org/. Self-compassion meditations, scripts, and other resources.Google Scholar

Books

Bryant-Davis, T. (2005). Thriving in the wake of trauma: A multicultural guide (No. 49). Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Buirski, N. (Director). (2018). The rape of Recy Taylor [Film]. Augusta Films LLC. https://www.therapeofrecytaylor.com/the-film/. A documentary about Mrs. Recy Taylor who was gang raped by six White boys in 1944 Alabama. Unbroken, she spoke up and fought for justice with help from Rosa Parks and legions of women.Google Scholar
Herman, J. L. (2015). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence – from domestic abuse to political terror. Hachette UK.Google Scholar
Hooks, B. (1993). Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery. South End Press. Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider. Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Morris, M., & Atlas, J. (Directors). (2019). PUSHOUT: The criminalization of Black girls in schools [Film]. A Woman in the Room Productions. https://pushoutfilm.com/. PUSHOUT is a feature-length documentary that takes a close look at the educational, judicial, and societal disparities facing Black girls.Google Scholar
Ritchie, A. J. (2017). Invisible no more: Police violence against Black women and women of color. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. E. (1997) Killing the Black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Films

Simmons, A. S. (Director). (2006). No! The rape documentary [Film]. AfroLez Productions. https://notherapedocumentary.org/home. NO! The Rape Documentary is the 2006-released Ford Foundation-funded, groundbreaking, film about intraracial rape, accountability, and healing in Black communities. Produced, written, and directed over a period of 12 years, by child sexual abuse and adult rape survivor Aishah Shahidah Simmons, this internationally acclaimed, award-winning film also explores how rape is used as a weapon of homophobia.Google Scholar

References

Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.Google Scholar
Alim, T. N., Feder, A., Graves, R. E., Wang, Y., Weaver, J., Westphal, M., Alonso, A., Aigbogun, N. U., Smith, B. W., Doucette, J. T., Mellman, T. A., Lawson, W. B., & Charney, D. S. (2008). Trauma, resilience, and recovery in a high-risk African-American population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(12), 15661575.Google Scholar
Bath, H. (2008). The three pillars of trauma-informed care. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 17(3), 1721.Google Scholar
Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 3545.Google Scholar
Boyd, J. (1993). In the company of my sisters: Black women and self-esteem. Dutton.Google Scholar
Bryant-Davis, T. (2005). Thriving in the wake of trauma: A multicultural guide (No. 49). Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. (2002). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge.Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. (1986). Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of Black feminist thought. Social problems, 33(6), s14s32.Google Scholar
Covington, S. S. (2008). Women and addiction: A trauma-informed approach. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40 (Suppl. 5), 377385.Google Scholar
DuMonthier, A., Childers, C., & Milli, J. (2017). The status of Black women in the United States. Institute for Women’s Policy Research.Google Scholar
Epstein, R., Blake, J., & González, T. (2017). Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of black girls’ childhood. SSRN Electronic Journal, 3000695.Google Scholar
Fields, L., Valdez, C. E., Richmond, C., Murphy, M. J., Halloran, M., Boccellari, A., & Shumway, M. (2020). Communities Healing and Transforming Trauma (CHATT): A trauma-informed speakers’ bureau for survivors of violence. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(4), 437451.Google Scholar
Garner, A. S., Shonkoff, J. P., & Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care. (2012). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: Translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics, 129(1), e224e231.Google Scholar
Giddings, P. (1984). When and where I enter: The impact of Black women on race and sex in America. Morrow.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, R. E., Martin, C. G., & Smith, C. P. (2014). Systemic trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(2), 117132.Google Scholar
Graff, G. (2014). The intergenerational trauma of slavery and its aftermath. The Journal of Psychohistory, 41(3), 181197.Google Scholar
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between Blacks and Whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(16), 42964301.Google Scholar
Human Rights Campaign Foundation. (2020). An epidemic of violence: Fatal violence against transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States in 2020. https://hrc-prod-requests.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/FatalViolence-2020Report-Final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, E. J. (2002). Black women and community violence: Trauma, grief, and coping. Women & Therapy, 25(3–4), 2944.Google Scholar
Madsen, L., Blitz, L., McCorkle, D., & Panzer, P. (2003). Sanctuary in a domestic violence shelter: A team approach to healing. Psychiatric Quarterly, 74(2), 155171.Google Scholar
Mahmood, S. (2011). Politics of piety: The Islamic revival and the feminist subject. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, I. L., Sakheim, D. K., & Abrahamson, D. J. (1988). Trauma and victimization: A model of psychological adaptation. The Counseling Psychologist, 16(4), 531594.Google Scholar
Menakem, R. (2017). My grandmother’s hands: Racialized trauma and the pathway to mending our hearts and bodies. Central Recovery Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, R. E., & Oudekerk, B. A. (2019). Criminal victimization 2018. National Crime Victimization Survey. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6686Google Scholar
Morris, M. (2016). Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls in schools. The New Press.Google Scholar
Myers, H. F., Wyatt, G. E., Ullman, J. B., Loeb, T. B., Chin, D., Prause, N., Zhang, M., Williams, J. K., Slavich, G. M., & Liu, H. (2015). Cumulative burden of lifetime adversities: Trauma and mental health in low-SES African Americans and Latino/as. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(3), 243251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039077Google Scholar
Nittle, N. K. (2020, August 26). The U.S. government’s role in sterilizing women of color. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/u-s-governments-role-sterilizing-women-of-color-2834600Google Scholar
Pearlman, L. A., & MacIan, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26(6), 558565.Google Scholar
Perry, D. M. (2017, July 27) Our long, troubling history of sterilizing the incarcerated. The Marshall Project. https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/07/26/our-long-troubling-history-of-sterilizing-the-incarceratedGoogle Scholar
Poussaint, A. F., & Alexander, A. (2000). Lay my burdens down. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, A. L., Austin, S. B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 24332441.Google Scholar
Roth, R., & Ainsworth, S. L. (2015). If they hand you a paper, you sign it: A call to end the sterilization of women in prison. Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 26, 750.Google Scholar
Saar, M. S., Epstein, R., Rosenthal, L., & Vafa, Y. (2015). The sexual abuse to prison pipeline: The girls’ story. Human Rights Project for Girls and Center for Poverty and Inequality at Georgetown University Law Center.Google Scholar
Sawyer, W. (2019). How race impacts who is detained pretrial. Prison Policy Initiative https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/10/09/pretrial_race/Google Scholar
Settles, I. H., Warner, L. R., Buchanan, N. T., & Jones, M. K. (2020). Understanding psychology’s resistance to intersectionality theory using a framework of epistemic exclusion and invisibility. Journal of Social Issues, 76(4), 796813.Google Scholar
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., & Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, and Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232e246.Google Scholar
Snyder, H. N. (2000). Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics: A statistical report using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Sotero, M. (2006). A conceptual model of historical trauma: Implications for public health practice and research. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 1(1), 93108.Google Scholar
Strauss Swanson, C., & Szymanski, D. M. (2020). From pain to power: An exploration of activism, the #Metoo movement, and healing from sexual assault trauma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(6), 653668.Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach. SAMHSA’s Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative. https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455471.Google Scholar
Victor, D. (2017, November 22). Why celebrities have rallied behind Cyntoia Brown, a woman spending life in prison. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/us/cyntoia-brown-sex-trafficking.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, E. J., Whiting, J. B., Watson, M. F., Russon, J. M., & Moncrief, A. M. (2013). Residual effects of slavery: What clinicians need to know. Contemporary Family Therapy, 35(1), 1428.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Black Women in Context
  • Donna Baptiste, Northwestern University, Illinois, Adia Gooden, Unconditionally Worthy, Co.
  • Book: Promoting Black Women's Mental Health
  • Online publication: 22 June 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108913447.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Black Women in Context
  • Donna Baptiste, Northwestern University, Illinois, Adia Gooden, Unconditionally Worthy, Co.
  • Book: Promoting Black Women's Mental Health
  • Online publication: 22 June 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108913447.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Black Women in Context
  • Donna Baptiste, Northwestern University, Illinois, Adia Gooden, Unconditionally Worthy, Co.
  • Book: Promoting Black Women's Mental Health
  • Online publication: 22 June 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108913447.002
Available formats
×