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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 December 2009
It is currently impossible to determine the abundances of the stellar populations star by star in dense stellar systems more distant than a few megaparsecs. Therefore, methods to analyse the composite light of stellar systems are required. I review recent progress in determining the abundances and abundance ratios of early-type galaxies. I begin with ‘direct’ abundance measurements: colour–magnitude diagrams of stars and planetary nebulae in nearby early-type galaxies. I then give an overview of ‘indirect’ abundance measurements: inferences from stellar-population models, with an emphasis on cross-checks with ‘direct’ methods. I consider the variations of early-type galaxy abundances as a function of mass, age and environment in the local Universe. I conclude with a list of continuing difficulties in the modelling that complicate the interpretation of integrated spectra and I look ahead to new methods and new observations.
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