Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:25:14.397Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Cultural Influences on Body Image and Body Esteem

from Section 3 - Cognitive and Social Factors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

By
Elysia G. Sotiriou  and
Germine H. Awad
Edited by
Fanny M. Cheung  and
Diane F. Halpern
Fanny M. Cheung
Affiliation:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Diane F. Halpern
Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California
Get access

Summary

The influence of ethnicity and culture in body image etiology has only recently been considered. Previous accounts asserting that White women are at increased risk for body dissatisfaction and body-related pathology relative to women of color are being contested after multiple body image investigations using culturally diverse samples report similar or higher risk levels in women of color. Such findings highlight the need to reevaluate the ability of current developmental frameworks, diagnostic criteria, and psychometric tools in capturing body image experiences of ethnically diverse women. Most body image inventories were developed on White women from Westernized cultures, emphasizing weight phobia and Westernized appearance ideals. Such inventories often fail to detect body image concerns in women of color. Broadening the understanding of body image etiology to include the experiences of ethnically diverse women is crucial for accurate identification and effective treatment of body-related pathology and comorbid conditions in women of color.

Keywords

Culture and body imagewomen of colorethnic minority womencultural differencesethnic body idealsbody dissatisfactionbody image disturbanceeating disorderscosmetic surgerybody dysmorphic disorderbody-related pathology
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women , pp. 190 - 204
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Suggested Readings

Elysia G. Sotiriou is in her final year of the Counseling Psychology doctoral program in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. Her research involves exploring the impact of culture on body image development and eating disorder risk, designing culturally inclusive measures to capture the body-related concerns of ethnic minority women, and expanding efficacious body image interventions to benefit under-served populations. Throughout her academic and clinical practicum opportunities, Elysia has cultivated a multitude of unique experiences working clinically with culturally diverse children, adolescents, and young adult women struggling with a range of body-related concerns. Elysia is currently a fellowship scholar in the Austin & Dell Medical School’s Integrated Behavioral Health (UT) program, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary training initiative designed to prepare culturally and linguistically diverse trainees to pursue careers treating under-served populations in integrated healthcare settings. Sotiriou was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. She received her BA in psychology, sociology, and French from University of Wisconsin, Madison. Her graduate degrees are from the University of Texas, Austin. Upon graduating from UW-Madison, she accepted a job in Greece and moved to Athens just before the second austerity bill and the first wave of violent protests began. She studied in Paris, at La Sorbonne, for a year in 2010.

Germine H. Awad is an Associate Professor in the Human Development, Culture, and Learning Sciences and Counseling Psychology programs in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. Her scholarship is characterized by three interrelated areas of inquiry: prejudice and discrimination, identity and acculturation, and body image among women of color. She has also written in the area of multicultural research methodology. The majority of her research is guided by the questions “What factors lead to discrimination against ethnic minorities?” and “What impacts perceptions of experienced discrimination?” The two populations that she has primarily focused on are Arab/Middle Eastern Americans and African Americans. Awad is concerned with how prejudicial attitudes and ideology impact attitudes toward ethnic minorities generally and within specific domains such as the workplace and higher education. In addition, she examines how racial/ethnic identity and acculturation impact ethnic minorities’ perception of discrimination, their experience of their bodies, and development of body image concerns.

Awad, G. H., Norwood, C., Taylor, D. S., Martinez, M., McClain, S., Jones, B., … Chapman-Hilliard, C. (2015). Beauty and body image concerns among African American college women. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(6), 540–564. doi:10.1177/0095798414550864Google Scholar
Capodilupo, C. M., & Forsyth, J. M. (2014). Consistently inconsistent: A review of the literature on eating disorders and body image among women of color. In Miville, M. & Ferguson, A. (Eds.), Handbook of race-ethnicity and gender in psychology (pp. 343-360). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Chacis, S. (2007). How we shape body-image ideas. Health, 21(6), 132.Google Scholar
Eichen, D. M., & Wilfley, D. E. (2016). Special report on eating disorders: Diagnosis and assessment issues in eating disorders. Psychiatric Times, 33(5). www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/diagnosis-and-assessment-issues-eating-disrodersGoogle Scholar
Miller, M. N., & Pumariega, A. J. (2001). Culture and eating disorders: A historical and cross-cultural review. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64(2), 93–110. doi:10.1521/psyc.64.2.93.18621Google Scholar
Paniagua, F. A. (2018). ICD-10 versus DSM-5 on cultural issues. Sage Open. doi:10.1177/2158244018756165Google Scholar
Webb, J. B., Warren-Findlow, J., Chou, Y. Y., & Adams, L. (2013). Do you see what I see? An exploration of inter-ethnic ideal body size comparisons among college women. Body Image, 10(3), 369–379. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.005Google Scholar

References

Adams, J. (2009). Bodies of change: A comparative analysis of media representations of body modification practices. Sociological Perspectives, 52(1), 103–129. doi:10.1525.sop.2009.52.1.103Google Scholar
Adato, A., & Harrington, M. (2007). Yes I use Botox, People (May), 81–84.Google Scholar
Agaliata, D., & Tanteleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The impact of media exposure on males’ body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 7–22. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.1.7.26988Google Scholar
Akan, G. E., & Grilo, C. M. (1995). Sociocultural influences on eating attitudes and behaviors, body image, and psychological functioning: A comparison of African-American, Asian American, and Caucasian college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 181–187.Google Scholar
Alegria, M., Woo, M., Cao, Z., Torres, M., Meng, X.L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in Latinos in the United States. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 15–21. doi:10.1002/eat.20406Google Scholar
Altabe, M. (1998). Ethnicity and body image: Quantitative and qualitative analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23(2), 153–159. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199803)23:2<153::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-JGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013): Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.; DSM-V). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2010). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdfGoogle Scholar
Awad, G. H., Norwood, C., Taylor, D. S., Martinez, M., McClain, S., Jones, B., … Chapman-Hilliard, C. (2015). Beauty and body image concerns among African American college women. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(6), 540–564. doi:10.1177/0095798414550864Google Scholar
Bardone‐Cone, A. M., & Boyd, C. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of eating disorder instruments in Black and White young women: Internal consistency, temporal stability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 19, 356–362. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.356Google Scholar
Becker, A. E. (2007). Culture and eating disorder classification. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(53),  S117–S122. doi:10.1002/eat.20435Google Scholar
Becker, A. E., Franko, D. L., Speck, A., & Herzog, D. B. (2003). Ethnicity and differential access to care for eating disorder symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 205–212. doi:10.1002/eat.10129CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bissell, K. L., & Chung, J. Y. (2009). Americanized beauty? Predictors of perceived attractiveness from US and South Korean participants based on media exposure, ethnicity, and socio-cultural attitudes toward ideal beauty. Asian Journal of Communication, 19, 227–247. doi:10.1080/01292980902827144Google Scholar
Boie, I., Lopez, A. L., & Sass, D. A. (2013). An evaluation of a theoretical model predicting dieting behaviors: Tests of measurement and structural invariance across ethnicity and gender. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 46, 114–135. doi:10.1177/0748175612468595Google Scholar
Boroughs, M., Krawczyk, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2010). Body dysmorphic disorder among diverse racial/ethnic and sexual orientation groups: Prevalence estimates and associated factors. Sex Roles, 63, 725–737. doi:10.1007/s11199–010-9831-1Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (2011). Evolutionary psychology and feminism. Sex Roles, 64(9–10), 768–787. doi:10.1007//s11199-011-9987-3Google Scholar
Canino, G., & Alegria, M. (2008). Psychiatric diagnosis – is it universal or relative to culture? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(3), 237–250. doi:10.111/j.1469-7610.2007.01854.xGoogle Scholar
Capodilupo, C. M., & Forsyth, J. M. (2014). Consistently inconsistent: A review of the literature on eating disorders and body image among women of color. In Miville, M. & Ferguson, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psycbology (pp. 343–360). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F., & Deagle, E. A. (1997). The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta anylsis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 107–125. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<107::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-JGoogle Scholar
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (2002). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cashel, M. L., Cunningham, D., Landeros, C., Cokley, K. O., & Muhammad, G. (2003). Sociocultural attitudes and symptoms of bulimia: Evaluating the SATAQ with diverse college groups. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 287–296. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.287Google Scholar
Chacis, S. (2007). How we shape body-image ideas. Health, 21(6), 132.Google Scholar
Chang, E. C., Yu, E. A., & Lin, E. Y. (2014). An examination of ethnic variations in perfectionism and interpersonal influences as predictors of eating disturbances: A look at Asian and European American females. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 243–251. doi:10.1037/a0034621Google Scholar
Chang, F. C., Lee, C. M., Chen, P. H., Chiu, C. H., Pan, Y. C., & Huang, T. F. (2013). Association of thin‐ideal media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behavior among adolescents in Taiwan. Eating Behaviors, 14, 382–385. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.002Google Scholar
Chao, J. W., Lee, J. C., Chang, M. M., & Kwan, E. (2016). Alloplastic augmentation of the Asian face: A review of 215 patients. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 36(8), 861–868. doi:10.1093/asj/sjw013Google Scholar
Cusumano, D. L., & Thompson, J. K. (1997). Body image and body shape ideals in magazines: Exposure, awareness, and internalization. Sex Roles, 37, 701–721. doi:10.1007/BF02936336Google Scholar
Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics. (2016). Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 36 (supplement 1), 1–29. doi:10.1093/asj/sjv162Google Scholar
Crago, M., & Shisslak, C. M. (2003). Ethnic differences in dieting, binge eating, and purging behaviors among American females: A review. Eating Disorders, 11, 289–304. doi:10.1080/10640260390242515Google Scholar
Crago, M., Shisslak, C. M., & Estes, L. S. (1996). Eating disturbances among American minority groups: A review. Interantional Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 239–248. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199604)19:3<239::AID-EAT2>3.0.CO;2-NGoogle Scholar
Davis, C., & Yager, J. (1992). Transcultural aspects of eating disorders: A critical literature review. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 16, 377–394. doi:10.1007/BF00052156Google Scholar
Davis, D., & Vernon, M. L. (2002). Sculpting the body beautiful: Attachment style, neuroticism, and use of cosmetic surgeries. Sex Roles, 47, 129–138. doi:10/1023/A:1021043021624Google Scholar
Didie, E. R., & Sarwer, D. B. (2003). Factors that influence the decision to undergo cosmetic breast augmentation surgery. Journal of Women’s Health, 12(3), 241–253. doi:10.1089/154099903321667582Google Scholar
Dobke, M., Chung, C. & Takabe, K. (2006). Facial aesthetic preferences among Asian women: Are all oriental Asians the same? Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 30(3), 342–347. doi:10.1007/s00266–005-0091-3Google Scholar
Dolan, B. (1991). Cross cultural aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: A review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 67–78. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199101)10:1<67::AID-EAT2260100108>3.0.CO;2-NGoogle Scholar
Doris, E., Shekriladze, I., Javakhishvili, N., Jones, R., Treasure, J., & Tchanturia, K. (2015). Is cultural change associated with eating disorders? A systematic review of the literature. Eating and Weight Disorders: Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 20(2), 149–160. doi:10.1007/s40519–015-0189-9Google Scholar
Eichen, D. M., & Wilfley, D. E. (2016). Special report on eating disorders: Diagnosis and assessment issues in eating disorders. Psychiatric Times, 33(5). www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/diagnosis-and-assessment-issues-eating-disordersGoogle Scholar
Evans, P. C., & McConnell, A. R. (2003). Do racial minorities respond in the same way to mainstream beauty standards? Social comparison processes in Asian, Black, and White women. Self & Identity, 2, 153–167. doi:10.1080/15298860309030Google Scholar
Falconer, J. W., & Neville, H. A. (2000). African American college women’s body image: An examination of body mass, African self-consciousness, and skin color satisfaction. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(3), 236–243. doi-org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb00205.xGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Bardone-Cone, A. M., & Kelly, K. A. (2011). Objectified body consciousness in relation to recovery from an eating disorder. Eating Behaviors, 12, 302–308. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.09.001Google Scholar
Franko, D. L., Becker, A. E., Thomas, J. J., & Herzog, D. B. (2007). Cross-ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 156–164. doi:10.1002/eat.20341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franko, D. L., Thompson‐Brenner, H., Thompson, D. R., Boisseau, C. L., Davis, A., Forbush, K. T., & Wilson, G. T. (2012). Racial/ethnic differences in adults in randomized clinical trials of binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 186–195. doi:10.1037/a0026700CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frederick, D. A., Forbes, G. B., Grigorian, K. E., & Jarcho, J. M. (2007). The UCLA body project I: Gender and ethnic differences in self-objectification and body satisfaction among 2,206 undergraduates. Sex Roles, 57(5–6), 317–327. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9251-zGoogle Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Towards understanding women’s lived experience and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.xGoogle Scholar
Freedman, R., Carter, M., Sbrocco, T., & Gray, J. (2006). Do men hold African American women and Caucasian women to different standards of beauty? Eating Behaviors, 8, 319–333. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.11.008Google Scholar
Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women’s magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56–70. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02658xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furnham, A., & Baguma, P. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the evaluation of male and female body shapes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 15(1), 81–89. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199401)15:1<81::AID-EAT2260150110>3.0.CO;2-DGoogle Scholar
George, J. B., & Franko, D. L. (2010). Cultural issues in eating pathology and body image among children and adolescence. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 231–242. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp064Google Scholar
George, V. A., Erb, A. F., Harris, C. L., & Casazza, K. (2007). Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders in Hispanic females of diverse ethnic background and non-Hispanic females. Eating Behavior, 8, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.08.004Google Scholar
Gilbert, S. C. (2003). Eating disorders in women of color. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 444–455. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg045Google Scholar
Gimlin, D. (2002). Body work: Beauty and self-image in American culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gluck, M. E., & Geliebter, A. (2002). Racial/ethnic differences in body image and eating behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 3, 143–151. doi:10.1016/S1471-0153(01)00052-6Google Scholar
Gordon, K. H., Brattole, M. M., Wingate, L. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2006). The impact of client race on clinician detection of eating disorders. Behavioral Therapy, 37, 319–325. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.12.002Google Scholar
Gordon, K. H., Castro, Y., Sitnikov, L., & Holm-Denoma, J. M. (2010). Cultural body shape ideals and eating disorder symptoms among White, Latina, and Black college women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 135–143. doi:10.1037/a0018671CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2006). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction among women in the United States: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(4), 622–640. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.622Google Scholar
Greenberg, B. S., & Mastro, D. E. (2008). Children, race, ethnicity, and media. In Calvert, S. L. & Wilson, B. J. (Eds.),  The handbook of children, media, and development (pp. 74–97). Oxford: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444302752.ch4Google Scholar
Guzman, I. M., & Valdivia, A. N. (2004). Brain, brow, and booty: Latina iconicity in U.S. popular culture. Communication Review, 7, 205–221. doi:10.1080/10714420490448723Google Scholar
Hall, C. C. I. (1995). Asian eyes: Body image and eating disorders of Asian and Asian American women. Eating Disorders, 3(1), 8–19. doi:10.1080/10640269508249141Google Scholar
Heinberg, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1995). Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325–338. doi:10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.325Google Scholar
Heinberg, L. J., Thompson, J. K., & Stormer, S. (1995). Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 81–89. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199501)17:1<81::AID-EAT2260170111>3.0.CO;2-YGoogle Scholar
Henderson-King, D., & Henderson-King, E. (2005). Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Scale development and validation. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 2, 137–149. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodes, M., Jones, C., & Davies, H. (1996). Cross-cultural differences in maternal evaluation of children’s body shapes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 257–263. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199604)19:3<257::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-LGoogle Scholar
Holliday, R., & Elfving-Hwang, J. (2012). Gender, globalization, and aesthetic surgery in South Korea. Body & Society, 18, 58–81. doi:10.1177/1357034X12440828Google Scholar
Hrabosky, J. I., & Grilo, C. M. (2007). Body image and eating disordered behavior in a community sample of Black and Hispanic women. Eating Behaviors, 8, 106–114. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.02.005Google Scholar
Iyer, D. S., & Haslam, N. (2003). Body image and eating disturbance among South Asian American women: The role of racial teasing. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(1), 142–147. doi:10.1002/eat.10170Google Scholar
Jackson, L. A., & McGill, O. D. (1996). Body type preferences and body characteristics associated with attractive and unattractive bodies by African Americans and Anglo Americans. Sex Roles, 35, 295–307. doi:10.1007/BF01664771Google Scholar
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2008). Sociocultural predictors of physical appearance concerns among adolescent girls and young women from China. Sex Roles, 58, 402–411. doi:10.1007/s11199–007-9342-xGoogle Scholar
Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., Zwaan, M., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 19–65. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.19Google Scholar
Joiner, G. W., & Kashubeck, S. (1996). Acculturation, body image, self-esteem, and eating-disorder symptomology in adolescent Mexican American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 419–435. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00309.xGoogle Scholar
Jung, J., & Lee, Y. J. (2009). Cross-cultural examination of women’s fashion and beauty magazine advertisements in the US and South Korea. Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 27, 274–286. doi:10.1177/0887302X08327087Google Scholar
Karupiah, P. (2012). Modification of the body: A comparative analysis of views of youths in Penang, Malaysia and Seoul, South Korea. Journal of Youth Studies 16(1): 1–16. doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1080/13676261.2012.693588Google Scholar
Kashubeck-West, S., Coker, A. D., Awad, G. H., Stinson, R. D., Bledman, R., & Mintz, L. (2013). Do measures commonly used in body image research perform adequately with African American college women? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(3), 357–368. doi:10.1037/a0031905Google Scholar
Katzman, M. A., & Lee, S. (1997). Beyond body image: The integration of feminist and transcultural theories in the understanding of self-starvation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22(4), 385–394. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199712)22:4<385::AID-EAT3>3.0.CO;2-I3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawamura, K. Y. (2011). Asian American body images. In Cash, T. F. & Smolak, L. (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 229–235). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Keel, P. K., & Klump, K. L. (2003). Are eating disorders culture bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 747–769. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.747Google Scholar
Kennedy, M. A., Templeton, L., Gandhi, A., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2004). Asian body image satisfaction: Ethnic and gender differences across Chinese, Indo-Asian, and European-descent students. Eating Disorders, 12(4), 321–336. doi:10.1080/10640260490521415Google Scholar
Kim, S. Y., Seo, Y. S., & Baek, K. Y. (2014). Face consciousness among South Korean women: A culture-specific extension of objectification theory, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 24–36.Google Scholar
Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Coates, B. (2006). Minority models in advertisements in magazines popular with minorities. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(3), 596–614. doi:10.1177/107769900608300308Google Scholar
Koff, E., Benavage, A., & Wong, B. (2001). Body-image attitudes and psychosocial functioning in Euro-American and Asian-American college women. Psychological Reports, 88, 917–928. doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.917Google Scholar
Kroon Van Diest, A. M., Tartakovsky, M., Stachon, C., & Pettit, J. W. (2014). The relationship between acculturative stress and eating disorder symptoms: Is it unique from general life stress? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3), 445–457. doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9498-5Google Scholar
Kung, J. K. (2010). Mochi survey: Attitudes toward Asian American cosmetic surgery. Mochi Magazine, January 11.Google Scholar
Lacroix, C. (2004). Images of animated others: The orientalization of Disney’s cartoon heroines from the Little Mermaid to the Hunchback of Notre Dame. Popular Communication, 2(4), 213–229. doi:10.1207/s15405710pc0204_2Google Scholar
Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., & Brown-Collins, A. (1992). Cultural diversity and methodology in feminist psychology: Critique, proposal, empirical example. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 145–163. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb002Google Scholar
Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Gibbs, J., Manning, V., & Lund, M. (1995). Physical and psychiatric correlates of gender discrimination: An application of the Schedule of Sexist Events. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 473–492.Google Scholar
Lau, A. S. M, Lum, S. K., Chronister, K. M., & Forrest, L. (2006). Asian American college women’s body image: A pilot study. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(2), 259–274. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.259.Google Scholar
Lavrin, A. (2004). Latin American women’s history: The national project. In Smith, B. G. (Ed.), Women’s history in global perspective (Vol. 1, pp. 180–221). Champaign: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Lee, L. C., & Zhan, G. (1998). Psychosocial status of children and youths. In Lee, L. C. & Zane, N. W. S. (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American psychology (pp. 137–163). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Levine, M.P., & Smolak, L. (1996). Media as a context for the development of disordered eating. In L. Smolak, M. P. Levine, & R. Striegel-Moore (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders: Implications for research, prevention, and treatment (pp. 235–257). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Levine, M.P., & Smolak, L. (2010). Cultural influences on body image and the eating disorders. In Agras, W. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of eating disorders (pp. 223–246). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lindridge, A. M., & Wang, C. (2008). Saving “face” in China: Modernization, parental pressure, and plastic surgery. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 7(6), 496–508. doi:10.1002/cb.267Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1991). The psychology of eating and drinking (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. FreemanGoogle Scholar
Lokken, K. L., Worthy, S. L., Ferraro, F. R., & Attmann, J. (2008). Bulimic symptoms and body image dissatisfaction in college women: More affected by climate or race? Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 142, 386–394. doi:10.3200/JRPL.142.4.386-394Google Scholar
Lopez, E., Blix, G. G., & Blix, A. G. (1995). Body image of Latinas compared to body image of non-Latina White women. Health Values, 19, 3–10.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, M. (2001). Disturbances in the social body: Differences in body image and eating problems among African American and White women. Gender & Society, 15(2), 239–261. doi:10.1177/089124301015002005Google Scholar
Lucero, K., Hicks, R., Bramlette, J., Brassington, G., & Welter, M. (1992). Frequency of eating problems among Asian and Caucasian college students. Psychological Reports, 71, 255–258. doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.255Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224Google Scholar
Marques, L., Alegria, M., Becker, A. E., Chen, C.‐N., Fang, A., Chosak, A., & Diniz, J. B. (2011). Comparative prevalence, correlates of impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across US ethnic groups: Implications for reducing ethnic disparities in health care access for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44, 412–420. doi:10.1002/eat.20787Google Scholar
Miller, M. N., & Pumariega, A. J. (2001). Culture and eating disorders: A historical and cross-cultural review. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64(2), 93–110. doi:10.1521/psyc.64.2.93.18621Google Scholar
Mintz, L. B., & Kashubeck, S. (1999). Body image and disordered eating among Asian American and Caucasian college students: An examination of race and gender differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(4), 781–796. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00397.xGoogle Scholar
Mulholland, A., & Mintz, L. B. (2001). Prevalence of eating disorders among African American women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 111–116. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.48.1.111Google Scholar
Munzer, S. R. (2011). Cosmetic surgery, racial identity, and aesthetics. Configurations 19(2), 243–286. doi:10.1353/con.2011.0012Google Scholar
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Guo, J., Story, M., Haines, J., & Eisenberg, M. (2006). Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: How do dieters fare 5 years later? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106, 559–568.Google Scholar
Nugent, K. (2009). Cosmetic surgery on patients with body dysmorphic disorder: Cutting the tie that binds. Developments in Mental Health Law, 28(2), 77–104.Google Scholar
Oliveira, J. S., Queiroz, A. C., Mantovani, H. C., de Melo, M. R., Detmann, E., Santos, E. M., & Bayão, G. F. V. (2011). Effect of propionic and lactic acids on in vitro ruminal bacteria growth. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(5), 1121–1127.Google Scholar
Paniagua, F. A. (2018). ICD-10 versus DSM-5 on cultural issues. Sage Open. doi:10.1177/2158244018756165Google Scholar
Park, E., & Suh, H. (2009). The elements of beauty in male and female: Focused on the differences in determinants of facial beauty. Korean Journal of Women Psychology, 14, 617–648. doi:10.18205/kpa.2009.14.4.007Google Scholar
Park, L. E., Calogero, R. M., Young, A. F., & DiRaddo, A.-M. (2010). Appearance-based rejection sensitivity predicts body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and cosmetic surgery acceptance. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(5), 489–509. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.5.489Google Scholar
Perez, M., Voelz, Z. R., Pettit, J., & Joiner, T. E. (2002). The role of acculturative stress and body dissatisrfaction in predicting bulimic symptomatology across ethnic groups. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 442–454. doi:10.1002/eat.10006Google Scholar
Perilloux, C., Fleischman, D. S., & Buss, D. M. (2011). Meet the parents: Parent–offspring convergence and divergence in mate preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 253–258. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.039Google Scholar
Perilloux, H. K., Webster, G. D., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2010). Signals of genetic quality and maternal investment capacity: The dynamic effects of fluctuating asymmetry and waist-to-hip ratio on men’s ratings of women’s attractiveness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 34–42. doi:10.1177/1948550609349514Google Scholar
Pham, T. T. (2014). The medicalization of ethnicity in Vietnamese-American women: Cosmetic surgery and hybridization. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 92–101. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p92Google Scholar
Phillips, K. A., McElroy, S. L., Dwight, M. M., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2010). Delusionality and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 87–91. doi:10.4099/JCP..v62n0203Google Scholar
Pinhas, L., Toner, B. B., Ali, A., Garfinkel, P. E., & Stuckless, N. (1999). The effects of the ideal of female beauty on mood and body satisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25(2), 223–226. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199903)25:2<223::AID-EAT12>3.0.CO;2-BGoogle Scholar
Rancourt, D., Schaefer, L. M., Bosson, J. K., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). Differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women’s disordered eating behaviors and body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49, 519–523. doi:10.1002/eat.22470Google Scholar
Reyes-Rodriguez, M. L., Franko, D. L., Matos-Lamourt, A., Bulik, C. M., Von Holle, A., Camara-Fuentes, L. R., … Suárez-Torres, A. (2010). Eating disorder symptomatology: Prevalence among Latino college freshmen students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 666–679. doi:10.1002/jclp.20684Google Scholar
Reyes-Rodríguez, M. L., Ramírez, J., Davis, K., Patrice, K., & Bulik, C. M. (2013). Exploring barriers and facilitators in eating disorders treatment among Latinas in the United States. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 1(2), 112–131. doi:10.1037/a0032318CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivadeneyra, R., & Ward, M. (2005). From Ally McBear to Sábado Gigante – Contributions of television viewing to the gender role attitudes of Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research,  20(4), 453–475. doi:10.1177/0743558405274871Google Scholar
Robinson, T. N., Killen, J. D., Litt, I. F., Hammer, L. D., Wilson, D. M., Haydel, K. F., et al. (1996). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction: Are Hispanic and Asian girls at increased risk for eating disorders? Journal of Adolescence Health, 19, 384–393. doi:10.1016/S1054–139X(96)00087-0Google Scholar
Rodgers, R. F., Berry, R., & Franko, D. L. (2018). Eating disorders in ethnic minorities: An update. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(10), 11–16. doi:10.1007/s11920–018-0938-3Google Scholar
Rodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2015). Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model. Developmental Psychology, 51, 706–713. doi:10.1037/dev0000013Google Scholar
Rodgers, R. F., Ziff, S., Lowy, A. S., Yu, K., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Results of a strategic science study to inform policies targeting extreme thinness standards in the fashion industry. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(3), 284–292. doi:10.1002/eat.22682Google Scholar
Root, M. P. P. (1990). Resolving “other” status: Identity development of biracial individuals. In  Brown, L. S. and Root, M. P. P. (Eds.), Diversity and complexity in feminist therapy. New York: Haworth Press. pp. 185–205. doi:10.1300/J015v09n01_11Google Scholar
Ross, K., Moscoso, A., Bayer, L., Rosselli-Risal, L., & Orgill, D. (2018). Plastic surgery complications from medical tourism treated in a U.S. academic medical center. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 141(4), 517e–523e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000004214Google Scholar
Rucker, C. E., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Body image, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African American and White college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 291–299. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199211)12:3<291::AID-EAT2260120309>3.0.CO;2-AGoogle Scholar
Ruffolo, J. S., Phillips, K. A., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. B. (2005). Comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: Severity of psychopathology and body image disturbance. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(1), 11–19. doi:ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu:2444/10.1002/eat.20219Google Scholar
Sabik, N. J., Cole, E. R., & Ward, L. M. (2010). Are all minority women equally buffered from negative body image? Intra-ethnic moderators of the buffering hypothesis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 139–151. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01557.xGoogle Scholar
Sarwer, D. B., Crerand, C. E., & Magee, L. (2011). Body dysmorphic disorder in patients who seek appearance enhancing medical treatments. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics, 22(4), 445–453. doi:10.1016/j.coms.2010.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarwer, D. B., Pruzynski, T., Cash, T. F., Goldwyn, R. M., & Persing, J. A. (2007). Psychological aspects of reconstructive and cosmetic plastic surgery: Clinical, empirical, and ethical perspectives. Philadelphia: Lippincott. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000260585.04540.15Google Scholar
Saunders, J. F., Frazier, L. D., & Nichols-Lopez, K. A. (2016). Self-esteem, diet self-efficacy, body mass index, and eating disorders: Modeling effects in an ethnically diverse sample. Eating and Weight Disorders, 21(3), 459–468. doi-org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1007/s40519–015-0244-6Google Scholar
Schooler, D. (2008). Real women have curves: A longitudinal investigation of TV and the body image development of Latina adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(2), 132–153. doi:10.1177/0743558407310712Google Scholar
Sharan, P., & Sundar, A. S. (2015). Eating disorders in women. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, S286–S295. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.161493Google Scholar
Shroff, H., Calogero, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2009). Assessment of body image. In Allison, D. (Ed.), Handbook of assessment methods for eating and weight-related problems (2nd ed., pp. 115–136). New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Shroff, H., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Body image and eating disturbances in India. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 198–203. doi:10.1002/eat.10229Google Scholar
Shupe, E. I., Cortina, L. M., Ramos, A., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Salisbury, J. (2002). The incidence and outcomes of sexual harassment among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women: A comparison across levels of cultural affiliation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 298–308. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-2-00069Google Scholar
Silber, T. J. (1986). Anorexia nervosa in Blacks and Hispanics. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 121–128. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198601)5:1<121::AID-EAT2260050111>3.0.CO;2-9Google Scholar
Silberstein, L. R., Striegel-Moore, T. H., Timko, C., & Rodin, J. (1988). Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction? Do men and women differ? Sex Roles, 19, 219–232. doi:10.1007/BF00290156Google Scholar
Smart, R., Tsong, Y., Mejia, O. L., Hayashina, D., & Braaten, M. E. T. (2011). Therapists’ experiences treating Asian American women with eating disorders. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(4), 308–315. doi:10.1037/a0024179Google Scholar
Smolak, L., & Murnen, S. K. (2004). Feminist perspectives on eating problems. In Thompson, J. K. (Ed.), Handbook of eating disorders and obesity (pp 590–606). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stevens, E. P. (1973). Marianismo: The other face of machismo in Latin America. In Pescatello, A. (Ed.), Female and male in Latin America (pp. 89–101). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Stice, E. (2001). A prospective test of the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology: Mediating effects of dieting and negative affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 124–135. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.124Google Scholar
Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 836–848. doi:10.1037.0033-2909.128.5.825Google Scholar
Stice, E., & Shaw, H. E. (1994). Adverse effects of the media portrayed thin-ideal on women and linkages to bulimic symptomology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 288–308. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.181Google Scholar
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. M. (2007). Risk factors for eating disorders. American Psychologist, 62, 181–198. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.181Google Scholar
Striegel-Moore, R. H., Schreiber, G. B., Pike, K. M., Wilfley, D. E., & Rodin, J. (1994). Drive for thinness in Black and White preadolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 59–69. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199507)18:1<59::AID-EAT2260180107>3.0.CO;2-6Google Scholar
Striegel, -Moore, R. H., Silberstein, I. R., & Rodin, J. (1986). Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. American Psychology, 41, 246–263. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.3.246Google Scholar
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Smolak, L. (2000 ). The influence of ethnicity on eating disorders in women. In Eisler, R. M. & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Handbook of gender, culture, and health (pp. 227–253). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. K. (1992). Body image: Extent of disturbance, associated features, theoretical models, assessment methodologies, intervention strategies, and a proposal for a new DSM IV diagnostic category - Body Image Disorder. In Hersen, M., Eisler, R. M., and Miller, P. M. (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (pp. 3–54). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M. N., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10312-000Google Scholar
Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2004). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. In Oltmanns, T. F. and Emery, R. E. (Eds.), Current directions in abnormal psychology.(pp. 97–101). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. (Reprinted from Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 181–183).Google Scholar
Turner, L. (2012). News media reports of patient deaths following “medical tourism” for cosmetic surgery and bariatric surgery. Developing World Bioethics, 12, 21–34.Google Scholar
Viladrich, A., Yeh, M. C., Bruning, N., & Weiss, R. (2009). “Do real women have curves?” Paradoxical body images among Latinas in New York City. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11(1), 20–28. doi:10.1007/s10903–008-9176-9Google Scholar
Warren, C. S., Castillo, L. G., & Gleaves, D. H. (2010). The sociocultural model of eating disorders in Mexican American women: Behavioral acculturation and cognitive marginalization as moderators. Eating Disorders, 18, 43–57.Google Scholar
Webb, J. B., Warren-Findlow, J., Chou, Y. Y., & Adams, L. (2013). Do you see what I see? An exploration of inter-ethnic ideal body size comparisons among college women. Body Image, 10(3), 369–379. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.005Google Scholar
Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Blaney, S. (2009). Body image in girls. In Smolak, L. & Thompson, J. K. (Eds.), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment (2nd ed., pp. 47–76). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11860-003Google Scholar
Wong, S. N., Keum, B. T., Caffarel, D., Srinivasan, R., Morshedian, N., Capodilupo, C. M., & Brewster, M. E. (2017). Exploring the conceptualization of body image for Asian American women. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 8(4), 296–307. doi:10.1037/aap0000077Google Scholar
Wong, Y. J., Owen, J., Tran, K. K., Collins, D. L., & Higgins, C. E. (2012). Asian American male college students’ perceptions of people’s stereotypes about Asian American men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(1), 75–88. doi:10.1037/a0022800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2010). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Yanover, T., & Thompson, J. K. (2010). Perceptions of health and attractiveness: The effects of body fat, muscularity, gender and ethnicity. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 1039–1048. doi:10.1177/1359105309360426Google Scholar
Yates, A., Edman, J., & Aruguete, M. (2004). Ethnic difference in BMI and body/self-dissatisfaction among Whites, Asian subgroups, Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 300–307. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.07.014Google Scholar
Yokoyama, K. (2007). The double binds of our bodies: Multiculturally-informed feminist therapy considerations for body image and eating disorders among Asian American women. Women & Therapy, 30(3/4), 177–192. doi:10.1300/J015v30n03_13Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×