Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T02:23:02.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Mapping Consequences of the Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2019

Edited by
Andrea Bernasconi ,
Neda Bernasconi  and
Matthias Koepp
Andrea Bernasconi
Affiliation:
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
Neda Bernasconi
Affiliation:
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
Matthias Koepp
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurology, University College London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Imaging Biomarkers in Epilepsy , pp. 181 - 244
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Danober, L, Deransart, C, Depaulis, A, et al. Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat. Prog Neurobiol. 1998;55:27–57.Google Scholar
Khosravani, H, Zamponi, GW. Voltage-gated calcium channels and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Physiol Rev. 2006;86:941–66.Google Scholar
Llinas, RR, Steriade, M. Bursting of thalamic neurons and states of vigilance. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3297–308.Google Scholar
Manning, JP, Richards, DA, Bowery, NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:542–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meeren, H, van Luijtelaar, G, Lopes da Silva F, et al. Evolving concepts on the pathophysiology of absence seizures: the cortical focus theory. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:371–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedermeyer, E. Primary (idiopathic) generalized epilepsy and underlying mechanisms. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1996;27:1–21.Google Scholar
Coenen, AM, van Luijtelaar, EL. Genetic animal models for absence epilepsy: a review of the WAG/Rij strain of rats. Behav Genet. 2003;33:635–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depaulis, A, van Luijtelaar, G. Genetic models of absence epilepsy in the rat. In: Pitkänen, A, Schwartzkroin, PA, Moshé, SL, eds. Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press; 2006:233–48.Google Scholar
van Luijtelaar, EL, Drinkenburg, WH, van Rijn, CM, et al. Rat models of genetic absence epilepsy: what do EEG spike-wave discharges tell us about drug effects? Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24(suppl D):65–70.Google Scholar
van Luijtelaar, EL, Coenen, AM. Two types of electrocortical paroxysms in an inbred strain of rats. Neurosci Lett. 1986;70:393–7.Google Scholar
Vergnes, M, Marescaux, C, Micheletti, G, et al. Spontaneous paroxysmal electroclinical patterns in rat: a model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Neurosci Lett. 1982;33:97–101.Google Scholar
Akman, O, Demiralp, T, Ates, N, et al. Electroencephalographic differences between WAG/Rij and GAERS rat models of absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2010;89:185–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, KL, Tang, H, Ng, C, et al. Seizure expression, behavior, and brain morphology differences in colonies of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg. Epilepsia. 2014;55:1959–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coenen, AM, van Luijtelaar, EL. The WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy: age and sex factors. Epilepsy Res. 1987;1:297–301.Google Scholar
Schridde, U, van Luijtelaar, G. The influence of strain and housing on two types of spike-wave discharges in rats. Genes Brain Behav. 2004;3:1–7.Google Scholar
Sarkisova, KY, Midzianovskaia, IS, Kulikov, MA. Depressive-like behavioral alterations and c-fos expression in the dopaminergic brain regions in WAG/Rij rats with genetic absence epilepsy. Behav Brain Res. 2003;144:211–26.Google Scholar
van Luijtelaar, G. The prevention of behavioral consequences of idiopathic generalized epilepsy: evidence from rodent models. Neurosci Lett. 2011;497:177–84.Google Scholar
Jones, NC, Salzberg, MR, Kumar, G, et al. Elevated anxiety and depressive-like behavior in a rat model of genetic generalized epilepsy suggesting common causation. Exp Neurol. 2008;209:254–60.Google Scholar
Caplan, R, Siddarth, P, Gurbani, S, et al. Depression and anxiety disorders in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46:720–30.Google Scholar
Davies, S, Heyman, I, Goodman, R. A population survey of mental health problems in children with epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45:292–5.Google Scholar
Ott, D, Siddarth, P, Gurbani, S, et al. Behavioral disorders in pediatric epilepsy: unmet psychiatric need. Epilepsia. 2003;44:591–7.Google Scholar
Tellez-Zenteno, JF, Patten, SB, Jette, N, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a population-based analysis. Epilepsia. 2007;48:2336–44.Google Scholar
Sarkisova, KY, Kuznetsova, GD, Kulikov, MA, et al. Spike-wave discharges are necessary for the expression of behavioral depression-like symptoms. Epilepsia. 2010;51:146–60.Google Scholar
de Bruin, NM, van Luijtelaar, EL, Cools, AR, et al. Dopamine characteristics in rat genotypes with distinct susceptibility to epileptic activity: apomorphine-induced stereotyped gnawing and novelty/amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation. Behav Pharmacol. 2001;12:517–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Bruin, NM, van Luijtelaar, EL, Cools, AR, et al. Auditory information processing in rat genotypes with different dopaminergic properties. Psychopharmacology. 2001;156:352–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roche-Labarbe, N, Zaaimi, B, Mahmoudzadeh, M, et al. NIRS-measured oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin changes associated with EEG spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence epilepsy: the GAERS. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1374–84.Google Scholar
Aker, RG, Ozkara, C, Dervent, A, et al. Enhancement of spike and wave discharges by microinjection of bicuculline into the reticular nucleus of rats with absence epilepsy. Neurosci Lett. 2002;322:71–4.Google Scholar
Avanzini, G, Vergnes, M, Spreafico, R, et al. Calcium-dependent regulation of genetically determined spike and waves by the reticular thalamic nucleus of rats. Epilepsia. 1993;34:1–7.Google Scholar
Inoue, M, Duysens, J, Vossen, JM, et al. Thalamic multiple-unit activity underlying spike-wave discharges in anesthetized rats. Brain Res. 1993;612:35–40.Google Scholar
Liu, Z, Vergnes, M, Depaulis, A, et al. Involvement of intrathalamic GABAB neurotransmission in the control of absence seizures in the rat. Neuroscience. 1992;48:87–93.Google Scholar
Marescaux, C, Vergnes, M, Depaulis, A. Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg–a review. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1992;35:37–69.Google ScholarPubMed
Vergnes, M, Marescaux, C, Depaulis, A. Mapping of spontaneous spike and wave discharges in Wistar rats with genetic generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Brain Res. 1990;523:87–91.Google Scholar
Meeren, HK, Veening, JG, Moderscheim, TA, et al. Thalamic lesions in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy: dissociation between spike-wave discharges and sleep spindles. Exp Neurol. 2009;217:25–37.Google Scholar
Lüttjohann, A, van Luijtelaar, G. Thalamic stimulation in absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2013;106:136–45.Google Scholar
Meeren, HK, Pijn, JP, Van Luijtelaar, EL, et al. Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats. J Neurosci. 2002;22:1480–95.Google Scholar
Lüttjohann, A, van Luijtelaar, G. The dynamics of cortico-thalamo-cortical interactions at the transition from pre-ictal to ictal LFPs in absence epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;47:49–60.Google Scholar
Lüttjohann, A, van Luijtelaar, G. Dynamics of networks during absence seizure’s on- and offset in rodents and man. Front Physiol. 2015;6:16.Google Scholar
Polack, PO, Guillemain, I, Hu, E, et al. Deep layer somatosensory cortical neurons initiate spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence seizures. J Neurosci. 2007;27:6590–9.Google Scholar
Polack, PO, Mahon, S, Chavez, M, et al. Inactivation of the somatosensory cortex prevents paroxysmal oscillations in cortical and related thalamic neurons in a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19:2078–91.Google Scholar
Lüttjohann, A, Zhang, S, de Peijper, R, et al. Electrical stimulation of the epileptic focus in absence epileptic WAG/Rij rats: assessment of local and network excitability. Neuroscience. 2011;188:125–34.Google Scholar
Zheng, TW, O’Brien, TJ, Morris, MJ, et al. Rhythmic neuronal activity in S2 somatosensory and insular cortices contribute to the initiation of absence-related spike-and-wave discharges. Epilepsia. 2012;53:1948–58.Google Scholar
Stefan, H, Lopes da Silva FH. Epileptic neuronal networks: methods of identification and clinical relevance. Front Neurol. 2013;4:8.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H. Cellular and network mechanisms of spike-wave seizures. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):21–33.Google Scholar
Klein, JP, Khera, DS, Nersesyan, H, et al. Dysregulation of sodium channel expression in cortical neurons in a rodent model of absence epilepsy. Brain Res. 2004;1000:102–9.Google Scholar
D’Antuono, M, Inaba, Y, Biagini, G, et al. Synaptic hyperexcitability of deep layer neocortical cells in a genetic model of absence seizures. Genes Brain Behav. 2006;5:73–84.Google Scholar
Strauss, U, Kole, MH, Brauer, AU, et al. An impaired neocortical Ih is associated with enhanced excitability and absence epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19:3048–58.Google Scholar
Kole, MH, Brauer, AU, Stuart, GJ. Inherited cortical HCN1 channel loss amplifies dendritic calcium electrogenesis and burst firing in a rat absence epilepsy model. J Physiol. 2007;578:507–25.Google Scholar
van Luijtelaar, G, Zobeiri, M. Progress and outlooks in a genetic absence epilepsy model (WAG/Rij). Curr Med Chem. 2014;21:704–21.Google Scholar
Bouilleret, V, Hogan, RE, Velakoulis, D, et al. Morphometric abnormalities and hyperanxiety in genetically epileptic rats: a model of psychiatric comorbidity? NeuroImage. 2009;45:267–74.Google Scholar
Karpova, AV, Bikbaev, AF, Coenen, AM, et al. Morphometric Golgi study of cortical locations in WAG/Rij rats: the cortical focus theory. Neurosci Res. 2005;51:119–28.Google Scholar
Basser, PJ, Jones, DK. Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis—a technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002;15:456–67.Google Scholar
Chahboune, H, Mishra, AM, DeSalvo, MN, et al. DTI abnormalities in anterior corpus callosum of rats with spike-wave epilepsy. NeuroImage. 2009;47:459–66.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H, Klein, JP, Schridde, U, et al. Early treatment suppresses the development of spike-wave epilepsy in a rat model. Epilepsia. 2008;49:400–9.Google Scholar
van Luijtelaar, G, Mishra, AM, Edelbroek, P, et al. Anti-epileptogenesis: electrophysiology, diffusion tensor imaging and behavior in a genetic absence model. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;60:126–38.Google Scholar
Dezsi, G, Ozturk, E, Stanic, D, et al. Ethosuximide reduces epileptogenesis and behavioral comorbidity in the GAERS model of genetic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54:635–43.Google Scholar
Tenney, JR, Duong, TQ, King, JA, et al. FMRI of brain activation in a genetic rat model of absence seizures. Epilepsia. 2004;45:576–82.Google Scholar
Nersesyan, H, Herman, P, Erdogan, E, et al. Relative changes in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity in local microdomains during generalized seizures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24:1057–68.Google Scholar
Mishra, AM, Bai, X, Motelow, JE, et al. Increased resting functional connectivity in spike-wave epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1214–22.Google Scholar
David, O, Guillemain, I, Saillet, S, et al. Identifying neural drivers with functional MRI: an electrophysiological validation. PLOS Biol. 2008;6:2683–97.Google Scholar
Crunelli, V, Cope, DW, Terry, JR. Transition to absence seizures and the role of GABA(A) receptors. Epilepsy Res. 2011;97:283–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gass, A, Szabo, K, Behrens, S, et al. A diffusion-weighted MRI study of acute ischemic distal arm paresis. Neurology. 2001;57:1589–94.Google Scholar
Juhler, M, Paulson, OB. Regional cerebral blood flow in acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain Res. 1986;363:272–8.Google Scholar
Lei, H, Zhang, Y, Zhu, XH, et al. Changes in the proton T2 relaxation times of cerebral water and metabolites during forebrain ischemia in rat at 9.4 T. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:979–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onat, FY, Aker, RG, Gurbanova, AA, et al. The effect of generalized absence seizures on the progression of kindling in the rat. Epilepsia. 2007;48(suppl 5):150–6.Google Scholar

References

Huttenlocher, PR, Dabholkar, AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol. 1997;387(2):167–78.Google Scholar
Yakovlev, P, Lecours, A. The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Dekaban, AS, ed. Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life. Oxford: Blackwell; 1967:3–70.Google Scholar
Yerys, BE, Jankowski, KF, Shook, D, et al. The fMRI success rate of children and adolescents: typical development, epilepsy, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(10):3426–35.Google Scholar
Almli, CR, Rivkin, MJ, McKinstry, RC. The NIH MRI study of normal brain development (objective-2): newborns, infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. NeuroImage. 2007;35(1):308–25.Google Scholar
Shaw, P, Kabani, NJ, Lerch, JP, et al. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2008;28(14):3586–94.Google Scholar
Wierenga, LM, Langen, M, Oranje, B, Durston, S. Unique developmental trajectories of cortical thickness and surface area. NeuroImage. 2014;87:120–6.Google Scholar
Gogtay, N, Giedd, JN, Lusk, L, et al. Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(21):8174–9.Google Scholar
Raznahan, A, Lerch, JP, Lee, N, et al. Patterns of coordinated anatomical change in human cortical development: a longitudinal neuroimaging study of maturational coupling. Neuron. 2011;72(5):873–84.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Balsamo, LM, Ibrahim, Z, Sachs, BC, Xu, B. fMRI identifies regional specialization of neural networks for reading in young children. Neurology. 2003;60(1):94–100.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Pugliese, M, Grandin, CB, et al. Cortical localization of reading in normal children: an fMRI language study. Neurology. 2001;57(1):47–54.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Balsamo, L, Xu, B, et al. Language dominance in partial epilepsy patients identified with an fMRI reading task. Neurology. 2002;59(2):256–65.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Z, Balsamo, LM, Sachs, BC, Xu, B, Gaillard, WD. Auditory comprehension of language in young children. Neurology. 2003;60(10):1598–605.Google Scholar
Balsamo, LM, Xu, B, Grandin, CB, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of left hemisphere language dominance in children. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(7):1168–74.Google Scholar
Berl, MM, Mayo, J, Parks, EN, et al. Regional differences in the developmental trajectory of lateralization of the language network. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:270–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, BJ, Cohen, JD, Jezzard, P, et al. Activation of prefrontal cortex in children during a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI. NeuroImage. 1995;2(3):221–9.Google Scholar
Casey, BJ, Trainor, RJ, Orendi, JL, et al. A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9(6):835–47.Google Scholar
Thomas, KM, King, SW, Franzen, PL, et al. A developmental functional MRI study of spatial working memory. NeuroImage. 1999;10:327–38.Google Scholar
Holland, SK, Plante, E, Weber Byars, A, Strawsburg, RH, Schmithorst, VJ, Ball, WS. Normal fMRI brain activation patterns in children performing a verb generation task. NeuroImage. 2001;14(4):837–43.Google Scholar
Schlaggar, BL, Brown, TT, Lugar, HM, Visscher, KM, Miezin, FM, Petersen, SE. Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words. Science. 2002;296(5572):1476–9.Google Scholar
Brown, TT, Lugar, HM, Coalson, RS, Miezin, FM, Petersen, SE, Schlaggar, BL. Developmental changes in human cerebral functional organization for word generation. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15(3):275–90.Google Scholar
Souweidane, MM, Kim, KH, McDowall, R, et al. Brain mapping in sedated infants and young children with passive-functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999;30(2):86–92.Google Scholar
Ogg, RJ, Laningham, FH, Clarke, D, et al. Passive range of motion functional magnetic resonance imaging localizing sensorimotor cortex in sedated children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;4(4):317–22.Google Scholar
Bernal, B, Grossman, S, Gonzalez, R, Altman, N. FMRI under sedation: what is the best choice in children? J Clin Med Res. 2012;4(6):363–70.Google Scholar
Li, W, Wait, SD, Ogg, RJ, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the visual cortex performed in children under sedation to assist in presurgical planning. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013;11(5):543–6.Google Scholar
Chugani, HT, Phelps, ME, Mazziotta, JC. Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Ann Neurol. 1987;22(4):487–97.Google Scholar
Van Bogaert, P, Wikler, D, Damhaut, P, Szliwowski, HB, Goldman, S. Regional changes in glucose metabolism during brain development from the age of 6 years. NeuroImage. 1998;8(1):62–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiron, C, Raynaud, C, Maziere, B, et al. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during brain maturation in children and adolescents. J Nucl Med. 1992;33(5):696–703.Google Scholar
Sowell, ER, Peterson, BS, Thompson, PM, Welcome, SE, Henkenius, AL, Toga, AW. Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(3):309–15.Google Scholar
Lebel, C, Walker, L, Leemans, A, Phillips, L, Beaulieu, C. Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood. NeuroImage. 2008;40(3):1044–55.Google Scholar
Qiu, A, Mori, S, Miller, MI. Diffusion tensor imaging for understanding brain development in early life. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:853–76.Google Scholar
Geng, X, Gouttard, S, Sharma, A, et al. Quantitative tract-based white matter development from birth to age 2 years. NeuroImage. 2012;61(3):542–57.Google Scholar
Nie, J, Li, G, Shen, D. Development of cortical anatomical properties from early childhood to early adulthood. NeuroImage. 2013;76:216–24.Google Scholar
Kochunov, P, Glahn, DC, Lancaster, J, et al. Fractional anisotropy of cerebral white matter and thickness of cortical gray matter across the lifespan. NeuroImage. 2011;58(1):41–9.Google Scholar
Wu, M, Lu, LH, Lowes, A, et al. Development of superficial white matter and its structural interplay with cortical gray matter in children and adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(6):2806–16.Google Scholar
Su, P, Kuan, C-C, Kaga, K, Sano, M, Mima, K. Myelination progression in language-correlated regions in brain of normal children determined by quantitative MRI assessment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72(12):1751–63.Google Scholar
Brauer, J, Anwander, A, Friederici, AD. Neuroanatomical prerequisites for language functions in the maturing brain. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(2):459–66.Google Scholar
Lebel, C, Beaulieu, C. Lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus from childhood to adulthood and its relation to cognitive abilities in children. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(11):3563–73.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Chiron, C, Helen Cross, J, et al. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50(9):2147–53.Google Scholar
Hsieh, DT, Chang, T, Tsuchida, TN, et al. New-onset afebrile seizures in infants: role of neuroimaging. Neurology. 2010;74(2):150–6.Google Scholar
Eltze, CM, Chong, WK, Cox, T, et al. A population-based study of newly diagnosed epilepsy in infants. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):437–45.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Bhatia, S, Hatta, J, et al. Hippocampal atrophy, epilepsy duration, and febrile seizures in patients with partial seizures. Neurology. 1999;52(1):132–6.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Gaillard, WD, De Carli, C, Bhatia, S, Hatta, J. Hippocampal volume and glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epileptic foci. Epilepsia. 2001;42(1):130–2.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Kelley, K, Toczek, MT, Gaillard, WD. Epilepsy duration, febrile seizures, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Epilepsia. 2004;45(3):276–9.Google Scholar
Mathern, GW, Adelson, PD, Cahan, LD, Leite, JP. Hippocampal neuron damage in human epilepsy: Meyer’s hypothesis revisited. Prog Brain Res. 2002;135:237–51.Google Scholar
Shinnar, S, Bello, JA, Chan, S, et al. MRI abnormalities following febrile status epilepticus in children: the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2012;79(9):871–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, DV, Shinnar, S, Hesdorffer, DC, et al. Hippocampal sclerosis after febrile status epilepticus: the FEBSTAT study. Ann Neurol. 2014;75(2):178–85.Google Scholar
Wainwright, MS, Martin, PL, Morse, RP, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(5):612–9.Google Scholar
Kadom, N, Tsuchida, T, Gaillard, WD. Hippocampal sclerosis in children younger than 2 years. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41(10):1239–45.Google Scholar
Spooner, CG, Berkovic, SF, Mitchell, LA, Wrennall, JA, Harvey, AS. New-onset temporal lobe epilepsy in children: lesion on MRI predicts poor seizure outcome. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2147–53.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Sachs, BC, Whitnah, JR, et al. Developmental aspects of language processing: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Hum Brain Mapp. 2003;18(3):176–85.Google Scholar
Balsamo, LM, Xu, B, Gaillard, WD. Language lateralization and the role of the fusiform gyrus in semantic processing in young children. NeuroImage. 2006;31(3):1306–14.Google Scholar
Berl, MM, Duke, ES, Mayo, J, et al. Functional anatomy of listening and reading comprehension during development. Brain Lang. 2010;114(2):115–25.Google Scholar
Berl, MM, Mayo, J, Parks, EN, et al. Regional differences in the developmental trajectory of lateralization of the language network. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:270–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
You, X, Adjouadi, M, Guillen, MR, et al. Sub-patterns of language network reorganization in pediatric localization related epilepsy: a multisite study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32(5):784–99.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, T, Milner, B. The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;299:355–69.Google Scholar
Springer, JA, Binder, JR, Hammeke, TA, et al. Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: a functional MRI study. Brain J Neurol. 1999;122(pt 11):2033–46.Google Scholar
Woermann, FG, Jokeit, H, Luerding, R, et al. Language lateralization by Wada test and fMRI in 100 patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;61(5):699–701.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Berl, MM, Moore, EN, et al. Atypical language in lesional and nonlesional complex partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;69(18):1761–71.Google Scholar
Berl, MM, Zimmaro, LA, Khan, OI, et al. Characterization of atypical language activation patterns in focal epilepsy: language activation patterns. Ann Neurol. 2013;75:33–42.Google Scholar
Hertz-Pannier, L, Chiron, C, Jambaque, I, et al. Late plasticity for language in a child’s non-dominant hemisphere. Brain. 2002;125:361–72.Google Scholar
Duke, ES, Tesfaye, M, Berl, MM, et al. The effect of seizure focus on regional language processing areas. Epilepsia. 2012;53(6):1044–50.Google Scholar
Staudt, M, Grodd, W, Niemann, G, Wildgruber, D, Erb, M, Krageloh-Mann, I. Early left periventricular brain lesions induce right hemispheric organization of speech. Neurology. 2001;57(1):122–5.Google Scholar
Staudt, M, Lidzba, K, Grodd, W, Wildgruber, D, Erb, M, Krageloh-Mann, I. Right-hemispheric organization of language following early left-sided brain lesions: functional MRI topography. NeuroImage. 2002;16(4):954–67.Google Scholar
Rosenberger, LR, Zeck, J, Berl, MM, et al. Interhemispheric and intrahemispheric language reorganization in complex partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2009;72(21):1830–6.Google Scholar
Mbwana, J, Berl, MM, Ritzl, EK, et al. Limitations to plasticity of language network reorganization in localization related epilepsy. Brain. 2009;132(pt 2):347–56.Google Scholar
D’Esposito, M. From cognitive to neural models of working memory. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2007;362(1481):761–72.Google Scholar
Klingberg, T, Forssberg, H, Westerberg, H. Increased brain activity in frontal and parietal cortex underlies the development of visuospatial working memory capacity during childhood. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14(1):1–10.Google Scholar
O’Hare, ED, Lu, LH, Houston, SM, Bookheimer, SY, Sowell, ER. Neurodevelopmental changes in verbal working memory load-dependency: an fMRI investigation. NeuroImage. 2008;42(4):1678–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Thomason, ME, Race, E, Burrows, B, Whitfield-Gabrieli, S, Glover, GH, Gabrieli, JD. Development of spatial and verbal working memory capacity in the human brain. J Cogn Neurosci. 2009;21(2):316–32.Google Scholar
Ciesielski, KT, Lesnik, PG, Savoy, RL, Grant, EP, Ahlfors, SP. Developmental neural networks in children performing a categorical N-back task. NeuroImage. 2006;33(3):980–90.Google Scholar
Finn, AS, Sheridan, MA, Kam, CLH, Hinshaw, S, D’Esposito, M. Longitudinal evidence for functional specialization of the neural circuit supporting working memory in the human brain. J Neurosci. 2010;30(33):11062–7.Google Scholar
Dean, DC, O’Muircheartaigh, J, Dirks, H, et al. Characterizing longitudinal white matter development during early childhood. Brain Struct Funct. 2015;220(4):1921–33.Google Scholar
Krogsrud, SK, Fjell, AM, Tamnes, CK, et al. Changes in white matter microstructure in the developing brain—a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study of children from 4 to 11 years of age. NeuroImage. 2016;124:473–86.Google Scholar
Lebel, C, Walker, L, Leemans, A, Phillips, L, Beaulieu, C. Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood. NeuroImage. 2008;40(3):1044–55.Google Scholar
Peters, BD, Ikuta, T, DeRosse, P, et al. Age-related differences in white matter tract microstructure are associated with cognitive performance from childhood to adulthood. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):248–56.Google Scholar
Schmithorst, VJ, Wilke, M, Dardzinski, BJ, Holland, SK. Cognitive functions correlate with white matter architecture in a normal pediatric population: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2005;26(2):139–47.Google Scholar
Østby, Y, Tamnes, CK, Fjell, AM, Walhovd, KB. Morphometry and connectivity of the fronto-parietal verbal working memory network in development. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(14):3854–62.Google Scholar
Sala-Llonch, R, Palacios, EM, Junqué, C, Bargalló, N, Vendrell, P. Functional networks and structural connectivity of visuospatial and visuoperceptual working memory. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:340.Google Scholar
Amarreh, I, Dabbs, K, Jackson, DC, et al. Cerebral white matter integrity in children with active versus remitted epilepsy 5 years after diagnosis. Epilepsy Res. 2013;107(3):263–71.Google Scholar
Braakman, HMH, Vaessen, MJ, Jansen, JFA, et al. Pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy: white matter abnormalities and cognitive impairment. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;129(4):252–62.Google Scholar
Alkonyi, B, Govindan, RM, Chugani, HT, Behen, ME, Jeong J-W, Juhász C. Focal white matter abnormalities related to neurocognitive dysfunction: an objective diffusion tensor imaging study of children with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatr Res. 2011;69(1):74–9.Google Scholar
Meng, L, Xiang, J, Kotecha, R, et al. White matter abnormalities in children and adolescents with temporal lobe epilepsy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;28(9):1290–8.Google Scholar
Nilsson, D, Go, C, Rutka, JT, et al. Bilateral diffusion tensor abnormalities of temporal lobe and cingulate gyrus white matter in children with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2008;81(2–3):128–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widjaja, E, Geibprasert, S, Otsubo, H, Snead, OC, Mahmoodabadi, SZ. Diffusion tensor imaging assessment of the epileptogenic zone in children with localization-related epilepsy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(10):1789–94.Google Scholar
Widjaja, E, Kis, A, Go, C, Raybaud, C, Snead, OC, Smith, ML. Abnormal white matter on diffusion tensor imaging in children with new-onset seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2013;104(1–2):105–11.Google Scholar
Widjaja, E, Zamyadi, M, Raybaud, C, Snead, OC, Doesburg, SM, Smith, ML. Disrupted global and regional structural networks and subnetworks in children with localization-related epilepsy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2015; 36:1362–8.Google Scholar
Holt, RL, Provenzale, JM, Veerapandiyan, A, et al. Structural connectivity of the frontal lobe in children with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;21(1):65–70.Google Scholar
Kim, H, Harrison, A, Kankirawatana, P, et al. Major white matter fiber changes in medically intractable neocortical epilepsy in children: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Epilepsy Res. 2013;103:211–20.Google Scholar
Paldino, MJ, Hedges, K, Zhang, W. Independent contribution of individual white matter pathways to language function in pediatric epilepsy patients. NeuroImage Clin. 2014;6:327–32.Google Scholar
Saporta, ASD, Kumar, A, Govindan, RM, Sundaram, SK, Chugani, HT. Arcuate fasciculus and speech in congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;44(4):270–4.Google Scholar
Tiwari, VN, Jeong, J-W, Asano, E, Rothermel, R, Juhasz, C, Chugani, HT. A sensitive diffusion tensor imaging quantification method to detect language laterality in children correlation with the Wada test. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(12):1516–21.Google Scholar
Maril, A, Davis, PE, Koo, JJ, et al. Developmental fMRI study of episodic verbal memory encoding in children. Neurology. 2010;75(23):2110–6.Google Scholar
Menon, V, Boyett-Anderson, JM, Reiss, AL. Maturation of medial temporal lobe response and connectivity during memory encoding. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005;25(1):379–85.Google Scholar
Ofen, N, Kao, Y-C, Sokol-Hessner, P, Kim, H, Whitfield-Gabrieli, S, Gabrieli, JDE. Development of the declarative memory system in the human brain. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(9):1198–205.Google Scholar
Ghetti, S, DeMaster, DM, Yonelinas, AP, Bunge, SA. Developmental differences in medial temporal lobe function during memory encoding. J Neurosci. 2010;30(28):9548–56.Google Scholar
Demaster, DM, Ghetti, S. Developmental differences in hippocampal and cortical contributions to episodic retrieval. Cortex. 2013;49(6):1482–93.Google Scholar
Sepeta, LN, Croft, LJ, Zimmaro, LA, et al. Reduced language connectivity in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015;56(2):273–82.Google Scholar
Smith, ML, Elliott, IM, Lach, L. Cognitive, psychosocial, and family function one year after pediatric epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2004;45(6):650–60.Google Scholar
Smith, ML, Olds, J, Snyder, T, Elliott, I, Lach, L, Whiting, S. A follow-up study of cognitive function in young adults who had resective epilepsy surgery in childhood. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;32:79–83.Google Scholar
Buckner, RL, Krienen, FM. The evolution of distributed association networks in the human brain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(12):648–65.Google Scholar
Fransson, P, Skiold, B, Horsch, S, et al. Resting-state networks in the infant brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(39):15531–6.Google Scholar
Gao, W, Zhu, H, Giovanello, KS, et al. Evidence on the emergence of the brain’s default network from 2-week-old to 2-year-old healthy pediatric subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(16):6790–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyser, CD, Inder, TE, Shimony, JS, et al. Longitudinal analysis of neural network development in preterm infants. Cereb Cortex. 2010;20(12):2852–62.Google Scholar
Fair, DA, Dosenbach, NUF, Church, JA, et al. Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(33):13507–12.Google Scholar
Fair, DA, Cohen, AL, Dosenbach, NUF, et al. The maturing architecture of the brain’s default network. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(10):4028–32.Google Scholar
Kelly, AMC, Di Martino, A, Uddin, LQ, et al. Development of anterior cingulate functional connectivity from late childhood to early adulthood. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19(3):640–57.Google Scholar
Supekar, K, Musen, M, Menon, V. Development of large-scale functional brain networks in children. PLOS Biol. 2009;7(7):e1000157.Google Scholar
Fair, DA, Cohen, AL, Power, JD, et al. Functional brain networks develop from a “local to distributed” organization. PLOS Comput Biol. 2009;5(5).Google Scholar
Uddin, LQ, Supekar, K, Menon, V. Typical and atypical development of functional human brain networks: insights from resting-state FMRI. Front Syst Neurosci. 2010;4:21.Google Scholar
Liu, Y, Liang, M, Zhou, Y, et al. Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain. 2008;131(4):945–61.Google Scholar
Widjaja, E, Zamyadi, M, Raybaud, C, Snead, OC, Smith, ML. Abnormal functional network connectivity among resting-state networks in children with frontal lobe epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(12):2386–92.Google Scholar
Widjaja, E, Zamyadi, M, Raybaud, C, Snead, OC, Smith, ML. Impaired default mode network on resting-state FMRI in children with medically refractory epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(3):552–7.Google Scholar
Vaessen, MJ, Braakman, HMH, Heerink, JS, et al. Abnormal modular organization of functional networks in cognitively impaired children with frontal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex. 2013;23(8):1997–2006.Google Scholar
Vaessen, MJ, Jansen, JFA, Braakman, HMH, et al. Functional and structural network impairment in childhood frontal lobe epilepsy. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(3):e90068.Google Scholar
Braakman, HMH, Vaessen, MJ, Jansen, JFA, et al. Frontal lobe connectivity and cognitive impairment in pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):446–54.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, GM, Cassel, D, Morgan, BR, et al. Resilience of developing brain networks to interictal epileptiform discharges is associated with cognitive outcome. Brain J Neurol. 2014;137(pt 10):2690–702.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, GM, Morgan, BR, Lee, W, et al. Impaired development of intrinsic connectivity networks in children with medically intractable localization-related epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(11):5686–700.Google Scholar
Luo, C, Yang, T, Tu, S, et al. Altered intrinsic functional connectivity of the salience network in childhood absence epilepsy. J Neurol Sci. 2014;339(1–2):189–95.Google Scholar
Killory, BD, Bai, X, Negishi, M, et al. Impaired attention and network connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy. NeuroImage. 2011;56(4):2209–17.Google Scholar
Masterton, RA, Carney, PW, Jackson, GD. Cortical and thalamic resting-state functional connectivity is altered in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2012;99(3):327–34.Google Scholar
Maneshi, M, Moeller, F, Fahoum, F, Gotman, J, Grova, C. Resting-state connectivity of the sustained attention network correlates with disease duration in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(12):e50359.Google Scholar
Xue, K, Luo, C, Zhang, D, et al. Diffusion tensor tractography reveals disrupted structural connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108(1):125–38.Google Scholar
Croft, LJ, Baldeweg, T, Sepeta, L, Zimmaro, L, Berl, MM, Gaillard, WD. Vulnerability of the ventral language network in children with focal epilepsy. Brain J Neurol. 2014;137(pt 8):2245–57.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, E, Bagshaw, AP, Grova, C, Dubeau, F, Gotman, J. Negative BOLD responses to epileptic spikes. Hum Brain Mapp. 2006;27(6):488–97.Google Scholar
Bai, X, Vestal, M, Berman, R, et al. Dynamic time course of typical childhood absence seizures: EEG, behavior, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 2010;30(17):5884–93.Google Scholar
Berman, R, Negishi, M, Vestal, M, et al. Simultaneous EEG, fMRI, and behavior in typical childhood absence seizures. Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):2011–22.Google Scholar
Pillay, N, Archer, JS, Badawy, RAB, Flanagan, DF, Berkovic, SF, Jackson, G. Networks underlying paroxysmal fast activity and slow spike and wave in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. 2013;81(7):665–73.Google Scholar
Archer, JS, Warren, AEL, Stagnitti, MR, Masterton, RAJ, Abbott, DF, Jackson, GD. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and phenotype: secondary network epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2014;55(8):1245–54.Google Scholar
Pedersen, M, Curwood, EK, Archer, JS, Abbott, DF, Jackson, GD. Brain regions with abnormal network properties in severe epilepsy of Lennox-Gastaut phenotype: multivariate analysis of task-free fMRI. Epilepsia. 2015;56(11):1767–73.Google Scholar

References

Kanner, A. Psychiatric comorbidities through the life of the seizure disorder: a complex relation with a not so complex solution. Epilepsy Currents. 2014;14:323–8.Google Scholar
Fiest, KM, Dykeman, J, Patten, SB et al. Depression in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2013;80:1–10.Google Scholar
Fuller-Thomson, E, Brennenstuhl, S. The association between depression and epilepsy in a nationally representative sample Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1051–8.Google Scholar
Kobau, R, Gilliam, F, Thurman, DJ. Prevalence of self-reported epilepsy or seizure disorder and its associations with self-reported depression and anxiety: results from the 2004 Healthstyles Survey. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1915–21.Google Scholar
Kanner, AM, Schachter, SC, Barry, JJ, et al. Depression and epilepsy, pain and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: clinical and therapeutic perspectives. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;24:169–81.Google Scholar
Mula, M, Jauch, R, Cavanna, A, et al. Interictal dysphoric disorder and periictal dysphoric symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1139–45.Google Scholar
Kanner, AM, Soto, A, Gross-Kanner, H. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of postictal psychiatric symptoms in partial epilepsy Neurology. 2004;62:708–13.Google Scholar
Mula, M, Monaco, F. Ictal and peri-ictal psychopathology. Behav Neurol. 2011;24:21–5.Google Scholar
Forsgren, L, Nyström, L. An incident case-referent study of epileptic seizures in adults. Epilepsy Res. 1990;6:66–81.Google Scholar
Hesdorffer, DC, Ishihara, L, Mynepalli, L, et al. Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional association. Ann Neurol. 2012;72:184–91.Google Scholar
Adelöw, C, Andersson, T, Ahlbom, A, et al. Hospitalization for psychiatric disorders before and after onset of unprovoked seizures/epilepsy. Neurology. 2012;78:396–401.Google Scholar
Malykhin, NV, Coupland, NJ. Hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience. 2015;309:200–13.Google Scholar
Contoreggi, C. Corticotropin releasing hormone and imaging, rethinking the stress axis. Nucl Med Biol. 2015;42:323–39.Google Scholar
Drevets, WC. Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;877:614–37.Google Scholar
Quiske, A, Helmstaedter, C, Lux, S, et al. Depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is related to mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res. 2000;39:121–5.Google Scholar
Nees, H, Moriarty, J, Kitchen, ND, et al. Psychosocial and neurobehavioral factors related to surgical treatment for partial epilepsy: a multivariate analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2001;2:135–9.Google Scholar
Baxendale, SA, Thompson, PJ, Duncan, JS. Epilepsy & depression: the effects of comorbidity on hippocampal volume—a pilot study. Seizure. 2005;14:435–8.Google Scholar
Devinsky, O, Barr, WB, Vickrey, BG, et al. Changes in depression and anxiety after resective surgery for epilepsy. Neurology. 2005;65:1744–9.Google Scholar
Briellmann, RS, Hopwood, MJ, Jackson, GD. Major depression in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: clinical and imaging correlates. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:1226–30.Google Scholar
Adams, SJ, O’Brien, TJ, Lloyd, J, et al. Neuropsychiatric morbidity in focal epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192:464–9.Google Scholar
Shamim, S, Hasler, G, Liew, C, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy, depression, and hippocampal volume. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1067–71.Google Scholar
Hecimovic, H, Santos, J, Price, JL, et al. Severe hippocampal atrophy is not associated with depression in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;34:9–14.Google Scholar
Richardson, EJ, Griffith, HR, Martin, RC, et al. Structural and functional neuroimaging correlates of depression in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10:242–9.Google Scholar
van Elst, LT, Groffmann, M, Ebert, D, Schulze-Bonhage A. Amygdala volume loss in patients with dysphoric disorder of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16:105–12.Google Scholar
Salgado, PC, Yasuda, CL, Cendes, F. Neuroimaging changes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are magnified in the presence of depression. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;19:422–7.Google Scholar
Butler, T, Blackmon, K, McDonald, CR, et al. Cortical thickness abnormalities associated with depressive symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;23:64–7.Google Scholar
Doucet, GE, Skidmore, C, Sharan, AD, et al. Functional connectivity abnormalities vary by amygdala subdivision and are associated with psychiatric symptoms in unilateral temporal epilepsy. Brain Cogn. 2013;83:171–82.Google Scholar
Kemmotsu, N, Kucukboyaci, NE, Leyden, KM, et al. Frontolimbic brain networks predict depressive symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:1554–63.Google Scholar
Stretton, J, Pope, RA, Winston, GP, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy and affective disorders: the role of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:144–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilevicius, E, Yasuda, CL, Silva, MS, et al. Antiepileptic drug response in temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinical and MRI morphometry study. Neurology. 2010;75:1695–701.Google Scholar
Jacka, FN, Cherbuin, N, Anstey, KJ, et al. Western diet is associated with a smaller hippocampus: a longitudinal investigation. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):215.Google Scholar
Kerestes, R, Davey, CG, Stephanou, K, et al. Functional brain imaging studies of youth depression: A systematic review. NeuroImage Clin. 2014;4:209–31.Google Scholar
Miller, CH, Hamilton, JP, Sacchet, MD, et al. Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging of major depressive disorder in youth. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:1045–53.Google Scholar
Kaiser, RH, Andrews-Hanna, JR, Wager, TD, et al. Large-scale network dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(6):603–11.Google Scholar
Pope, RA, Centeno, M, Flügel, D, et al. Neural correlates of de novo depression following left temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: a voxel based morphometry study of pre-surgical structural MRI. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:517–25.Google Scholar
Wrench, JM, Wilson, SJ, Bladin, PF, et al. Hippocampal volume and depression: insights from epilepsy surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80:539–44.Google Scholar
Paparrigopoulos, T, Ferentinos, P, Brierley, B, et al. Relationship between post-operative depression/anxiety and hippocampal/amygdala volumes in temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2008;81:30–5.Google Scholar
Gilliam, FG, Maton, BM, Martin, RC, et al. Hippocampal 1H-MRSI correlates with severity of depression symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;68:364–8.Google Scholar
Bromfield, EB, Altshuler, L, Leiderman, DB, et al. Cerebral metabolism and depression in patients with complex partial seizures. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:617–25.Google Scholar
Salzberg, M, Taher, T, Davie, M, et al. Depression in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery patients: an FDG-PET study. Epilepsia. 2006;47:2125–30.Google Scholar
McGinnity, CJ, Koepp, MJ, Hammers, A et al. NMDA receptor binding in focal epilepsies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:1150–7.Google Scholar
Bagdy, G, Kecskemeti, V, Rib, P, et al. Serotonin and epilepsy. J Neurochem. 2007;100:857–73.Google Scholar
Drevets, WC, Thase, ME, Moses-Kolko, EL, et al. Serotonin-1A receptor imaging in recurrent depression: replication and literature review. Nucl Med Biol. 2007;34:865–77.Google Scholar
Bhagwagar, Z, Rabiner, EA, Sargent, PA, et al. Persistent reduction in brain serotonin1A receptor binding in recovered depressed men measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:386–92.Google Scholar
Shively, CA, Friedman, DP, Gage, HD, et al. Behavioral depression and positron emission tomography-determined serotonin 1 A receptor binding potential in cynomolgus monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:396–403.Google Scholar
Parsey, RV, Oquendo, MA, Ogden, RT, et al. Altered serotonin 1 A binding in major depression: a [carbonyl-C-11]WAY100635 positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:106–13.Google Scholar
Moses-Kolko, EL, Price, JC, Thase, ME, et al. Measurement of 5-HT1A receptor binding in depressed adults before and after antidepressant drug treatment using positron emission tomography and [11C]WAY-100635. Synapse. 2007;61:523–30.Google Scholar
Toczek, MT, Carson, RE, Lang, L, et al. PET imaging of 5-HT1A receptor binding in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;60:749–56.Google Scholar
Savic, I, Lindstrom, P, Gulyas, B, et al. Limbic reductions of 5-HT1A receptor binding in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;62:1343–51.Google Scholar
Merlet, I, Ostrowsky, K, Costes, N, et al. 5-HT1A receptor binding and intracerebral activity in temporal lobe epilepsy: an [18F]MPPF-PET study. Brain. 2004;127:900–13.Google Scholar
Giovacchini, G, Toczek, MT, Bonwetsch, R, et al. 5-HT 1 A receptors are reduced in temporal lobe epilepsy after partial-volume correction. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1128–35.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Martinez, AR, Khan, OI, et al. PET imaging of serotonin 1 A receptors and cerebral glucose metabolism for temporal lobectomy. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1375–82.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Hasler, G, Giovacchini, G, et al. Reduced hippocampal 5HT1A PET receptor binding and depression in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1526–30.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Wiggs, EA, Martinez, AR, et al. Serotonin 1 A receptors, depression, and memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53:129–33.Google Scholar
Lothe, A, Didelot, A, Hammers, A, et al. Comorbidity between temporal lobe epilepsy and depression: a [18F]MPPF PET study. Brain. 2008;131:2765–82.Google Scholar
Sargent, PA, Kjaer, KH, Bench, CJ, et al. Brain serotonin 1 A receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:174–80.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Giovacchini, G, Bonwetsch, R, et al. The effect of antiepileptic drugs on 5-HT1A receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography. Epilepsia. 2006;47:499–503.Google Scholar
Hasler, G, Bonwetsch, R, Giovacchini, G, et al. 5-HT1A receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with and without major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:1258–64.Google Scholar
Caspi, A, Sugden, K, Moffitt, TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science. 2003;301:386–9.Google Scholar
Stefulj, J, Bordukalo-Niksic, T, Hecimovic, H, et al. Epilepsy and serotonin (5-HT): variation of 5-HT related genes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Lett. 2010;478:29–31.Google Scholar
Meyer, JH, Houle, S, Sagrati, S, et al. Brain serotonin transporter binding potential measured with carbon 11-labeled DASB positron emission tomography: effects of major depressive episodes and severity of dysfunctional attitudes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1271–9.Google Scholar
Cannon, DM, Ichise, M, Rollis, D, et al. Elevated serotonin transporter binding in major depressive disorder assessed using positron emission tomography and C-11 DASB: comparison with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:870–7.Google Scholar
Parsey, RV, Hastings, RS, Oquendo, MA, et al. Lower serotonin transporter binding potential in the human brain during major depressive episodes. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:52–8.Google Scholar
Oquendo, MA, Hastings, RS, Huang, YY, et al. Brain serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with bipolar disorder using positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:201–8.Google Scholar
Spies, M, Knudsen, GM, Lanzenberger, R, et al. The serotonin transporter in psychiatric disorders: insights from PET imaging. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:743–55.Google Scholar
Martinez, A, Finegersh, A, Cannon, DM et al. The 5-HT1A receptor and 5-HT transporter in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2013;80:1465–71.Google Scholar
Alper, K, Schwartz, KA, Kolts, RL, et al. Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:345–54.Google Scholar

References

Gowers, WR. Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Disorders: Their Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. London: J&A Churchill; 1881.Google Scholar
Sutula, TP, Hagen, J, Pitkanen, A. Do epileptic seizures damage the brain? Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:189–95.Google Scholar
Cascino, GD. Temporal lobe epilepsy is a progressive neurologic disorder: time means neurons! Neurology. 2009;72:1718–9.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, A, Antel, SB, Collins, DL, et al. Texture analysis and morphological processing of magnetic resonance imaging assist detection of focal cortical dysplasia in extra-temporal partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:770–5.Google Scholar
Colliot, O, Bernasconi, N, Khalili, N, et al. Individual voxel-based analysis of gray matter in focal cortical dysplasia. NeuroImage. 2006;29:162–71.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, A, Bernasconi, N, Bernhardt, BC, et al. Advances in MRI for “cryptogenic” epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:99–108.Google Scholar
Hong, S, Kim, H, Bernasconi, N, et al. Automated detection of cortical dysplasia type II in MRI-negative epilepsy. Neurology. 2014;83:48–55.Google Scholar
Huppertz, HJ, Grimm, C, Fauser, S, et al. Enhanced visualization of blurred gray-white matter junctions in focal cortical dysplasia by voxel-based 3D MRI analysis. Epilepsy Res. 2005;67:35–50.Google Scholar
Wagner, J, Weber, B, Urbach, H, et al. Morphometric MRI analysis improves detection of focal cortical dysplasia type II. Brain. 2011;134:2844–54.Google Scholar
Wiebe, S, Blume, WT, Girvin, JP, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:311–8.Google Scholar
Engel, J Jr, McDermott, MP, Wiebe, S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307:922–30.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Bernasconi, N, Concha, L, et al. Cortical thickness analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: reproducibility and relation to outcome. Neurology. 2010;74:1776–84.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Chen, Z, He, Y, et al. Graph-theoretical analysis reveals disrupted small-world organization of cortical thickness correlation networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21:2147–57.Google Scholar
Hong, S, Bernhardt, BC, Schrader, DV, et al. Whole-brain MRI phenotying of dysplasia-related frontal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2016;86:643–50.Google Scholar
McDonald, CR, Hagler, DJ Jr, Ahmadi, ME, et al. Regional neocortical thinning in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008;49:794–803.Google Scholar
Keller, SS, Roberts, N. Voxel-based morphometry of temporal lobe epilepsy: An introduction and review of the literature. Epilepsia. 2008;49:741–57.Google Scholar
Koepp, MJ, Woermann, FG. Imaging structure and function in refractory focal epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:42–53.Google Scholar
Woermann, FG, Free, SL, Koepp, MJ, et al. Voxel-by-voxel comparison of automatically segmented cerebral gray matter—a rater-independent comparison of structural MRI in patients with epilepsy. NeuroImage. 1999;10:373–84.Google Scholar
Woermann, FG, Free, SL, Koepp, MJ, et al. Abnormal cerebral structure in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Brain. 1999;122:2101–8.Google Scholar
Coan, AC, Appenzeller, S, Bonilha, L, et al. Seizure frequency and lateralization affect progression of atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009;73:834–42.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Worsley, KJ, Kim, H, et al. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009;72:1747–54.Google Scholar
Deppe, M, Kellinghaus, C, Duning, T, et al. Nerve fiber impairment of anterior thalamocortical circuitry in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;71:1981–5.Google Scholar
Keller, SS, Schoene-Bake, JC, Gerdes, JS, et al. Concomitant fractional anisotropy and volumetric abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy: cross-sectional evidence for progressive neurologic injury. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e46791.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, A, Bernasconi, N, Natsume, J, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging of the thalamus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain. 2003;126:2447–54.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Rozen, DA, Worsley, KJ, et al. Thalamo-cortical network pathology in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: insights from MRI-based morphometric correlation analysis. NeuroImage. 2009;46:373–81.Google Scholar
Coan, AC, Cendes, F. Epilepsy as progressive disorders: what is the evidence that can guide our clinical decisions and how can neuroimaging help? Epilepsy Behav. 2013;26:313–21.Google Scholar
Duncan, J. The current status of neuroimaging for epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22:179–84.Google Scholar
Kuzniecky, RI, Knowlton, RC. Neuroimaging of epilepsy. Semin Neurol. 2002;22:279–88.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, N, Bernasconi, A. Epilepsy: imaging the epileptic brain–time for new standards. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:133–4.Google Scholar
Duncan, JS. Imaging in the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:537–50.Google Scholar
Hong, SJ, Kim, H, Schrader, D, et al. Automated detection of cortical dysplasia type II in MRI-negative epilepsy. Neurology. 2014;83:48–55.Google Scholar
Kim, H, Bernhardt, BC, Kulaga-Yoskovitz, J, et al. Multivariate hippocampal subfield analysis of local MRI intensity and volume: application to temporal lobe epilepsy. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2014;17:170–8.Google Scholar
Jack, CR Jr, Sharbrough, FW, Cascino, GD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based hippocampal volumetry: correlation with outcome after temporal lobectomy. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:138–46.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Hong, SJ, Bernasconi, A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging pattern learning in temporal lobe epilepsy: classification and prognostics. Ann Neurol. 2015;77:436–46.Google Scholar
Bonilha, L, Keller, SS. Quantitative MRI in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: relationship with surgical outcomes. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2015;5:204–24.Google Scholar
Keller, SS, Richardson, MP, Schoene-Bake, JC, et al. Thalamotemporal alteration and postoperative seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2015;77:760–74.Google Scholar
Kraemer, HC, Yesavage, JA, Taylor, JL, et al. How can we learn about developmental processes from cross-sectional studies, or can we? Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:163–71.Google Scholar
Di Martino, A, Fair, DA, Kelly, C, et al. Unraveling the miswired connectome: a developmental perspective. Neuron. 2014;83:1335–53.Google Scholar
Mills, KL, Tamnes, CK. Methods and considerations for longitudinal structural brain imaging analysis across development. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2014;9:172–90.Google Scholar
Steen, RG, Hamer, RM, Lieberman, JA. Measuring brain volume by MR imaging: impact of measurement precision and natural variation on sample size requirements. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:1119–25.Google Scholar
Blumcke, I, Thom, M, Aronica, E, et al. International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a task force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1315–29.Google Scholar
Cascino, GD, Jack, CR Jr, Parisi, JE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:31–6.Google Scholar
Briellmann, RS, Kalnins, RM, Berkovic, SF, et al. Hippocampal pathology in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: T2-weighted signal change reflects dentate gliosis. Neurology. 2002;58:265–71.Google Scholar
Spencer, SS, McCarthy, G, Spencer, DD. Diagnosis of medial temporal lobe seizure onset: relative specificity and sensitivity of quantitative MRI. Neurology. 1993;43:2117–24.Google Scholar
Van, Paesschen W, Connelly, A, King, MD, et al. The spectrum of hippocampal sclerosis: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:41–51.Google Scholar
Salmenpera, T, Kalviainen, R, Partanen, K, et al. Hippocampal damage caused by seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Lancet. 1998;351:35.Google Scholar
Kalviainen, R, Salmenpera, T, Partanen, K, et al. Recurrent seizures may cause hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1998;50:1377–82.Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M, Kelly, KG, Parrish, J, et al. Ipsilateral and contralateral MRI volumetric abnormalities in chronic unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and their clinical correlates. Epilepsia. 2005;46:420–30.Google Scholar
Jokeit, H, Ebner, A. Long term effects of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy on cognitive abilities: a cross sectional study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:44–50.Google Scholar
Fuerst, D, Shah, J, Kupsky, WJ, et al. Volumetric MRI, pathological, and neuropsychological progression in hippocampal sclerosis. Neurology. 2001;57:184–8.Google Scholar
Marques, CM, Caboclo, LO, da Silva, TI, et al. Cognitive decline in temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10:477–85.Google Scholar
Tasch, E, Cendes, F, Li, LM, et al. Neuroimaging evidence of progressive neuronal loss and dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:568–76.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Bhatia, S, Hatta, J, et al. Hippocampal atrophy, epilepsy duration, and febrile seizures in patients with partial seizures. Neurology. 1999;52:132–6.Google Scholar
Alhusaini, S, Doherty, CP, Scanlon, C, et al. A cross-sectional MRI study of brain regional atrophy and clinical characteristics of temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res. 2012;99:156–66.Google Scholar
Pulsipher, DT, Seidenberg, M, Morton, JJ, et al. MRI volume loss of subcortical structures in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;11:442–9.Google Scholar
Pacagnella, D, Lopes, TM, Morita, ME, et al. Memory impairment is not necessarily related to seizure frequency in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsia. 2014;55:1197–204.Google Scholar
Worrell, GA, Sencakova, D, Jack, CR, et al. Rapidly progressive hippocampal atrophy: evidence for a seizure-induced mechanism. Neurology. 2002;58:1553–6.Google Scholar
Jackson, GD, Chambers, BR, Berkovic, SF. Hippocampal sclerosis: development in adult life. Dev Neurosci. 1999;21:207–14.Google Scholar
O’Brien, TJ, So, EL, Meyer, FB, et al. Progressive hippocampal atrophy in chronic intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:526–9.Google Scholar
Briellmann, RS, Berkovic, SF, Syngeniotis, A, et al. Seizure-associated hippocampal volume loss: a longitudinal magnetic resonance study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2002;51:641–4.Google Scholar
Fuerst, D, Shah, J, Shah, A, et al. Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: a longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:413–6.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, N, Natsume, J, Bernasconi, A. Progression in temporal lobe epilepsy: differential atrophy in mesial temporal structures. Neurology. 2005;65:223–8.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Kim, H, Bernasconi, N. Patterns of subregional mesiotemporal disease progression in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2013;81:1840–7.Google Scholar
Maccotta, L, Moseley, ED, Benzinger, TL, et al. Beyond the CA1 subfield: Local hippocampal shape changes in MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015;56:780–8.Google Scholar
Yilmazer-Hanke, DM, Wolf, HK, Schramm, J, et al. Subregional pathology of the amygdala complex and entorhinal region in surgical specimens from patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2000;59:907–20.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Bernasconi, N, Kim, H, et al. Mapping thalamocortical network pathology in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2012;78:129–36.Google Scholar
Bonilha, L, Rorden, C, Appenzeller, S, et al. Gray matter atrophy associated with duration of temporal lobe epilepsy. NeuroImage. 2006;32:1070–9.Google Scholar
Natsume, J, Bernasconi, N, Andermann, F, et al. MRI volumetry of the thalamus in temporal, extratemporal, and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;60:1296–300.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, A, Tasch, E, Cendes, F, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging suggests progressive neuronal damage in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Prog Brain Res. 2002;135:297–304.Google Scholar
Bertram, EH, Mangan, PS, Zhang, D, et al. The midline thalamus: alterations and a potential role in limbic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42:967–78.Google Scholar
Sinjab, B, Martinian, L, Sisodiya, SM, et al. Regional thalamic neuropathology in patients with hippocampal sclerosis and epilepsy: a postmortem study. Epilepsia. 2013;54:2125–33.Google Scholar
Keller, SS, Mackay, CE, Barrick, TR, et al. Voxel-based morphometric comparison of hippocampal and extrahippocampal abnormalities in patients with left and right hippocampal atrophy. NeuroImage. 2002;16:23–31.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Worsley, KJ, Besson, P, et al. Mapping limbic network organization in temporal lobe epilepsy using morphometric correlations: insights on the relation between mesiotemporal connectivity and cortical atrophy. NeuroImage. 2008;42:515–24.Google Scholar
Lin, JJ, Salamon, N, Lee, AD, et al. Reduced neocortical thickness and complexity mapped in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17:2007–18.Google Scholar
Kemmotsu, N, Girard, HM, Bernhardt, BC, et al. MRI analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy: cortical thinning and white matter disruptions are related to side of seizure onset. Epilepsia. 2011;52:2257–66.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, N, Bernhardt, BC. Temporal lobe epilepsy is a progressive disorder. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:1.Google Scholar
Caciagli, L, Bernasconi, A, Wiebe, S, et al. Time is brain? A meta-analysis on progressive atrophy in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy Neurology. 2017;89:506–16.Google Scholar
Concha, L, Livy, DJ, Beaulieu, C, et al. In vivo diffusion tensor imaging and histopathology of the fimbria-fornix in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci. 2010;30:996–1002.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z, Lu, G, Zhong, Y, et al. Altered spontaneous neuronal activity of the default-mode network in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res. 2010;1323:152–60.Google Scholar
Morgan, VL, Rogers, BP, Sonmezturk, HH, et al. Cross hippocampal influence in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy measured with high temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1741–9.Google Scholar
Wang, J, Qiu, S, Xu, Y, et al. Graph theoretical analysis reveals disrupted topological properties of whole brain functional networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125:1744–56.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Kopylev, L, Weinstein, S, et al. Low incidence of abnormal (18)FDG-PET in children with new-onset partial epilepsy: a prospective study. Neurology. 2002;58:717–22.Google Scholar
Theodore, WH, Kelley, K, Toczek, MT, et al. Epilepsy duration, febrile seizures, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Epilepsia. 2004;45:276–9.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Weinstein, S, Conry, J, et al. Prognosis of children with partial epilepsy: MRI and serial 18FDG-PET. Neurology. 2007;68:655–9.Google Scholar
Nordli, DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):48–56.Google Scholar
ILAE. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy: proposal for classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia. 1989;30:389–99.Google Scholar
Andermann, F, Berkovic, SF. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized and other seizures in adolescence. Epilepsia. 2001;42:317–20.Google Scholar
Gloor, P. Generalized epilepsy with spike-and-wave discharge: a reinterpretation of its electrographic and clinical manifestations. The 1977 William G. Lennox Lecture, American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsia. 1979;20:571–88.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H. From molecules to networks: cortical/subcortical interactions in the pathophysiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44(suppl 2):7–15.Google Scholar
Castro-Alamancos, MA, Calcagnotto, ME. Presynaptic long-term potentiation in corticothalamic synapses. J Neurosci. 1999;19:9090–7.Google Scholar
Meeren, HK, Pijn, JP, Van Luijtelaar, EL, et al. Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats. J Neurosci. 2002;22:1480–95.Google Scholar
Kim, JH, Lee, JK, Koh, SB, et al. Regional grey matter abnormalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a voxel-based morphometry study. NeuroImage. 2007;37:1132–7.Google Scholar
Huang, W, Lu, G, Zhang, Z, et al. Gray-matter volume reduction in the thalamus and frontal lobe in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. J Neuroradiol. 2011;38:298–303.Google Scholar
Kim, JH, Kim, JB, Seo, WK, et al. Volumetric and shape analysis of thalamus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. J Neurol. 2013;260:1846–54.Google Scholar
Tae, WS, Hong, SB, Joo, EY, et al. Structural brain abnormalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients: volumetry and voxel-based morphometry. Korean J Radiol. 2006;7:162–72.Google Scholar
Tae, WS, Kim, SH, Joo, EY, et al. Cortical thickness abnormality in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. J Neurol. 2008;255:561–6.Google Scholar
O’Muircheartaigh, J, Vollmar, C, Barker, GJ, et al. Abnormal thalamocortical structural and functional connectivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Brain. 2012;135:3635–44.Google Scholar
Koepp, MJ, Woermann, F, Savic, I, et al. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy—neuroimaging findings. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;28(suppl 1):S40–4.Google Scholar
Kim, JH, Suh, SI, Park, SY, et al. Microstructural white matter abnormality and frontal cognitive dysfunctions in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53:1371–8.Google Scholar
Kim, JB, Suh, SI, Seo, WK, et al. Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:592–600.Google Scholar
Xue, K, Luo, C, Zhang, D, et al. Diffusion tensor tractography reveals disrupted structural connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:125–38.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z, Liao, W, Chen, H, et al. Altered functional-structural coupling of large-scale brain networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain. 2011;134:2912–28.Google Scholar
Bonilha, L, Tabesh, A, Dabbs, K, et al. Neurodevelopmental alterations of large-scale structural networks in children with new-onset epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:3661–72.Google Scholar
Tosun, D, Dabbs, K, Caplan, R, et al. Deformation-based morphometry of prospective neurodevelopmental changes in new onset paediatric epilepsy. Brain. 2011;134:1003–14.Google Scholar
Pulsipher, DT, Dabbs, K, Tuchsherer, V, et al. Thalamofrontal neurodevelopment in new-onset pediatric idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology. 2011;76:28–33.Google Scholar
Lin, JJ, Dabbs, K, Riley, JD, et al. Neurodevelopment in new-onset juvenile myoclonic epilepsy over the first 2 years. Ann Neurol. 2014;76:660–8.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, BC, Hong, S, Bernasconi, A, et al. Imaging structural and functional brain networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:624.Google Scholar
Caciagli, L, Bernhardt, BC, Hong, SJ, et al. Functional network alterations and their structural substrate in drug-resistant epilepsy. Front Neurosci. 2014;8:411.Google Scholar
Dabbs, K, Becker, T, Jones, J, et al. Brain structure and aging in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53:1033–43.Google Scholar
Woermann, FG, Sisodiya, SM, Free, S, et al. Quantitative MRI in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy: evidence of widespread cerebral structural changes. Brain. 1998;121:1661–7.Google Scholar
Savic, I, Lekvall, A, Greitz, D, et al. MR spectroscopy shows reduced frontal lobe concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2000;41:290–6.Google Scholar
Ronan, L, Alhusaini, S, Scanlon, C, et al. Widespread cortical morphologic changes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: evidence from structural MRI. Epilepsia. 2012;53:651–8.Google Scholar
Bengzon, J, Kokaia, Z, Elmer, E, et al. Apoptosis and proliferation of dentate gyrus neurons after single and intermittent limbic seizures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:10432–7.Google Scholar
Bengzon, J, Mohapel, P, Ekdahl, CT, et al. Neuronal apoptosis after brief and prolonged seizures. Prog Brain Res. 2002;135:111–9.Google Scholar
Pitkanen, A, Nissinen, J, Nairismagi, J, et al. Progression of neuronal damage after status epilepticus and during spontaneous seizures in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Prog Brain Res. 2002;135:67–83.Google Scholar
Pohlmann-Eden, B, Gass Peters, A CNA, et al. Evolution of MRI changes and development of bilateral hippocampal sclerosis during long lasting generalized status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurgery. 2004;75:898–900.Google Scholar
Sutula, TP. Mechanisms of epilepsy progression: current theories and perspectives from neuroplasticity in adulthood and development. Epilepsy Res. 2004;60:161–71.Google Scholar
Bertram, E. The relevance of kindling for human epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(suppl 2):65–74.Google Scholar
Isokawa, M, Levesque, M, Fried, I, et al. Glutamate currents in morphologically identified human dentate granule cells in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurophysiol. 1997;77:3355–69.Google Scholar
Zilles, K, Qu, MS, Kohling, R, et al. Ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptors in human epileptic neocortical tissue: quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. Neuroscience. 1999;94:1051–61.Google Scholar
Ragozzino, D, Palma, E, Di Angelantonio, S, et al. Rundown of GABA type A receptors is a dysfunction associated with human drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:15219–23.Google Scholar
McLain, LW Jr, Martin, JT, Allen, JH. Cerebellar degeneration due to chronic phenytoin therapy. Ann Neurol. 1980;7:18–23.Google Scholar
Papazian, O, Canizales, E, Alfonso, I, et al. Reversible dementia and apparent brain atrophy during valproate therapy. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:687–91.Google Scholar
Pardoe, HR, Berg, AT, Jackson, GD. Sodium valproate use is associated with reduced parietal lobe thickness and brain volume. Neurology. 2013;80:1895–900.Google Scholar
Hao, Y, Creson, T, Zhang, L, et al. Mood stabilizer valproate promotes ERK pathway-dependent cortical neuronal growth and neurogenesis. J Neurosci. 2004;24:6590–9.Google Scholar
Magarinos, AM, McEwen, BS, Flugge, G, et al. Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews. J Neurosci. 1996;16:3534–40.Google Scholar
Thompson, WK, Hallmayer, J, O’Hara, R, et al. Design considerations for characterizing psychiatric trajectories across the lifespan: application to effects of APOE-epsilon4 on cerebral cortical thickness in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:894–903.Google Scholar

References

Helmstaedter, C. Effects of chronic epilepsy on declarative memory systems. Prog Brain Res. 2002;135:439–53.Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C. Neuropsychological aspects of epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(suppl 1):S45–55.Google Scholar
Witt, JA, Helmstaedter, C. Should cognition be screened in new-onset epilepsies? A study in 247 untreated patients. J Neurol. 2012;259(8):1727–31.Google Scholar
de Tisi, J, Bell, GS, Peacock, JL, et al. The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure remission, and relapse: a cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378(9800):1388–95.Google Scholar
Wiebe, S, Blume, WT, Girvin, JP, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(5):311–8.Google Scholar
Duncan, J. The current status of neuroimaging for epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22:179–84.Google Scholar
Haag, A, Knake, S, Hamer, HM, et al. The Wada test in Austrian, Dutch, German, and Swiss epilepsy centers from 2000 to 2005: a review of 1421 procedures. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(1):83–9.Google Scholar
Price, CJ, Friston, KJ. Scanning patients with tasks they can perform. Hum Brain Mapp. 1999;8(2–3):102–8.Google Scholar
Thornton, R, Powell, HW, Lemieux, L. fMRI in epilepsy. fMRI techniques and protocols. Humana. 2009;41:681–730.Google Scholar
Jansen, JF, Aldenkamp, AP, Marian, MHJ, et al. Functional MRI reveals declined prefrontal cortex activation in patients with epilepsy on topiramate therapy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9(1):181–5.Google Scholar
Duncan, JS. Imaging in the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6(10):537–50.Google Scholar
Fernandez, G, Specht, K, Weis, S, et al. Intrasubject reproducibility of presurgical language lateralization and mapping using fMRI. Neurology. 2003;60(6):969–75.Google Scholar
Wilke, M, Lidzba, K. LI-tool: a new toolbox to assess lateralization in functional MR-data. J Neurosci Methods. 2007;163(1):128–36.Google Scholar
Wilke, M, Schmithorst, VJ. A combined bootstrap/histogram analysis approach for computing a lateralization index from neuroimaging data. NeuroImage. 2006;33(2):522–30.Google Scholar
Woermann, FG, Labudda, K. Clinical application of functional MRI for chronic epilepsy. Radiologe. 2010;50(2):123–30.Google Scholar
Dym, RJ, Burns, J, Freeman, K, Lipton, ML. Is functional MR imaging assessment of hemispheric language dominance as good as the Wada test? A meta-analysis. Radiology. 2011;261(2):446–55.Google Scholar
Janecek, JK, Swanson, SL, Sabsevitz, DS, et al. Language lateralization by fMRI and Wada testing in 229 patients with epilepsy: rates and predictors of discordance. Epilepsia. 2013;54(2):314–22.Google Scholar
Benke, T, Koylu, B, Visani, P, et al. Language lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison between fMRI and the Wada Test. Epilepsia. 2006;47(8):1308–19.Google Scholar
Lee, D, Swanson, SL, Sabsevitz, DS, et al. Functional MRI and Wada studies in patients with interhemispheric dissociation of language functions. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(2):350–6.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD. Functional MR imaging of language, memory, and sensorimotor cortex. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2004;14(3):471–85.Google Scholar
Springer, JA, Binder, JR, Hammeke, TA, et al. Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: a functional MRI study. Brain. 1999;122:2033–46.Google Scholar
Berl, MM, Balsamo, LM, Xu, B, et al. Seizure focus affects regional language networks assessed by fMRI. Neurology. 2005;65(10):1604–11.Google Scholar
Gaillard, WD, Berl, MM, Moore, EN, et al. Atypical language in lesional and nonlesional complex partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;69(18):1761–71.Google Scholar
Duke, ES, Tesfaye, M, Berl, MM, et al. The effect of seizure focus on regional language processing areas. Epilepsia. 2012;53(6):1044–50.Google Scholar
Voets, NL, Adcock, JE, Flitney, DE, et al. Distinct right frontal lobe activation in language processing following left hemisphere injury. Brain. 2006;129:754–66.Google Scholar
Weber, B, Wellmer, J, Reuber, M, et al. Left hippocampal pathology is associated with atypical language lateralization in patients with focal epilepsy. Brain. 2006;129:346–51.Google Scholar
Jensen, EJ, Hargreaves, IS, Pexman, PM, et al. Abnormalities of lexical and semantic processing in left temporal lobe epilepsy: an fMRI study. Epilepsia. 2011;52(11):2013–21.Google Scholar
Bonelli, SB, Powell, R, Thompson, PJ, et al. Hippocampal activation correlates with visual confrontation naming: fMRI findings in controls and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2011;95(3):246–54.Google Scholar
Bonelli, SB, Thompson, PJ, Yogarajah, M, et al. Imaging language networks before and after anterior temporal lobe resection—results of a longitudinal fMRI study. Epilepsia. 2012;53:639–50.Google Scholar
Liegeois, F, Connelly, A, Cross, JH, et al. Language reorganization in children with early-onset lesions of the left hemisphere: an fMRI study. Brain. 2004;127:1229–36.Google Scholar
Wellmer, J, Weber, B, Urbach, H, et al. Cerebral lesions can impair fMRI-based language lateralization. Epilepsia. 2009;50(10):2213–24.Google Scholar
Janszky, J, Mertens, M, Janszky, I, Ebner, A, Woermann, FG. Left-sided interictal epileptic activity induces shift of language lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy: an fMRI study. Epilepsia. 2006;47(5):921–7.Google Scholar
Monjauze, C, Broadbent, H, Boyd, SG, Neville, BG, Baldeweg, T. Language deficits and altered hemispheric lateralization in young people in remission from BECTS. Epilepsia. 2011;52(8):e79–83.Google Scholar
Wang, G, Worrell, G, Yang, L, Wilke, C, He, B. Interictal spike analysis of high-density EEG in patients with partial epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;122(6):1098–105.Google Scholar
Szaflarski, JP, Allendorfer, JB. Topiramate and its effect on fMRI of language in patients with right or left temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;24(1):74–80.Google Scholar
Yasuda, CL, Centeno, M, Vollmar, C, et al. The effect of topiramate on cognitive fMRI. Epilepsy Res. 2013;105(1–2):250–5.Google Scholar
Noppeney, U, Price, CJ, Duncan, JS, Koepp, MJ. Reading skills after left anterior temporal lobe resection: an fMRI study. Brain. 2005;128:1377–85.Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C, Firtz, NE, Gonzalez Perez, PA, et al. Shift-back of right into left hemisphere language dominance after control of epileptic seizures: evidence for epilepsy driven functional cerebral organization. Epilepsy Res. 2006;70(2–3):257–62.Google Scholar
Wong, SW, Jong, L, Bandur, D, et al. Cortical reorganization following anterior temporal lobectomy in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2009;73(7):518–25.Google Scholar
Gauffin, H, van Ettinger-Veenstra, H, Landtblom, AM, et al. Impaired language function in generalized epilepsy: inadequate suppression of the default mode network. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;28(1):26–35.Google Scholar
Salek-Haddadi, A, Mayer, T, Hamandi, K, et al. Imaging seizure activity: a combined EEG/EMG-fMRI study in reading epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50(2):256–64.Google Scholar
Datta, AN, Oser, N, Bauder, F, et al. Cognitive impairment and cortical reorganization in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):487–94.Google Scholar
Yuan, W, Szaflarski, JP, Schmithorst, VY, et al. fMRI shows atypical language lateralization in pediatric epilepsy patients. Epilepsia. 2006;47(3):593–600.Google Scholar
Lillywhite, LM, Saling, MM, Harvey, AS, et al. Neuropsychological and functional MRI studies provide converging evidence of anterior language dysfunction in BECTS. Epilepsia. 2009;50(10):2276–84.Google Scholar
Pal, DK. Epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders of language. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24(2):126–31.Google Scholar
Davies, KG, Bell, BD, Bush, AJ, et al. Naming decline after left anterior temporal lobectomy correlates with pathological status of resected hippocampus. Epilepsia. 1998;39(4):407–19.Google Scholar
Hermann, B, Davies, K, Foley, K, Bell, B. Visual confrontation naming outcome after standard left anterior temporal lobectomy with sparing versus resection of the superior temporal gyrus: a randomized prospective clinical trial. Epilepsia. 1999;40(8):1070–6.Google Scholar
Croft, LJ, Baldeweg, T, Sepeta, L, et al. Vulnerability of the ventral language network in children with focal epilepsy. Brain. 2014;137:2245–57.Google Scholar
Sabsevitz, DS, Swanson, SJ, Hammeke, TA, et al. Use of preoperative functional neuroimaging to predict language deficits from epilepsy surgery. Neurology. 2003;60(11):1788–92.Google Scholar
Binder, JR, Swanson SJ, Sabsevitz DS, et al. A comparison of two fMRI methods for predicting verbal memory decline after left temporal lobectomy: language lateralization versus hippocampal activation asymmetry. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):618–26.Google Scholar
Labudda, K, Mertens, M, Janszky, J, et al. Atypical language lateralisation associated with right fronto-temporal grey matter increases—a combined fMRI and VBM study in left-sided mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. NeuroImage. 2012;59(1):728–37.Google Scholar
Kunii, N, Kamada, K, Ota, T, Kawai, K, Saito, N. A detailed analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the frontal language area: a comparative study with extraoperative electrocortical stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(3):590–6; discussion 596–7.Google Scholar
Roux, FE, Boulanouar, K, Lotterie, JA, et al. Language functional magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative assessment of language areas: correlation with direct cortical stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(6):1335–45; discussion 1345–7.Google Scholar
Rutten, GJ, Ramsey, NF, van Rijen, PC, et al. Development of a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for intraoperative localization of critical temporoparietal language areas. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(3):350–60.Google Scholar
Addis, DR, Moscovitch, M, McAndrews, MP. Consequences of hippocampal damage across the autobiographical memory network in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 2007;130:2327–42.Google Scholar
Milton, F, Butler, CR, Benattayallah, A, Zeman, AZ. The neural basis of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia. Neuropsychologia. 2012;50(14):3528–41.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. The concept of episodic memory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001;356(1413):1345–50.Google Scholar
Squire, LR, Zola-Morgan, S. The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science. 1991;253(5026):1380–6.Google Scholar
Scoville, WB, Milner, B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12(1):103–13.Google Scholar
Ivnik, RJ, Sharbrough, FW, Laws, ER Jr. Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on cognitive function. J Clin Psychol. 1987;43(1):128–37.Google Scholar
Spiers, HJ, Burgess, N, Maguire, EA, et al. Unilateral temporal lobectomy patients show lateralized topographical and episodic memory deficits in a virtual town. Brain. 2001;124:2476–89.Google Scholar
Penfield, W, Milner, B. Memory deficit produced by bilateral lesions in the hippocampal zone. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1958;79(5):475–97.Google Scholar
Warrington, EK, Duchen, LW. A re-appraisal of a case of persistent global amnesia following right temporal lobectomy: a clinico-pathological study. Neuropsychologia. 1992;30(5):437–50.Google Scholar
Loring, DW, Hermann, BP, Meador, KJ, et al. Amnesia after unilateral temporal lobectomy: a case report. Epilepsia. 1994;35(4):757–63.Google Scholar
Bonelli, SB, Powell, RH, Yogarajah, M, et al. Imaging memory in temporal lobe epilepsy: predicting the effects of temporal lobe resection. Brain. 2010;133:1186–99.Google Scholar
Detre, JA, Maccotta, L, King, D, et al. Functional MRI lateralization of memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1998;50(4):926–32.Google Scholar
Golby, AJ, Poldrack RA, Brewer, JB, et al. Material-specific lateralization in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex during memory encoding. Brain. 2001;124:1841–54.Google Scholar
Powell, HW, Koepp, MJ, Symms, MR, et al. Material-specific lateralization of memory encoding in the medial temporal lobe: blocked versus event-related design. NeuroImage. 2005;27(1):231–9.Google Scholar
Jokeit, H, Okujava, M, Woermann, FG. Memory fMRI lateralizes temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57(10):1786–93.Google Scholar
Powell, HW, Richardson, MP, Symms, MR, et al. Reorganization of verbal and nonverbal memory in temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsia. 2007;48(8):1512–25.Google Scholar
Janszky, J, Jokeit, H, Kontopoulou, K, et al. Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2005;46(2):244–50.Google Scholar
Richardson, MP, Strange, BA, Duncan, JS, Dolan, RJ. Preserved verbal memory function in left medial temporal pathology involves reorganisation of function to right medial temporal lobe. NeuroImage. 2003;20(suppl 1):S112–9.Google Scholar
Alessio, A, Pereira FR, Sercheli MS, et al. Brain plasticity for verbal and visual memories in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34(1):186–99.Google Scholar
Guedj, E, Bettus, G, Barbeau, EJ, et al. Hyperactivation of parahippocampal region and fusiform gyrus associated with successful encoding in medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52(6):1100–9.Google Scholar
Sidhu, MK, Stretton, J, Winston, GP, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study mapping the episodic memory encoding network in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 2013;136:1868–88.Google Scholar
Vannest, J, Szaflarski, JP, Privitera, MD, et al. Medial temporal fMRI activation reflects memory lateralization and memory performance in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(3):410–8.Google Scholar
Chelune, GJ. Hippocampal adequacy versus functional reserve: predicting memory functions following temporal lobectomy. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1995;10(5):413–32.Google Scholar
Trenerry, MR, Jack, CR, Ivnik, RJ, et al. MRI hippocampal volumes and memory function before and after temporal lobectomy. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1800–5.Google Scholar
Baxendale, S, Thompson, P, Harkness, W, Duncan, J. Predicting memory decline following epilepsy surgery: a multivariate approach. Epilepsia. 2006;47(11):1887–94.Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C, Elger, CE. Cognitive consequences of two-thirds anterior temporal lobectomy on verbal memory in 144 patients: a three-month follow-up study. Epilepsia. 1996;37(2):171–80.Google Scholar
Baxendale, S. The role of functional MRI in the presurgical investigation of temporal lobe epilepsy patients: a clinical perspective and review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24(5):664–76.Google Scholar
Binder, JR, Sabsevitz, DS, Swanson, SJ, et al. Use of preoperative functional MRI to predict verbal memory decline after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2008;49(8):1377–94.Google Scholar
Baxendale, S, Thompson, PJ, Duncan, JS. Improvements in memory function following anterior temporal lobe resection for epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;71(17):1319–25.Google Scholar
Richardson, MP, Strange, BA, Duncan, JS, Dolan, RJ. Memory fMRI in left hippocampal sclerosis: optimizing the approach to predicting postsurgical memory. Neurology. 2006;66(5):699–705.Google Scholar
Richardson, MP, Strange, BA, Thompson, PJ, et al. Pre-operative verbal memory fMRI predicts post-operative memory decline after left temporal lobe resection. Brain. 2004;127:2419–26.Google Scholar
Powell, HW, Richardson, MP, Symms, MR, et al. Preoperative fMRI predicts memory decline following anterior temporal lobe resection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(6):686–93.Google Scholar
Rabin, ML, Narayn, VM, Kimberg, DY, et al. Functional MRI predicts post-surgical memory following temporal lobectomy. Brain. 2004;127:2286–98.Google Scholar
Dupont, S, Duron, E, Samson, S, et al. Functional MR imaging or Wada test: which is the better predictor of individual postoperative memory outcome? Radiology. 2010;255(1):128–34.Google Scholar
Sidhu, MK, Stretton J, Winston GP, et al. Memory fMRI predicts verbal memory decline after anterior temporal lobe resection. Neurology. 2015;84(15):1512–9.Google Scholar
Stretton, J, Winston, G, Sidhu, M, et al. Neural correlates of working memory in temporal lobe epilepsy—an fMRI study. NeuroImage. 2012;60(3):1696–703.Google Scholar
Stretton, J, Winston G, Sidhu M, et al. Disrupted segregation of working memory networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. NeuroImage Clin. 2013;2:273–81.Google Scholar
Centeno, M, Thompson, PJ, Koepp, MJ, et al. Memory in frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2010;91(2–3):123–32.Google Scholar
Braakman, HM, Vaessen, MJ, Jansen, JF, et al. Frontal lobe connectivity and cognitive impairment in pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):446–54.Google Scholar
Vlooswijk, MC, Jansen, JF, Jeukens, CR, et al. Memory processes and prefrontal network dysfunction in cryptogenic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52(8):1467–75.Google Scholar
Vlooswijk, MC, Jansen, JF, Reijs, RP, et al. Cognitive fMRI and neuropsychological assessment in patients with secondarily generalized seizures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110(5):441–50.Google Scholar
Alpherts, WC, Vermeulen, J, van Rijen, PC, et al. Standard versus tailored left temporal lobe resections: differences in cognitive outcome? Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(2):455–60.Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C, Richter, S, Roske, S, et al. Differential effects of temporal pole resection with amygdalohippocampectomy versus selective amygdalohippocampectomy on material-specific memory in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008;49(1):88–97.Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C, Kurthen, M, Lux, S, et al. Chronic epilepsy and cognition: a longitudinal study in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2003;54(4):425–32.Google Scholar
Schramm, J. Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery and the quest for optimal extent of resection: a review. Epilepsia. 2008;49(8):1296–307.Google Scholar
Cheung, MC, Chan, AS, Lam, JM, Chan, YL. Pre- and postoperative fMRI and clinical memory performance in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(10):1099–106.Google Scholar
Bonelli, SB, Thompson, PJ, Yogarajah, M, et al. Memory reorganization following anterior temporal lobe resection: a longitudinal functional MRI study. Brain. 2013;136:1889–900.Google Scholar
Maccotta, L, Buckner, RL, Gilliam, FG, Ojemann, JG. Changing frontal contributions to memory before and after medial temporal lobectomy. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17(2):443–56.Google Scholar
Robinson, S, Windischberger, C, Rauscher, A, Moser, E. Optimized 3 T EPI of the amygdalae. NeuroImage. 2004;22(1):203–10.Google Scholar
Fernandez, G, Effern A, Grunwald T, et al. Real-time tracking of memory formation in the human rhinal cortex and hippocampus. Science. 1999;285(5433):1582–5.Google Scholar
Ojemann, JG, Akbudak, E, Snyder, AZ, et al. Anatomic localization and quantitative analysis of gradient refocused echo-planar fMRI susceptibility artifacts. NeuroImage. 1997;6(3):156–67.Google Scholar
Greicius, MD, Krasnow, B, Boyett-Anderson, JM, et al. Regional analysis of hippocampal activation during memory encoding and retrieval: fMRI study. Hippocampus. 2003;13(1):164–74.Google Scholar
Lipschutz, B, Friston, KJ, Ashburner, J, Turner, R, Price, CJ. Assessing study-specific regional variations in fMRI signal. NeuroImage. 2001;13(2):392–8.Google Scholar
Wagner, AD, Koutstaal, W, Schacter, DL. When encoding yields remembering: insights from event-related neuroimaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999;354(1387):1307–24.Google Scholar
Axmacher, N, Mormann, F, Fernandez, G, et al. Sustained neural activity patterns during working memory in the human medial temporal lobe. J Neurosci. 2007;27(29):7807–16.Google Scholar
Waites, AB, Briellmann, RS, Saling, MM, et al. Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(2):335–43.Google Scholar
Pravata, E, Sestieri C, Mantini D, et al. Functional connectivity MR imaging of the language network in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(3):532–40.Google Scholar
Vlooswijk, MC, Jansen, JF, Majoie, HJ, et al. Functional connectivity and language impairment in cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy. Neurology. 2010;75(5):395–402.Google Scholar
Rodrigo, S, Oppenheim, C, Chassoux, F, et al. Language lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy using functional MRI and probabilistic tractography. Epilepsia. 2008;49(8):1367–76.Google Scholar
McCormick, C, Quraan M, Cohn M, et al. Default mode network connectivity indicates episodic memory capacity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54(5):809–18.Google Scholar
Pereira, FR, Alessio, A, Sercheli, MS, et al. Asymmetrical hippocampal connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: evidence from resting state fMRI. BMC Neurosci. 2010;11:66.Google Scholar
Voets, NL, Adcock, JE, Stacey, R, et al. Functional and structural changes in the memory network associated with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(12):4070–81.Google Scholar
Vollmar, C, O’Muircheartaigh, J, Barker, GJ, et al. Motor system hyperconnectivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a cognitive functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain. 2011;134:1710–9.Google Scholar
Nimsky, C, Ganslandt, O, Merhof, D, et al. Intraoperative visualization of the pyramidal tract by diffusion-tensor-imaging-based fiber tracking. NeuroImage. 2006;30(4):1219–29.Google Scholar
Beisteiner, R, Robinson, S, Wurnig, M, et al. Clinical fMRI: evidence for a 7 T benefit over 3 T. NeuroImage. 2011;57(3):1015–21.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×