Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:40:39.381Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - Aging in a Socioemotional Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2020

Edited by
Ayanna K. Thomas  and
Angela Gutchess
Ayanna K. Thomas
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Angela Gutchess
Affiliation:
Brandeis University, Massachusetts
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging
A Life Course Perspective
 , pp. 279 - 420
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Allan, K., Midjord, J. P., Martin, D., & Gabbert, F. (2012). Memory conformity and the perceived accuracy of self versus other. Memory and Cognition, 40, 280–286. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0141-9Google Scholar
Andersson, J., & Ronnberg, J. (1995). Recall suffers from collaboration: Joint effects of friendship and task complexity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350090303Google Scholar
Andersson, J., & Ronnberg, J. (1996). Collaboration and memory: Effects of dyadic retrieval on different memory tasks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199604)10:2<171::AID-ACP385>3.0.CO;2-DGoogle Scholar
Andrews, J. J., & Rapp, D. N. (2014). Partner characteristics and social contagion: Does group composition matter? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3024Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., Harris, C. B., & Rajaram, S. (2015). Why two heads apart are better than two heads together: Multiple mechanisms underlie the collaborative inhibition effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 559–566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000037Google Scholar
Barnier, A. J., Harris, C. B., & Congleton, A. R. (2013). Mind the gap: Generations of questions in the early science of collaborative recall. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 124–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.05.002Google Scholar
Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., Bryner, S., & Thomas, R. L., III. (1997). A comparison of group and individual remembering: Does collaboration disrupt retrieval strategies? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1176–1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1176Google Scholar
Blumen, H. M. (2018). Collaborative memory interventions for age-related and Alzheimer’s disease-related memory decline. In Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blumen, H. M., & Rajaram, S. (2008). Influence of re-exposure and retrieval disruption during group collaboration on later individual recall. Memory, 16, 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701804495CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumen, H. M., Rajaram, S., & Henkel, L. (2013). The applied value of collaborative memory research in aging: Behavioral and neural considerations. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.03.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumen, H. M., & Stern, Y. (2011). Short-term and long-term collaboration benefits on individual recall in young and older adults. Memory and Cognition, 39, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-010-0023-6Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., & McDowd, J. M. (1987). Age differences in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.474Google Scholar
Dahlstrom, O., Danielson, H., Andersson, J., & Ronnberg, J. (2013). The applied value of collaborative memory research in aging – some critical comments. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 122–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.05.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, S. D., & Meade, M. L. (2013). Both young and older adults discount suggestions from older adults on a social memory test. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 20, 760–765. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0392-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R. A. (1996). Collaborative memory and aging. In Hermann, D., McEvoy, C., Hertzog, C., & Johnson, M. K. (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Theory in context. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A. (1999). Exploring cognition in interactive situations: The aging of N + 1 minds. In Hess, T. M. & Blanchard-Fields, F. (Eds.), Social cognition and aging. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A. (2013). Collaborative memory research in aging: Supplemental perspectives on application. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 128–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.05.001Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A., Gagnon, L. M., & Crow, C. B. (1998). Collaborative memory accuracy and distortion: Performance and beliefs. In Intons-Peterson, M. J. & Best, D. L. (Eds.), Memory distortions and their prevention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A., & Gould, O. N. (1998). Younger and older adults collaborating on retelling everyday stories. Applied Developmental Science, 2, 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0203_4Google Scholar
Echterhoff, G., Hirst, W., & Hussy, W. (2005). How eyewitnesses resist misinformation: Social postwarnings and the monitoring of memory characteristic. Memory and Cognition, 33, 770–782. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Allan, K. (2003). Memory conformity: Can eyewitnesses influence each other’s memories for an event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.885Google Scholar
Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Allan, K., & Wright, D. B. (2004). Say it to my face: Examining the effects of socially encountered misinformation. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9, 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1348/1355325041719428Google Scholar
Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Wright, D. B. (2007). I saw it for longer than you: The relationship between perceived encoding duration and memory conformity. Acta Psychologica, 124, 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.03.009Google Scholar
Gabbert, F., & Wheeler, R. (2018). Memory conformity following collaborative remembering. In Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gagnon, L. M., & Dixon, R. A. (2008). Remembering and retelling stories in individual and collaborative contexts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 1275–1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1437Google Scholar
Gould, O. N., & Dixon, R. A. (1993). How we spent our vacation: Collaborative storytelling by young and old adults. Psychology and Aging, 8, 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.1.10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, O., Kurzman, D., & Dixon, R. A. (1994). Communication during prose recall conversations by young and old dyads. Discourse Processes, 17, 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539409544863Google Scholar
Gould, O. N., Osborn, C., Krein, H., & Moretenson, M. (2002). Collaborative recall in married and unacquainted dyads. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000292Google Scholar
Gould, O. N., Trevithick, L., & Dixon, R. A. (1991). Adult age differences in elaborations produced during prose recall. Psychology and Aging, 6, 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.6.1.93Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Barnier, A. J., Sutton, J., & Keil, P. (2014). Couples as socially distributed cognitive systems: Remembering in everyday social and material contexts. Memory Studies, 7, 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698014530619Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Barnier, A. J., Sutton, J., Keil, P. G., & Dixon, R. A. (2017). “Going episodic”: Collaborative inhibition and facilitation when long-married couples remember together. Memory, 25, 1148–1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1274405Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Keil, P. G., Sutton, J., Barnier, A. J., & McIlwain, D. J. F. (2011). We remember, we forget: Collaborative remembering in older couples. Discourse Processes, 48, 267–303.Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. (2008). Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together? Memory, 16, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701811862Google Scholar
Hashtroudi, S., Johnson, M. K., & Chrosniak, L. D. (1989). Aging and source monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 4, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.1.106Google Scholar
Henkel, L. A., & Kris, A. (2018). Collaborative remembering and reminiscence in older adults. In Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henkel, L. A., & Rajaram, S. (2011). Collaborative remembering in older adults: Age-invariant outcomes in the context of episodic recall deficits. Psychology and Aging, 26, 532–545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023106Google Scholar
Hirst, W. (2013). Commentary on: Helena M. Blumen, Suparna Rajaram, and Linda A. Henkel’s “The applied value of collaborative memory research in aging: Behavioral and neural considerations. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 118–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.04.002Google Scholar
Huff, M. J., Davis, S. D., & Meade, M. L. (2013). The effects of initial testing on false recall and false recognition in the social contagion of memory paradigm. Memory and Cognition, 41, 820–831. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0299-4Google Scholar
Jack, F., Zydervelt, S., & Zajonc, R. (2014). Are co-witnesses special? Comparing the influence of co-witness and interviewer misinformation on eyewitness reports. Memory, 22, 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.778291Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.1.3Google Scholar
Jaeger, A., Lauris, P., Selmeczy, D., & Dobbins, I. G. (2012). The costs and benefits of memory conformity. Memory and Cognition, 40, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0130-zGoogle Scholar
Johansson, O., Andersson, J., & Ronnberg, J. (2000). Do elderly couples have better prospective memory than other elderly people when they collaborate? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(200003/04)14:2<121::AID-ACP626>3.0.CO;2-AGoogle Scholar
Johansson, O., Andersson, J., & Ronnberg, J. (2005). Compensating strategies in collaborative remembering in very old couples. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00465.xGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. K., Hastroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwong See, S. T., Hoffman, H. G., & Wood, T. L. (2001). Perceptions of an old female eyewitness: Is the older eyewitness believable? Psychology and Aging, 16, 346–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.346Google Scholar
Levy, B. R. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092–1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092Google Scholar
Marion, S. B., & Thorley, C. (2016). A meta-analytic review of collaborative inhibition and postcollaborative memory: Testing the predictions of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 1141–1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000071Google Scholar
McNabb, J. C., & Meade, M. L. (2014). Correcting socially introduced false memories: The effect of re-study. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.05.007Google Scholar
Meade, M. L. (2013). The importance of group process variables on collaborative memory. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 120–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.04.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), (2018). Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meade, M. L., McNabb, J. C., Lindeman, M. I. H., & Smith, J. L. (2017). Discounting input from older adults: The role of age salience on partner age effects in the social contagion of memory. Memory, 25, 704–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1207783Google Scholar
Meade, M. L., Nokes, T. J., & Morrow, D. G. (2009). Expertise promotes facilitation on collaborative memory task. Memory, 17, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210802524240Google Scholar
Meade, M. L., & Roediger, H. L. III. (2002). Explorations in the social contagion of memory. Memory and Cognition, 30, 995–1009. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194318Google Scholar
Meade, M. L., & Roediger, H. L. III (2009). Age differences in collaborative memory: The role of retrieval manipulations. Memory and Cognition, 37, 962–975. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.37.7.962Google Scholar
Mori, K., & Mori, H. (2008). Conformity among cowitnesses sharing same or different information about an event in experimental collaborative eyewitness testimony. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106, 275–290. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.106.1.275-290Google Scholar
Numbers, K. T., Barnier, A. J., Harris, C. B., & Meade, M. L. (2019). Aging stereotypes influence the transmission of false memories in the social contagion paradigm. Memory, 27(3), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1511809Google Scholar
Numbers, K. T., Meade, M. L., & Perga, V. (2014). The influence of partner accuracy and partner memory ability on social false memories. Memory and Cognition, 42, 1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-014-0443-9Google Scholar
Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., et al. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. (2006). Comparing methods of encountering post-event information: The power or co-witness suggestion. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 1083–1099. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1261Google Scholar
Paterson, H. M., Kemp, R. I., & Forgas, J. P. (2009). Co-witnesses, confederates, and conformity: Effects of discussion and delay on eyewitness memory. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 16, 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218710802620380Google Scholar
Paterson, H., & Monds, L. (2018). Forensic applications of social memory research. In Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rajaram, S. (2011). Collaboration both hurts and helps memory: A cognitive perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411403251Google Scholar
Rajaram, S. (2018). Collaborative inhibition in group recall: Principles and implications. In Meade, M. L., Harris, C. B., Van Bergen, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. J. (Eds.), Collaborative remembering: Theories, research, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L. (1996). Memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 76–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1996.0005Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L. III, & McDaniel, M. A. (2007). Illusory recollections in older adults: Testing Mark Twain’s conjecture. In Garry, M. & Hayne, H. (Eds.), Do justice and let the sky fall: Elizabeth F. Loftus and her contributions to science, law, and academic freedom (pp. 105–136). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L III, Meade, M. L., & Bergman, E. T. (2001). Social contagion of memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 365–371. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196174Google Scholar
Ross, M., Spencer, S. J., Blatz, C. W., & Restorick, E. (2008). Collaboration reduces the frequency of false memories in older and younger adults. Psychology and Aging, 23, 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.85Google Scholar
Ross, M., Spencer, S. J., Linardatos, L., Lam, K. C. H., & Perunovic, M. (2004). Going shopping and identifying landmarks: Does collaboration improve older people’s memory? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 683–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1023Google Scholar
Thorley, C. (2015). Blame conformity: Innocent bystanders can be blamed for a crime as a result of misinformation from a young, but not elderly, adult co-witness. PLoS One, 10(70), e0134739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134739Google Scholar
Thorley, C., & Dewhurst, S. A. (2007). Collaborative false recall in the DRM procedure: Effects of group size and group pressure. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 867–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440600872068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Raymond, P. (1991). Transactive memory in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 923–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.6.923Google Scholar
Weldon, M. S. (2001). Remembering as a social process. In Medin, D. L. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol. 40, pp. 67–120). San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Weldon, M. S., & Bellinger, K. D. (1997). Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1160–1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1160Google Scholar
Wright, D. B. (2013). Commentary on Blumen, Rajaram, and Henkel. Adding “simulate” to their steps. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 131–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.04.003Google Scholar
Wright, D. B., London, K., & Waechter, M. (2010). Social anxiety moderates memory conformity in adolescents. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 1034–1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1604Google Scholar
Wright, D. B., Memon, A., Skagerberg, E. M., & Gabbert, F. (2009). When eyewitnesses talk. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01631.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, D. B., Self, G., & Justice, C. (2000). Memory conformity: Exploring misinformation effects when presented by another person. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712600161781Google Scholar

References

Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1–34. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511665684.003Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331–338. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103–123. doi: 10.1023/A:1024569803230Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.54.3.165Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Turan, B., Scheibe, S., et al. (2011). Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 21–33. doi: 10.1037/a0021285Google Scholar
Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1068–1091. doi: 10.1037/a0021232Google Scholar
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 32, 310–324. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, S. T., Mogle, J., Urban, E. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2016). Daily events are important for age differences in mean and duration for negative affect but not positive affect. Psychology and Aging, 31(7), 661–671. doi: 10.1037/pag0000118Google Scholar
Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 31(2), 173–189. doi: 10.1080/03610730590915010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craik, F. I., & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.) (2011). The handbook of aging and cognition. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
De Luca, C. R., Wood, S. J., Anderson, V., et al. (2003). Normative data from the CANTAB. I: Development of executive function over the lifespan. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(2), 242–254. doi: 10.1076/jcen.25.2.242.13639Google Scholar
Foster, S. M., Kisley, M. A., Davis, H. P., et al. (2013). Cognitive function predicts neural activity associated with pre-attentive temporal processing. Neuropsychologia, 51(2), 211–219. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.017Google Scholar
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., et al. (2010). Late-life decline in well-being across adulthood in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States: Something is seriously wrong at the end of life. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 477–485.Google Scholar
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008). Decline in life satisfaction in old age: Longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 154–168. doi: 10.1037/a0017543Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63(6), 577–586. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031Google Scholar
Goldspink, D. F. (2005). Ageing and activity: Their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles. Ergonomics, 48(11–14), 1334–1351. doi: doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101247Google Scholar
Graham, L., Parke, R. C., Paterson, M. C., & Stevenson, M. (2006). A study of the physical rehabilitation and psychological state of patients who sustained limb loss as a result of terrorist activity in Northern Ireland 1969–2003. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(12), 797–801. doi: 10.1080/09638280500386742Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348Google Scholar
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10), 1097–1106. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(1), 21–37. doi: 10.2307/2955359Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M. (2012). Mood regulation in real time: Age differences in the role of looking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(4), 237–242. doi: 10.1177/0963721412448651Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Allard, E. S., Murphy, N. A., & Schlangel, M. (2009). The time course of age-related preferences toward positive and negative stimuli. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(2), 188–192. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbn036Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2012). Linking process and outcome in the study of emotion and aging. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(1), 3–17. doi: 10.1177/1745691611424750Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Livingstone, K. M., Harris, J. A., & Marcotte, S. L. (2015). Mobile eye tracking reveals little evidence for age differences in attentional selection for mood regulation. Emotion, 15(2), 151–161. doi: 10.1037/emo0000037Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2008). Looking while unhappy: Mood-congruent gaze in young adults, positive gaze in older adults. Psychological Science, 19(9), 848–853. doi: doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02167.xGoogle Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., & Neupert, S. D. (2009). Use of gaze for real-time mood regulation: Effects of age and attentional functioning. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 989–994. doi: 10.1037/a0017706Google Scholar
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1301–1334. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.xGoogle Scholar
Keil, A., & Freund, A. M. (2009). Changes in the sensitivity to appetitive and aversive arousal across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 668–680. doi: 10.1037/a0016969Google Scholar
Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Age differences in memory for arousing and nonarousing emotional words. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(1), 13–18. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.1.P13Google Scholar
Kessler, E. M., & Staudinger, U. M. (2009). Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 349–362. doi: 10.1037/a0015352Google Scholar
Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., et al. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7(4), 705–714. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.705Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., & Grühn, D. (2005). Age differences in emotional reactivity: The sample case of sadness. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 47–59. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.47Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Kupperbusch, C. S., & Levenson, R. W. (2005). Behavioral inhibition and amplification during emotional arousal: A comparison of two age groups. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 144–158. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.144Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Little, T. D., & Smith, J. (2000). Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 511–526. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511Google Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G., Diehl, M., Jain, E., & Zhang, F. (2007). Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination. Psychology and Aging, 22(4), 738–751. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.738Google Scholar
Lakens, D., McLatchie, N., Isager, P. M., Scheel, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2018). Improving inferences about null effects with Bayes factors and equivalence tests. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(1), 45–57. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gby065Google Scholar
Liang, Y., Huo, M., Kennison, R., & Zhou, R. (2017). The role of cognitive control in older adult cognitive reappraisal: Detached and positive reappraisal. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, p. 27. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00027Google Scholar
Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). Situation selection and modification for emotion regulation in younger and older adults. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(8), 904–910. doi: 10.1177/1948550615593148Google Scholar
Lohani, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2014). Age differences in managing response to sadness elicitors using attentional deployment, positive reappraisal and suppression. Cognition and Emotion, 28(4), 678–697. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.853648Google Scholar
Mather, M. (2012). The emotion paradox in the aging brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251(1), 33–49. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06471.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14(5), 409–415. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.01455Google Scholar
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496–502. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005Google Scholar
McRae, K., Jacobs, S. E., Ray, R. D., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Individual differences in reappraisal ability: Links to reappraisal frequency, well-being, and cognitive control. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 2–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.003Google Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1333–1349. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1333Google Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., & SpiroIII, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 189–202. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.189Google Scholar
Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242–249. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010Google Scholar
Phillips, L. H., Henry, J. D., Hosie, J. A., & Milne, A. B. (2008). Effective regulation of the experience and expression of negative affect in old age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(3), 138–145. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.3.P138Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-related positivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, p. 339. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1–15. doi: 10.1037/a0035194Google Scholar
Riediger, M., Schmiedek, F., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Seeking pleasure and seeking pain: Differences in prohedonic and contra-hedonic motivation from adolescence to old age. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1529–1535. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02473.xGoogle Scholar
Rovenpor, D. R., Skogsberg, N. J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2013). The choices we make: An examination of situation selection in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 365–376. doi: 10.1037/a0030450Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (2005). Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 532–545. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.532Google Scholar
Sands, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2017). Situation selection across adulthood: The role of arousal. Cognition and Emotion, 31(4), 791–798. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1152954CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sands, M., Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2018). Characterizing age-related positivity effects in situation selection. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(4), 396–404. doi: 10.1177/0165025417723086Google Scholar
Schilling, O. K., & Diehl, M. (2014). Reactivity to stressor pile-up in adulthood: Effects on daily negative and positive affect. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 72–83. doi: 10.1037/a0035500Google Scholar
Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1526–1540. doi: 10.1037/a0013345Google Scholar
Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2009). Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 890–900. doi: 10.1037/a0017896Google Scholar
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107(22), 9985–9990. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003744107Google Scholar
Uchino, B. N., Berg, C. A., Smith, T. W., Pearce, G., & Skinner, M. (2006). Age-related differences in ambulatory blood pressure during daily stress: Evidence for greater blood pressure reactivity with age. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 231–239. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.231Google Scholar
Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Bloor, L. E., & Campo, R. A. (2005). Aging and cardiovascular reactivity to stress: Longitudinal evidence for changes in stress reactivity. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 134–143. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.134Google Scholar
Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352–357. doi: 10.1177/0963721410388395Google Scholar

References

Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 169–177. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00301-xGoogle Scholar
Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., et al. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68–72. doi: 10.1038/nature03086Google Scholar
Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 256–274. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.256Google Scholar
Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1993). Half a minute: Predicting teacher evaluations from thin slices of nonverbal behavior and physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 431–441. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.431Google Scholar
Amieva, H., Stoykova, R., Matharan, F., et al. (2010). What aspects of social network are protective for dementia? Not the quantity but the quality of social interactions is protective up to 15 years later. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(9), 905–911. doi: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181f5e121Google Scholar
Apfelbaum, E. P., Krendl, A. C., & Ambady, N. (2010). Age-related decline in executive function predicts better advice-giving in uncomfortable social contexts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1074–1077. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.017Google Scholar
Bar, M., Neta, M., & Linz, H. (2006). Very first impressions. Emotion, 6(2), 269–278. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.269Google Scholar
Barnes, L. L., De Leon, C. M., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., & Evans, D. A. (2004). Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites. Neurology, 63(12), 2322–2326. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.269Google Scholar
Barry, C. L., McGinty, E. E., Pescosolido, B. A., & Goldman, H. H. (2014). Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: Public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 65(10), 1269–1272. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400140Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Self-regulation and the executive function of the self. In Leary, M. R. & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 197–217). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Age and gender differences in adults’ descriptions of emotional reactions to interpersonal problems. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(4), 237–245. doi: 10.1093/geronb/58.4.p237Google Scholar
Blazer, D. G. (1982). Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115(5), 684–694. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113351Google Scholar
Böger, A., & Huxhold, O. (2018). Age-related changes in emotional qualities of the social network from middle adulthood into old age: How do they relate to the experience of loneliness? Psychology and Aging, 33(3), 482–496. doi: 10.1037/pag0000222Google Scholar
Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1993). Convergence of stranger ratings of personality and intelligence with self-ratings, partner ratings, and measured intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3), 546–553. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.546Google Scholar
Buckner, R. L. (2004). Memory and executive function in aging and AD: Multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron, 44(1), 195–208. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.006Google Scholar
Cabeza, R. (2001). Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Contributions of functional neuroimaging. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 277–286. doi: 10.1111/1467-9450.00237Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331–338. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.54.3.165Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Turan, B., Scheibe, S., et al. (2011). Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 21–33. doi: 10.1037/a0021285Google Scholar
Carton, J. S., Kessler, E. A., & Pape, C. L. (1999). Nonverbal decoding skills and relationship wellbeing in adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 91–100. doi: 10.1023/A:1021339410262Google Scholar
Cassidy, B. S., Lee, E. J., & Krendl, A. C. (2016). Age and executive ability impact the neural correlates of race perception. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(11), 1752–1761. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw081Google Scholar
Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 136–151. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.136Google Scholar
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310Google Scholar
Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48. doi: 10.1177/002214650905000103Google Scholar
DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203–243. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.203Google Scholar
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5Google Scholar
Dulas, M. R., Newsome, R. N., & Duarte, A. (2011). The effects of aging on ERP correlates of source memory retrieval for self-referential information. Brain Research, 1377, 84–100. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12Google Scholar
English, T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2014). Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 195–202. doi: 10.1177/0165025413515404Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878Google Scholar
Franklin, R. G., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (2013). Older adults’ trait impressions of faces are sensitive to subtle resemblance to emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 37(3), 139–151. doi: 10.1007/s10919-013-0150-4Google Scholar
Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurology, 3(6), 343–353. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00767-7Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (1990). Choosing social partners: How old age and anticipated endings make people more selective. Psychology and Aging, 5(3), 335–347. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.5.3.335Google Scholar
Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2001). The biological basis of social interaction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 151–155. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00137Google Scholar
Giles, L. C., Glonek, G. F., Luszcz, M. A., & Andrews, G. R. (2005). Effect of social networks on 10 year survival in very old Australians: The Australian longitudinal study of aging. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(7), 574–579. doi: 10.1136/jech.2004.025429Google Scholar
Glisky, E. L., & Marquine, M. J. (2009). Semantic and self-referential processing of positive and negative trait adjectives in older adults. Memory, 17(2), 144–157. doi: 10.1080/09658210802077405Google Scholar
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2009). Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 410–414. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.004Google Scholar
Grainger, S. A., Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Vanman, E. J., & Allen, R. (2015). Age deficits in facial affect recognition: The influence of dynamic cues. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(4), 622–632. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv100Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1, 201–233. doi: 10.2307/202051Google Scholar
Gutchess, A. H., Kensinger, E. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2010). Functional neuroimaging of self-referential encoding with age. Neuropsychologia, 48(1), 211–219. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.006Google Scholar
Gutchess, A. H., Kensinger, E. A., Yoon, C., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Ageing and the self-reference effect in memory. Memory, 15(8), 822–837. doi: 10.1080/09658210701701394Google Scholar
Gutchess, A. H., Sokal, R., Coleman, J. A., et al. (2015). Self-referential memory with age: Evidence for common and distinct encoding strategies. Brain Research, 1612, 118–127. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.033Google Scholar
Hamami, A., Serbun, S. J., & Gutchess, A. H. (2011). Self-referencing enhances memory specificity with age. Psychology and Aging, 26(3), 636–646. doi: 10.1037/a0022626Google Scholar
Happé, F. G., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998). The getting of wisdom: Theory of mind in old age. Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 358–362. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.35Google Scholar
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), Psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 22 (pp. 193–225). San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hegarty, P., & Golden, A. M. (2008). Attributional beliefs about the controllability of stigmatized traits: Antecedents or justifications of prejudice? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(4), 1023–1044. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00337.xGoogle Scholar
Houx, P. J., Jolles, J., & Vreeling, F. W. (1993). Stroop interference: Aging effects assessed with the Stroop color-word test. Experimental Aging Research, 19(3), 209–224. doi: 10.1080/03610739308253934Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2012). Linking process and outcome in the study of emotion and aging. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(1), 3–17. doi: 10.1177/1745691611424750Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies. Emotion, 6(3), 511–516. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.511Google Scholar
Keyes, C. L. (2002). The exchange of emotional support with age and its relationship with emotional well-being by age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(6), 518–525. doi: 10.1093/geronb/57.6.p518Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., & Gangi, C. E. (2010). The multiplicity of self: Neuropsychological evidence and its implications for the self as a construct in psychological research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1191(1), 1–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05441.xGoogle Scholar
Krendl, A. C. (2018). Reduced cognitive capacity impairs the malleability of older adults’ negative attitudes to stigmatized individuals. Experimental Aging Research, 44(4), 271–283 1–13. doi: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1475152Google Scholar
Krendl, A. C., & Ambady, N. (2010). Older adults’ decoding of emotions: Role of dynamic versus static cues and age-related cognitive decline. Psychology and Aging, 25(4), 788–793. doi: 10.1037/a0020607Google Scholar
Krendl, A. C., & Heatherton, T. F. (2009). Self versus others/self-regulation. In Bernston, G. & Cacciopo, J. T. (Eds.), Handbook of neuroscience for the behavioral sciences, Vol. 2. (pp. 859–878). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Krendl, A. C., Heatherton, T. F., & Kensinger, E. A. (2009). Aging minds and twisting attitudes: An fMRI investigation of age differences in inhibiting prejudice. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 530–541. doi: 10.1037/a0016065Google Scholar
Krendl, A. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2016). Does older adults’ cognitive function disrupt the malleability of their attitudes toward outgroup members? An fMRI investigation. PLoS One, 11(4), e0152698. doi: 10.1037/a0016065Google Scholar
Krendl, A. C., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2014). Does aging impair first impression accuracy? Differentiating emotion recognition from complex social inferences. Psychology and Aging, 29(3), 482–490. doi: 10.1037/a0037146Google Scholar
Krendl, A. C., & Wolford, G. (2012). Cognitive decline and older adults’ perception of stigma controllability. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(3), 333–336. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs070Google Scholar
Kuiper, J. S., Zuidersma, M., Voshaar, R. C. O., et al. (2015). Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 22, 39–57. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.006Google Scholar
Lang, F. R., & Carstensen, L. L. (1994). Close emotional relationships in late life: Further support for proactive aging in the social domain. Psychology and Aging, 9(2), 315–324. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.315Google Scholar
Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study. Social Science and Medicine, 74(6), 907–914. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028Google Scholar
Luong, G., Charles, S. T., & Fingerman, K. L. (2011). Better with age: Social relationships across adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(1), 9–17. doi: 10.1177/0265407510391362Google Scholar
Malykhin, N. V., Bouchard, T. P., Camicioli, R., & Coupland, N. J. (2008). Aging hippocampus and amygdala. Neuroreport, 19(5), 543–547. doi: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f8b18cGoogle Scholar
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14(5), 409–415. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.01455Google Scholar
Maylor, E. A., Moulson, J. M., Muncer, A. M., & Taylor, L. A. (2002). Does performance on theory of mind tasks decline in old age? British Journal of Psychology, 93(4), 465–485. doi: 10.1348/000712602761381358Google Scholar
Mayr, U., Spieler, D., & Kliegl, R. (2001). Aging and executive control: Introduction to this special issue. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 1–4. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw081Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106(1), 3–19. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3Google Scholar
Michael, Y. L., Colditz, G. A., Coakley, E., & Kawachi, I. (1999). Health behaviors, social networks, and healthy aging: Cross-sectional evidence from the Nurses’ Health Study. Quality of Life Research, 8(8), 711–722. doi: 10.1023/A:1008949428041Google Scholar
Moran, J. M. (2013). Lifespan development: The effects of typical aging on theory of mind. Behavioural Brain Research, 237, 32–40. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.020Google Scholar
Murthy, V. (2017). Work and the loneliness epidemic. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/cover-story/2017/09/work-and-the-loneliness-epidemicGoogle Scholar
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., De Greck, M., et al. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain – a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. NeuroImage, 31(1), 440–457. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002Google Scholar
Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Black, S. A., & Goodwin, J. S. (2000). Emotional well‐being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(5), 473–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04991.xGoogle Scholar
Payne, B. K. (2005). Conceptualizing control in social cognition: How executive functioning modulates the expression of automatic stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 488–503. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488Google Scholar
Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Long, J. S., et al. (2010). “A disease like any other”? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1321–1330. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121743Google Scholar
Pillai, J. A., & Verghese, J. (2009). Social networks and their role in preventing dementia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(Suppl. 1), S22–S28.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M. G. (2004). Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: A meta-analytic review. Psychology and Aging, 19(3), 482–494. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.482Google Scholar
Rizzuto, D., & Fratiglioni, L. (2014). Lifestyle factors related to mortality and survival: A mini-review. Gerontology, 60(4), 327–335. doi: 10.1159/000356771Google Scholar
Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 677–688. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.67Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 863–881. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001Google Scholar
Rule, N. O., & Alaei, R. (2016). “Gaydar”: The perception of sexual orientation from subtle cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(6), 444–448. doi: 10.1177/0963721416664403Google Scholar
Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). The face of success: Inferences from chief executive officers’ appearance predict company profits. Psychological Science, 19(2), 109–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02054.xGoogle Scholar
Rule, N. O., Krendl, A. C., Ivcevic, Z., & Ambady, N. (2013). Accuracy and consensus in judgments of trustworthiness from faces: Behavioral and neural correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 409–426. doi: 10.1037/a0031050Google Scholar
Salat, D. H., Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., et al. (2004). Thinning of the cerebral cortex in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 14(7), 721–730. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh032Google Scholar
Seeman, T. E. (1996). Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration. Annals of Epidemiology, 6(5), 442–451. doi: 10.1016/s1047-2797(96)00095-6Google Scholar
Seeman, T. E., & Berkman, L. F. (1988). Structural characteristics of social networks and their relationship with social support in the elderly: who provides support. Social Science and Medicine, 26(7), 737–749. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90065-2Google Scholar
Stanley, J. T., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). Caring more and knowing more reduces age-related differences in emotion perception. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 383–395. doi: 10.1037/pag0000028Google Scholar
Stewart, B. D., von Hippel, W., & Radvansky, G. A. (2009). Age, race, and implicit prejudice: Using process dissociation to separate the underlying components. Psychological Science, 20(2), 164–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02274.xGoogle Scholar
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(5), 640–656. doi: 10.1162/089892998562942Google Scholar
Sullivan, S., Ruffman, T., & Hutton, S. B. (2007). Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(1), 53–60. doi: 10.1093/geronb/62.1.p53Google Scholar
Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes. Science, 308(5728), 1623–1626. doi: 10.1126/science.1110589Google Scholar
Tskhay, K. O., Krendl, A. C., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Age-related physical changes interfere with judgments of male sexual orientation from faces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(9), 1217–1226. doi: 10.1177/0146167216653585Google Scholar
Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Accuracy in categorizing perceptually ambiguous groups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(1), 72–86. doi: 10.1177/1088868312461308Google Scholar
Unger, J. B., McAvay, G., Bruce, M. L., Berkman, L., & Seeman, T. (1999). Variation in the impact of social network characteristics on physical functioning in elderly persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(5), S245–S251. doi: 10.1093/geronb/54b.5.s245Google Scholar
von Hippel, W. (2007). Aging, executive functioning, and social control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 240–244. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00512.xGoogle Scholar
von Hippel, W., & Dunlop, S. M. (2005). Aging, inhibition, and social inappropriateness. Psychology and Aging, 20(3), 519–523. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.519Google Scholar
von Hippel, W., & Gonsalkorale, K. (2005). “That is bloody revolting!” Inhibitory control of thoughts better left unsaid. Psychological Science, 16(7), 497–500. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01563.xGoogle Scholar
von Hippel, W., Silver, L. A., & Lynch, M. E. (2000). Stereotyping against your will: The role of inhibitory ability in stereotyping and prejudice among the elderly. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(5), 523–532. doi: 10.1177/0146167200267001Google Scholar
Watson, A. C., Nixon, C. L., Wilson, A., & Capage, L. (1999). Social interaction skills and theory of mind in young children. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 386–391. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.386Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. (2018). Reading faces: Window to the soul? New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. A., Franklin, R. G. Jr., Hillman, S., & Boc, H. (2013). Older and younger adults’ first impressions from faces: Similar in agreement but different in positivity. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 202–212. doi: 10.1037/a0030927Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. A., Hall, J. A., Murphy, N. A., & Rhodes, G. (2002). Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 238–249. doi: 10.1177/0146167202282009Google Scholar

References

Adams, C. (1991). Qualitative age differences in memory for text: A life-span developmental perspective. Psychology and Aging, 6, 323–336. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.3.323Google Scholar
Adams, C., Labouvie-Vief, G., Hobart, C. J., & Dorosz, M. (1990). Adult age group differences in story recall style. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, 17–27. doi: 10.1093/geronj/45.1. P17Google Scholar
Adams, C., Smith, M. C., Nyquist, L., & Perlmutter, M. (1997). Adult age-group differences in recall for the literal and interpretive meanings of narrative text. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52, 187–195. doi: 10.1093/geronb/52B.4.P187Google Scholar
Adams, C., Smith, M. C., Pasupathi, M., & Vitolo, L. (2002). Social context effects on story recall in older and younger women: Does the listener make a difference? Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, 28–40. doi: 10.1093/geronb/57.1.P28Google Scholar
Allard, E. S., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Are preferences in emotional processing affected by distraction? Examining the age-related positivity effect in visual fixation within a dual task paradigm. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 15, 725–743. doi: 10.1080/13825580802348562Google Scholar
Altgassen, M., Kliegel, M., Brandimonte, M., & Filippello, P. (2010). Are older adults more social than younger adults? Social importance increases older adults’ prospective memory performance. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 17, 312–328. doi: 10.1080/13825580903281308Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611–626. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366–380. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.4.366Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471–507. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.471Google Scholar
Barber, S. J. (2017). An examination of age-based stereotype threat about cognitive decline: Implications for stereotype-threat research and theory development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 62–90. doi: 10.1177/1745691616656345Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013). Stereotype threat can reduce older adults’ memory errors. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 1888–1895. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2013.840656Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2014). Stereotype threat in older adults: When and why does it occur and who is most affected? In Verhaeghen, P. & Hertzog, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and problem solving in adulthood (pp. 302–319). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., Opitz, P. C., Martins, B., Sakaki, M., & Mather, M. (2016). Thinking about a limited future enhances the positivity of younger and older adults’ recall: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Memory and Cognition, 44, 869–882. doi: 10.3758/s13421-016-0612-0Google Scholar
Brandtstädter, J., & Rothermund, K. (2002). The life-course dynamics of goal pursuit and goal adjustment: A two process framework. Developmental Review, 22, 117–150. doi: 10.1006/drev.2001.0539Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Mikels, J. A., & Mather, M. (2006). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation, and emotion. In Birren, J. E. & Schaie, K. W (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 343–362). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., & Turk-Charles, S. (1994). The salience of emotion across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 9, 259–264. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.259Google Scholar
Cassidy, B., & Gutchess, A. (2012). Social relevance enhances memory for impressions in older adults. Memory, 20, 332–345. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.660956Google Scholar
Czarnek, G., Kossowska, M., & Sedek, G. (2015). The influence of aging on outgroup stereotypes: The mediating role of cognitive and motivational facets of deficient flexibility. Experimental Aging Research, 41, 303–318. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2015.1021647Google Scholar
Depping, M. K., & Freund, A. M. (2013). When choice matters: Task-dependent memory effects in older adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 28, 923–936. doi: 10.1037/a0034520Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A., & de Frias, C. (2004). The Victoria Longitudinal Study: From characterizing cognitive aging to illustrating changes in memory compensation. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 11, 346–376. doi: 10.1080/13825580490511161Google Scholar
Dixon, R. A., & de Frias, C. M. (2007). Mild memory deficits differentially affect 6-year changes in compensatory strategy use. Psychology and Aging, 22, 632–638. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.632Google Scholar
Ebner, N. C., Riediger, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Schema reliance for developmental goals increases from early to late adulthood: Improvement for the young, loss prevention for the old. Psychology and Aging, 24, 310–323. doi: 10.1037/a0015430Google Scholar
Emery, L., & Hess, T. M. (2008). Viewing instructions impact emotional memory differently in older and young adults. Psychology and Aging, 23, 2–12. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.2Google Scholar
English, T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2015). Does positivity operate when the stakes are high? Health status and decision making among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 30, 348–355. doi: 10.1037/a0039121Google Scholar
Ennis, G. E., Hess, T. M., & Smith, B. T. (2013). The impact of age and motivation on cognitive effort: Implications for cognitive engagement in older adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 28, 495–504. doi: 10.1037/a0031255Google Scholar
Fishbach, A., & Ferguson, M. J. (2007). The goal construct in social psychology. In Kruglanski, A. W. & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 490–515). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Freund, A. M. (2006). Age-differential motivational consequences of optimization versus compensation focus in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 21, 240–252. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.240Google Scholar
Freund, A. M., & Ebner, N. C. (2005). The aging self: Shifting from promoting gains to balancing losses. In Greve, W., Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (Eds.), The adaptive self: Personal continuity and intentional self-development (pp. 185–202). Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.Google Scholar
Germain, C. M., & Hess, T. M. (2007). Motivational influences on controlled processing: Moderating distractibility in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14, 462–486. doi: 10.1080/13825580600611302Google Scholar
Greve, W., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2009). The Nestor effect: Extending evolutionary developmental psychology to a lifespan perspective. Developmental Review, 29, 163–179. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2009.04.001Google Scholar
Growney, C. M., & Hess, T. M. (2019a). Affective influences on older adults’ attention to self-relevant negative information. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74, 642–651. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx108Google Scholar
Growney, C. M., & Hess, T. M. (2019b). The influence of mood versus relevant self-perceptions in older adults’ interest in negative health-related information. Psychology and Aging, 34, 348–361. doi: 10.1037/pag0000333Google Scholar
Grühn, D., Sharifian, N., & Chu, Q. (2016). The limits of a limited future time perspective in explaining age differences in emotional functioning. Psychology and Aging, 31, 583–593. doi: 10.1037/pag0000060Google Scholar
Grühn, D., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (2005). No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words. Psychology and Aging, 20, 579–588. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.579Google Scholar
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117, 32–60. doi: 10.1037/a0017668Google Scholar
Hess, T. M. (2014). Selective engagement of cognitive resources: Motivational influences on older adults’ cognitive functioning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 388–407. doi: 10.1177/1745691614527465Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 3–11. doi: 10.1093/geronb/58.1.P3Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., & Emery, L. (2012). Memory in context: The impact of age-related goals on performance. In Naveh-Benjamin, M. & Ohta, N. (Eds.), Memory and aging: Current issues and future directions (pp. 183–214). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Emery, L., & Neupert, S. D. (2011). Longitudinal relationships between resources, motivation, and functioning. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 299–308. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr100Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., & Ennis, G. E. (2012). Age differences in the effort and cost associated with cognitive activity. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 447–455. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr129Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., & Ennis, G. E. (2014). Assessment of adult age differences in task engagement: The utility of systolic blood pressure. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 844–854. doi: 10.1007/s11031-014-9433-2Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Germain, C. M., Rosenberg, D. C., Leclerc, C. M., & Hodges, E. A. (2005). Aging related selectivity and susceptibility to irrelevant affective information in the construction of attitudes. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12, 149–174. doi: 10.1080/13825580590925170Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Germain, C. M., Swaim, E. L., & Osowski, N. L. (2009). Aging and selective engagement: The moderating impact of motivation on older adults’ resource utilization. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64, 447–456. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp020Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Growney, C. M., O’Brien, E. L., Neupert, S. D., & Sherwood, A. (2018). The role of cognitive costs, attitudes about aging, and intrinsic motivation in predicting engagement in everyday activities. Psychology and Aging, 33(6), 953–964. doi: 10.1037/pag0000289Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Osowski, N. L., & Leclerc, C. M. (2005). Age and experience influences on the complexity of social inferences. Psychology and Aging, 20, 447–459. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.447Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Popham, L. E., Dennis, P. A., & Emery, L. (2013). Information content moderates positivity and negativity biases in memory. Psychology and Aging, 28, 853–863. doi: 10.1037/a0031440Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Smith, B. T., & Sharifian, N. (2016). Aging and effort expenditure: The impact of subjective perceptions of difficulty, motivation, and performance. Psychology and Aging, 31, 65–660. doi: 10.1037/pag0000127Google Scholar
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280Google Scholar
Hosokawa, A., & Hosokawa, T. (2006). Cross-cultural study on adult age-group differences in the recall of the literal and interpretive meanings of narrative text. Japanese Psychological Research, 48, 77–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2006.00308.xGoogle Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., & Neupert, S. D. (2009). Use of gaze for real-time mood regulation: Effects of age and attentional focus. Psychology and Aging, 24, 989–994. doi: 10.1037/a0017706Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study. Psychology and Aging, 21, 40–48. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.40Google Scholar
Kalenzaga, S., Lamidey, V., Ergis, A., Clarys, D., & Piolino, P. (2016). The positivity bias in aging: Motivation or degradation? Emotion, 16, 602–610. doi: 10.1037/emo0000170Google Scholar
Kan, I. P., Garrison, S. L., Drummey, A. B., Emmert, B. E. Jr., & Rogers, L. L. (2018). The roles of chronological age and time perspective in memory positivity. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 25, 598–612. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1356262Google Scholar
Kapucu, A., Rotello, C. M., Ready, R. E., & Seidl, K. N. (2008). Response bias in “remembering” emotional stimuli: A new perspective on age differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 703–711. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.703Google Scholar
Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Age differences in memory for arousing and nonarousing emotional words. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, 13–18. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.1.P13Google Scholar
Kensinger, E. A. (2012). Emotion-memory interactions in older adulthood. In Naveh-Benjamin, M. & Ohta, N. (Eds.), Memory and aging: Current issues and future directions (pp. 215–243). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., et al. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7, 705–714. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.705Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W. (1996). Goals as Knowledge Structures. In Gollwitzer, P. M. and Bargh, J. A. (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 599–618). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Modes of knowledge and the organization of development. In Commons, M. L., Armon, C., Kohlberg, L., et al. (Eds.), Adult development: Models and methods in the study of adolescent and adult thought (Vol. 2, pp. 43–62). New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Li, K. Z. H., Lindenberger, U., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2001). Walking while memorizing: Age-related differences in compensatory behavior. Psychological Science, 12, 230–237. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00341Google Scholar
Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2018). The roles of age and attention in general emotion regulation, reappraisal, and expressive suppression. Psychology and Aging, 33, 373–383. doi: 10.1037/pag0000240Google Scholar
Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Aging, emotion, and health-related decision strategies: Motivational manipulations can reduce age differences. Psychology and Aging, 22, 134–146. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.134Google Scholar
Maddox, W. T., Gorlick, M. A., & Worthy, D. A. (2016). Towards a three-factor motivation-learning framework in normal aging. In Braver, T. S. (Ed.), Motivation and cognitive control (pp. 313–338). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults’ emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20, 554–570. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.554Google Scholar
Mergler, N., & Goldstein, M. D. (1983). Why are there old people? Senescence as biological and cultural preparedness for the transmission of information. Human Development, 26, 72–90. doi: 10.1159/000272872Google Scholar
Popham, L. E., & Hess, T. M. (2015). Age differences in the underlying mechanisms of stereotype threat. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 225–234. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbt093Google Scholar
Queen, T. L., & Hess, T. M. (2018). Linkages between resources, motivation, and engagement in everyday activities. Motivation Science, 4, 26–38. doi: 10.1037/mot0000061Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29, 1–15. doi: 10.1037/a0035194Google Scholar
Richter, M., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Wright, R. A. (2016). Three decades of research on motivational intensity theory: What we have learned about effort and what we still don’t know. In Elliot, A. J. (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (pp. 149–186). San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives in cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Sands, M., Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2018). Characterizing age-related positivity effects in situation selection. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42, 396–404. doi: 10.1177/0165025417723086Google Scholar
Schapkin, S. A., Freude, G., Gajewski, P. D., Wild-Wall, N., & Falkenstein, M. (2012). Effects of working memory load on performance and cardiovascular activity in younger and older workers. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 359–371. doi: 10.1007/s12529-011-9181-6Google Scholar
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336–356. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336Google Scholar
Schunk, D. J., & Usher, E. L. (2012). Social cognitive theory and motivation. In Ryan, R. M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 13–27). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shamaskin, A. M., Mikels, J. A., & Reed, A. E. (2010). Getting the message across: Age differences in the positive and negative framing of health care messages. Psychology and Aging, 25, 746–751. doi: 10.1037/a0018431Google Scholar
Smith, B. T, & Hess, T. M. (2015). The impact of motivation and task difficulty on resource engagement: Differential influences on cardiovascular responses of young and older adults. Motivation Science, 1, 22–36. doi: 10.1037/mot0000012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spaniol, J., Voss, A., & Grady, C. L. (2008). Aging and emotional memory: Cognitive mechanisms underlying the positivity effect. Psychology and Aging, 23, 859–872. doi: 10.1037/a0014218Google Scholar
Steptoe, A., Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Wright, C., & Feldman, P. J. (2005). Socioeconomic position and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses following cognitive challenge in old age. Biological Psychology, 69, 149–166. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.07.008Google Scholar
Wong, J. T., & Gallo, D. A. (2016). Stereotype threat reduces false recognition when older adults are forewarned. Memory, 24, 650–658. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1036885Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Fung, H. H., Stanley, J. T., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Ho, M. Y. (2013). Perspective taking in older age revisited: A motivational perspective. Developmental Psychology, 49. 1848–1858. doi: 10.1037/a0031211Google Scholar

References

Agrigoroaei, S., & Lachman, M. E. (2011). Cognitive functioning in midlife and old age: Combined effects of psychosocial and behavioral factors. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Science, 66, il30–il40. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr017Google Scholar
Ajrouch, K. J., Blandon, A. Y., & Antonucci, T. C. (2005). Social networks among men and women: The effects of age and socioeconomic status. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, S311–S317. doi: 10.1093/geronb/60.6.S311Google Scholar
Amieva, H., Stoykova, R., Matharan, F., et al. (2010). What aspects of social network are protective for dementia? Not the quantity but the quality of social interactions is protective up to 15 years later. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 905–911. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f5e121Google Scholar
Barnes, L. I., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., & Evans, D. A. (2004). Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites. Neurology, 63, 2322–2326. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000147473.04043.B3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Tang, Y., Arnold, S. E., & Wilson, R. S. (2006). The effect of social networks on the relation between Alzheimer’s disease pathology and level of cognitive function in old people: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurology, 5, 406–412. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70417-3Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain. Science, 146, 610–619. doi: 10.1126/science.146.3644.610Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L., Rosenzweig, M. R., Morimoto, H., & Hebert, M. (1979). Maze training alters brain weights and cortical RNA/DNA ratios. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 26, 1–22. doi: 10.1016/S0163-1047(79)92842-5Google Scholar
Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brisette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science and Medicine, 51, 843–857. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109, 186–204. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674Google Scholar
Blazer, D. G., Yaffe, K., & Liverman, C. T. (Eds.) (2015). Report on cognitive aging. Washington: US Institute of Medicine. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.4380Google Scholar
Boss, L., Kang, D. H., & Branson, S. (2015). Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 27, 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214002749Google Scholar
Bourassa, K. J., Memel, M., Woolverton, C., & Sbarra, D. A. (2017). Social participation predicts cognitive functioning in aging adults over time: Comparisons with physical health, depression, and physical activity. Aging and Mental Health, 21, 133–146. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1081152Google Scholar
Brown, C. L., Gibbons, L. E., Kennison, R. F., et al. (2012). Social activity and cognitive functioning over time: A coordinated analysis of four longitudinal studies. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 1–12. doi: 10.1155/2012/287438Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015). The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 733–767. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 117–121. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00348.xGoogle Scholar
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 383–409. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448Google Scholar
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676Google Scholar
Conroy, R. M., Golden, J., Jeffares, I., O’Neill, D., & McGee, H. (2010). Boredom-proneness, loneliness, social engagement and depression and their association with cognitive function in older people: A population study. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 15, 463–473. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2010.487103Google Scholar
Davey, A., Femia, E. E., Zarit, S. H., et al. (2005). Life on the edge: Patterns of formal and informal help to older adults in the United States and Sweden. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, S281–S288. doi: 10.1093/geronb/60.5.S281CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, W. J., Potter, G. G., Hybels, C. F., McQuoid, D. R., Steffens, D. C. (2011). Change in stress and social support as predictors of cognitive decline in older adults with and without depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 1267–1274. doi: 10.1002/gps.2676Google Scholar
DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., & Scogin, F. (2013). Social isolation and cognitive function in Appalachian older adults. Research on Aging, 36, 161–179. doi: 10.1177/0164027512470704Google Scholar
Donovan, N. J., Okereke, O. I., Vannini, P., et al. (2016). Association of higher cortical amyloid burden with loneliness in cognitively normal older adults. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 1230–1237. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2657Google Scholar
Donovan, N. J., Wu, Q., Rentz, D. M., et al. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32, 564–573. doi: 10.1002/gps.4495Google Scholar
Ellwardt, L., Van Tilburg, T. G., & Aartsen, M. J. (2015). The mix matters: Complex personal networks relate to higher cognitive functioning in old age. Social Science and Medicine, 125, 107–115. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhardt, H., Buber, I., Skirbekk, V., & Prskawetz, A. (2010). Social involvement, behavioural risks and cognitive functioning among older people. Ageing and Society, 30, 779–809. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X09990626Google Scholar
Ertel, K. A., Glymour, M. M., & Berkman, L. F. (2008). Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1215–1220. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113654Google Scholar
Fingerman, K. L. (2009). Consequential strangers and peripheral ties: The importance of unimportant relationships. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 1, 69–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00010.xGoogle Scholar
Fingerman, K. L., Turiano, N. A., Davis, E. M., & Charles, S. T. (2013). Social and emotional development in adulthood. In Wilmouth, J. M. & Ferraro, K. F. (Eds.), Gerontology: Perspectives and issues (4th ed., pp. 127–148). New York: Springer Publishers.Google Scholar
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H. X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A community-based longitudinal study. Lancet, 355, 1315–1319. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02113-9Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313–332. doi: 10.1080/02699930441000238Google Scholar
Green, A. F., Rebok, G., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2008). Influence of social network characteristics on cognition and functional status with aging. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 972–978. doi: 10.1002/gps.2023Google Scholar
Håkansson, K., Rovio, S., Helkala, E. L., et al. (2009). Association between mid-life marital status and cognitive function in later life: Population based cohort study. BMJ, 339, b2462. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2462Google Scholar
Heser, K., Wagner, M., Wiese, B., et al. (2014). Associations between dementia outcomes and depressive symptoms, leisure activities, and social support. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 4, 481–493. doi: 10.1159/000368189Google Scholar
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7, 2–19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316Google Scholar
Holtzman, R. E., Rebok, G. W., Saczynski, J. S., et al. (2004). Social network characteristics and cognition in middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59, 278–284. doi: 10.1093/geronb/59.6.P278Google Scholar
Holwerda, T. J., Deeg, D. J. H., Beekman, A. R. F., et al. (2014). Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: Results from the Amsterdam study of the elderly (AMSTEL). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 85, 135–142. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302755Google Scholar
Hughes, T. F., Andel, R., Small, B. J., Borenstein, A. R., & Mortimer, J. A. (2008). The association between social resources and cognitive change in older adults: Evidence from the Charlotte County healthy aging study. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, 241–244. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.4.P241Google Scholar
James, B. D., Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2011). Late-life social activity and cognitive decline in old age. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 998–1005. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000531Google Scholar
Johnson, K. J., Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Smile to see the forest: Facially expressed emotions broaden cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 299–321. doi: 10.1080/02699930903384667Google Scholar
Kelly, M. E., Duff, H., Kelly, S., et al. (2017). The impact of social activities, social networks, social support, and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 6, 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2Google Scholar
Khondoker, M., Rafnsson, S. B., Morris, S., Orrell, M., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Positive and negative experiences of social support and risk of dementia in later life: An investigation using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 58, 99–108. doi: 10.3233/JAD-161160Google Scholar
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Wilson, S. J. (2017). Lovesick: How couples’ relationships influence health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 421–443. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045111Google Scholar
Krech, D., Rosenzweig, M. R., & Bennett, E. L. (1966). Environmental impoverishment, social isolation and changes in brain chemistry and anatomy. Physiology and Behavior, 1, 99–104. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(66)90051-5Google Scholar
Kuiper, J. S., Zuidersma, M., Oude Voshaar, R. C., et al. (2015). Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 22, 1568–1637. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.006Google Scholar
La Fleur, C. G., & Salthouse, T. A. (2017). Which aspects of social support are associated with which cognitive abilities for which people? Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 6, 1006–1016. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv119Google Scholar
Lapiz, M. D. S., Fulford, A., Muchimapura, S., et al. (2003). Influence of postweaning social isolation in the rat on brain development, conditioned behavior, and neurotransmission. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 33, 13–29. doi: 10.1023/A:1021171129766Google Scholar
Leshner, A. I., Landis, S., Stroud, C., & Downey, A. (Eds.) (2017). Preventing cognitive decline and dementia: A way forward. Washington: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Litwin, H., & Stoeckel, K. J. (2016). Social network, activity participation, and cognition: A complex relationship. Research on Aging, 38, 76–97. doi: 10.1177/0164027515581422Google Scholar
Marioni, R. E., Proust-Lima, C., Amieva, H., et al. (2015). Social activity, cognitive decline and dementia risk: A 20-year prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15, p. 1089. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2426-6Google Scholar
O’Luanaigh, C., O’Connell, H., Chin, A. V., et al. (2012). Loneliness and cognition in older people: The Dublin healthy ageing study. Aging and Mental Health, 16, 347–352. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.628977Google Scholar
Park, D. C., Lodi-Smith, J., Drew, L., et al. (2013). The impact of sustained engagement on cognitive function in older adults: The synapse project. Psychological Science, 25, 103–112. doi: 10.1177/0956797613499592Google Scholar
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (2017). Interpersonal mechanisms linking close relationships to health. American Psychologist, 72, 531–542. doi: 10.1037/amp0000129Google Scholar
Rafnsson, S. B., Orrell, M., d’Orsi, E., Hogervorst, E., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Loneliness, social integration, and incident dementia over 6 years: Prospective findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Science, 75(1), 114–124. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx087Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29, 1–15. doi: 10.1037/a0035194Google Scholar
Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2014). Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 140–187. doi: 10.1037/a0031859Google Scholar
Saczynski, J. S., Pfeifer, L. A., Masaki, K., et al. (2006). The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 433–440. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj061Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (2009). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 507–514. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023Google Scholar
Schooler, C., Mulatu, M. S., & Oates, G. (1999). The continuing effects of substantively complex work on the intellectual functioning of older workers. Psychology and Aging, 14, 483–506. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.483Google Scholar
Seeman, T. E., & Crimmins, E. (2001). Social environment effects on health and aging: Integrating epidemiologic and demographic approaches and perspectives. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 945, 88–117. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02749.xGoogle Scholar
Shankar, A., Hamer, M., McMunn, A., & Steptoe, A. (2013). Social isolation and loneliness: Relationships with cognitive function during 4 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 161–170. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827f09cdGoogle Scholar
Sims, R. C., Levy, S. A., Mwendwa, D. T., Callender, C. O., & Campbell, A. L. (2011). The influence of functional social support on executive functioning in middle-aged African Americans. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 18, 414–431. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2011.567319Google Scholar
Sundström, A., Westerlund, O., Mousavi-Nasab, H., Adolfsson, R., & Nilsson, L. G. (2014). The relationship between marital and parental status and risk of dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 26, 749–757. doi: 10.1017/S1041610213002652Google Scholar
Thomas, P. A. (2011). Trajectories of social engagement and limitations in late life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 430–443. doi: 10.1117/00221465411922Google Scholar
Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S54–S66. doi: 10.1177/0022146510383501Google Scholar
Vidarsdottir, H., Fang, F., Chang, M., et al. (2014). Spousal loss and cognitive function in later life: A 25-year follow-up in the AGES-Reykjavik study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179, 674–683. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt321Google Scholar
Ybarra, O., Burnstein, E., Winkielman, P., et al. (2008). Mental exercising through simple socializing: Social interaction promotes general cognitive functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 248–259. doi: 10.1177/0146167207310454Google Scholar
Yeh, S. C. J., & Liu, Y. Y. (2003). Influence of social support on cognitive function in the elderly. BMC Health Services Research, 3, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-3-9Google Scholar

References

Allen, R., & Brosgole, L. (1993). Facial and auditory affect recognition in senile geriatrics, the normal elderly and young adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 68, 33–42. doi: 10.3109/00207459308994257Google Scholar
Arbuckle, T. Y., & Pushkar Gold, D. (1993). Aging, inhibition, and verbosity. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 48, 225–232. doi: 10.1093/geronj/48.5P225Google Scholar
Bassili, J. N. (1979). Emotion recognition: The role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2049–2058. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2049Google Scholar
Blanke, E. S., Rauers, A., & Riediger, M. (2015). Nice to meet you – adult age differences in empathic accuracy for strangers. Psychology and Aging, 30, 149–159. doi: 10.1037/a0038459Google Scholar
Brosgole, L., & Weisman, J. (1995). Mood recognition across the ages. International Journal of Neuroscience, 82, 169–189. doi: 10.3109/00207459508999800Google Scholar
Cabeza, R., & Dennis, N. A. (2013). Frontal lobes and aging: Deterioration and compensation. In Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T. (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 628–652). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manly, T., et al. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span. Neuropsychologia, 41, 195–202. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00149-5Google Scholar
Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Keane, J., & Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 527–551. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.26.2.527Google Scholar
Campbell, A., Ruffman, T., Murray, J. E., & Glue, P. (2014). Oxytocin improves emotion recognition in older males. Neurobiology of Aging, 35, 2246–2248. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, W., Luo, C., Zhu, B., et al. (2014). Resting-state functional connectivity in anterior cingulate cortex in normal aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00280Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 117–121. doi: 10.111/j.0963/7214.20020.00348.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., et al. (2008). Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain, 131, 1311–1322. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn066Google Scholar
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., et al. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61, 1166–1170. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166Google Scholar
Convit, A., Wolf, O. T., de Leon, M. J., et al. (2001). Volumetric analysis of the pre-frontal regions: Findings in aging and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 107, 61–73. doi: 10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00097-XGoogle Scholar
Ebner, N. C., He, Y., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Age and emotion affect how we look at a face: visual scan patterns differ for own-age and other-age emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 983–987. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.540817Google Scholar
Ebner, N. C., Johnson, M. K., & Fischer, H. (2012). Neural mechanisms of reading emotions in young and older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, p. 223. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00223Google Scholar
Eisenbarth, H., & Alpers, G. W. (2011). Happy mouth and sad eyes: Scanning emotional facial expressions. Emotion, 11, 860–865. doi: 10.1037/a0022758Google Scholar
Firestone, A., Turk-Browne, N. B., & Ryan, J. D. (2007). Age-related deficits in face recognition are related to underlying changes in scanning behaviour. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14, 594–607. doi: 10.1080/13825580600899717Google Scholar
Fischer, H., Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2010). Age-related differences in brain regions supporting successful encoding of emotional faces. Cortex, 46, 490–497. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.020.011Google Scholar
Fjell, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Structural brain changes in aging: Courses, causes and cognitive consequences. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 21, 187–221. doi: 10.1515/REVNEURO.2010.21.3.187Google Scholar
Fjell, A. M., Westlye, L. T., Grydeland, H., et al. (2014). Accelerating cortical thinning: Unique to dementia or universal in aging? Cerebral Cortex, 24, 919–934. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs379Google Scholar
Garraux, G., Salmon, E., Degueldre, C., et al. (1999). Comparison of impaired subcortico-frontal metabolic networks in normal aging, subcortico-frontal dementia, and cortical frontal dementia. NeuroImage, 10, 149–162. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0463Google Scholar
Grainger, S. A., Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Vanman, E. J., & Allen, R. (2017). Age deficits in facial affect recognition: The influence of dynamic cues. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72, 622–632. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv100Google Scholar
Grainger, S. A., Henry, J. D., Steinvik, H. R., et al. (2018). Intranasal oxytocin does not reduce age-related difficulties in social cognition. Hormones and Behavior, 99, 25–34. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.01.009Google Scholar
Hailstone, J. C., Omar, R., Henley, S. M. D., et al. (2009). It’s not what you play, it’s how you play it: Timbre affects perception of emotion in music. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 2141–21520. doi: 10.1080/17470210902765957Google Scholar
Halberstadt, J., Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Taumoepeau, M., & Ryan, M. (2011). Emotion perception explains age-related differences in the perception of social gaffes. Psychology and Aging, 26, 133–136. doi: 10.1037/a0021366Google Scholar
Hedden, T. (2007). Imaging cognition in the aging human brain. In Riddle, D. R. (Ed.), Brain aging: Models, methods, and mechanisms (pp. 251–278). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Ruffman, T., & Bailey, P. E. (2013). A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind. Psychology and Aging, 28, 826–839. doi: 10.1037/a0030677Google Scholar
Horning, S. M., Cornwell, R. E., & Davis, H. P. (2012). The recognition of facial expressions: An investigation of the influence of age and cognition. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19, 657–676. doi: 10.1080/138255820.2011.645011Google Scholar
Ickes, W. (1993). Empathic accuracy. Journal of Personality, 61, 587–610. doi: 10.111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00783.xGoogle Scholar
Iidaka, T., Okada, T., Murata, T., et al. (2002). Age-related differences in the medial temporal lobe responses to emotional faces as revealed by fMRI. Hippocampus, 12, 352–362. doi: 10.1002/hipo.1113Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Stanley, J. T. (2011). Bringing an ecological perspective to the study of aging and recognition of emotional facial expressions: Past, current, and future methods. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35, 261–278. doi: 10.1007/s10919-011-0113-6Google Scholar
Kamboj, S. K., & Curran, H. V. (2006). Scopolamine induces impairments in the recognition of human facial expressions of anger and disgust. Psychopharmacology, 185, 529–535. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0332-4Google Scholar
Keightley, M. L., Chiew, K. S., Winocur, G., & Grady, C. L. (2007). Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of emotional expressions in faces. Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 292–302. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm024Google Scholar
Keightley, M. L., Winocur, G., Burianova, H., Hongwanishkul, D., & Grady, C. L. (2006). Age effects on social cognition: Faces tell a different story. Psychology and Aging, 20, 558–572. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.558Google Scholar
Lamar, M., & Resnick, S. M. (2004). Aging and prefrontal functions: Dissociating orbitofrontal and dorsolateral abilities. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 553–558. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.06.005Google Scholar
Lambrecht, L., Kreifelts, B., & Wildgruber, D. (2012). Age-related decrease in recognition of emotional facial and prosodic expressions. Emotion, 12, 529–539. doi: 10.1037/a0026827Google Scholar
Laukka, P., & Juslin, P. N. (2007). Similar patterns of age-related differences in emotion recognition from speech and music. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 182–191. doi: 10.1007/s11031-007-9063-zGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, A. D., Calder, A. J., McGowan, S. W., & Grasby, P. M. (2002). Selective disruption of the recognition of facial expressions of anger. NeuroReport, 13, 881–884. doi: 0.1097/00001756-200205070-00029Google Scholar
Lima, C. F., Alves, T., Scott, S. K., & Castro, S. L. (2014). In the ear of the beholder: How age shapes emotion processing in nonverbal vocalizations. Emotion, 14, 145–160. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.502449Google Scholar
Lima, C. F., & Castro, S. L. (2011). Emotion recognition in music changes across the adult life span. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 585–598. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.502449Google Scholar
Mather, M. (2016). The affective neuroscience of aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 213–238. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540Google Scholar
McNamara, R. K., Liu, Y., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., & Tso, P. (2008). The aging human orbitofrontal cortex: Decreased polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and associated increases in lipogenic gene expression and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 78, 293–304. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.04.001Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J., Christian, B. T., Dunigan, K. A., et al. (2002). Brain imaging of F-18-fallypride in normal volunteers: Blood analysis, distribution, test–retest studies, and preliminary assessment of sensitivity to aging effects on dopamine D-2/D-3 receptors. Synapse, 46, 170–188. doi: 10.1002/syn.10128Google Scholar
Murphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2010). Age effects and gaze patterns in recognizing emotional expressions: An in-depth look at gaze measures and covariates. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 436–452. doi: 10.1080/02699930802664623Google Scholar
Murphy, N. A., Lehrfeld, J. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2010). Recognition of posed and spontaneous dynamic smiles in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 811–821. doi: 10.1037/a0019888Google Scholar
Ohnishi, T., Matsuda, H., Tabira, T., Asada, T., & Uno, M. (2001). Changes in brain morphology in Alzheimer disease and normal aging: Is Alzheimer disease an exaggerated aging process? American Journal of Neuroradiology, 22, 1680–16820. www.ajnr.org/content/22/9/1680Google Scholar
Öngür, D., & Price, J. L. (2000). The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 206–219. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.206Google Scholar
Orbelo, D. M., Grim, M. A., Talbott, R. E., & Ross, E. D. (2005). Impaired comprehension of affective prosody in elderly subjects is not predicted by age-related hearing loss or age-related cognitive decline. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 25–32. doi: 10.1177/0891988704272214Google Scholar
Pardo, J. V., Lee, J. T., Sheikh, S. A., et al. (2007). Where the brain grows old: Decline in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal function with normal aging. NeuroImage, 35, 1231–1237. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.044Google Scholar
Petit-Taboué, M. C., Landeau, B., Desson, J. F., Desgranges, B., & Baron, J. C. (1998). Effects of healthy aging on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose assessed with statistical parametric mapping. NeuroImage, 7, 176–184. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1997.0318Google Scholar
Phillips, L. H., MacLean, R. D. J., & Allen, R. (2002). Age and the understanding of emotions: Neuropsychological and sociocognitive perspectives. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, 526–530. doi: 10.1093/geronb/57.6.P526Google Scholar
Rajkowska, G., Mahajan, G., Legutko, B., et al. (2017). Length of axons expressing the serotonin transporter in orbitofrontal cortex is lower with age in depression. Neuroscience, 359, 30–39. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.006Google Scholar
Rauers, A., Blanke, E., & Riediger, M. (2013). Everyday empathic accuracy in younger and older couples: Do you need to see your partner to know his or her feelings? Psychological Science, 24, 2210–2217. doi: 10.1177/0956797613490747Google Scholar
Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Head, D., et al. (1997). Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 268–282. doi: 10.1093/cercor/7.3.268Google Scholar
Resnick, S. M., Goldszal, A. F., Davatzikos, C., et al. (2000). One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 464–472. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.20.464Google Scholar
Resnick, S. M., Lamar, M., & Driscoll, I. (2007). Vulnerability of the orbitofrontal cortex to age-associated structural and functional brain changes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1121, 562–575. doi: 10.1196/annals.1407.027Google Scholar
Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Davatzikos, C. (2003). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: A shrinking brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 3295–3301. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-08-032920.2003Google Scholar
Richter, D., & Kunzmann, U. (2011). Age differences in three facets of empathy: Performance-based evidence. Psychology and Aging, 26, 60–70. doi: 10.1037/a0021138Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Halberstadt, J., & Murray, J. (2009). Recognition of facial, auditory, and bodily emotions in older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64, 696–703. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp072Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Halberstadt, J., Murray, J., Jack, F., & Vater, T. (2019). Empathic accuracy: Worse recognition by older adults and less transparency in older adult expressions compared with young adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbz008Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingstone, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 863–881. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Halberstadt, J., & Taumoepeau, M. (2010). Verbosity and emotion recognition in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 492–497. doi: 10.1037/a0018247Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Halberstadt, J., & Vater, T. (2012). Age-related differences in deception. Psychology and Aging, 27, 543–549. doi: 10.1037/a0023380Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Sullivan, S., & Dittrich, W. (2009). Older adults’ recognition of bodily and auditory expressions of emotion. Psychology and Aging, 24, 614–622. doi: 10.1037/a0016356Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., & Sutcliffe, R. (submitted). Neuropsychological perspectives on emotion recognition and the aging brain. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Wilson, M., Henry, J. D., et al. (2016). Age differences in right-wing authoritarianism and their relation to emotion recognition. Emotion, 16(2), 226–236. doi: 10.1037/emo0000107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, M., Murray, J., & Ruffman, T. (2010). Aging and the perception of emotion: Processing vocal expressions alone and with faces. Experimental Aging Research, 36, 1–22. doi: 10.1080/03610730903418372Google Scholar
Sala-Llonch, R., Bartrés-Faz, D., & Junqué, C. (2015). Reorganization of brain networks in aging: A review of functional connectivity studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.20120.00663Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428. doi: 10.1037//0033-295X.103.3.403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, S. K., O’Leary, D. S., Boles Ponto, L. L., et al. (1999). Age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow among young to mid-life adults. NeuroReport, 10, 2493–2496. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199908200-00011Google Scholar
Shen, J., Kassir, M. A., Wu, J., et al. (2013). MR volumetric study of piriform-cortical amygdala and orbitofrontal cortices: The aging effect. PLoS One, 8(9), e74526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074526Google Scholar
Spreng, R. N., Wojtowicz, M., & Grady, C. L. (2010). Reliable differences in brain activity between young and old adults: A quantitative meta-analysis across multiple cognitive domains. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 1178–1194. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.009Google Scholar
Sullivan, S., Campbell, A., Hutton, S. B., & Ruffman, T. (2017). What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander: Age and gender differences in scanning emotion faces. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 72, 441–447. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv033Google Scholar
Sullivan, S., & Ruffman, T. (2004a). Emotion recognition deficits in the elderly. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 403–432. doi: 10.1080/00207450490270901Google Scholar
Sullivan, S., & Ruffman, T. (2004b). Social understanding: How does it fare with advancing years? British Journal of Psychology, 95, 1–18. doi: 10.1348/00071260432277942Google Scholar
Sullivan, S., Ruffman, T., & Hutton, S. (2007). Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, 53–60. doi: 10.1093/geronb/62.1Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, R., Rendell, P. G., Henry, J. D., Bailey, P. E., & Ruffman, T. (2017). Music to my ears: Age-related decline in musical and facial emotion recognition. Psychology and Aging, 32, 698–709. doi: 10.1037/pag0000203Google Scholar
Suzuki, A., & Akiyama, H. (2013). Cognitive aging explains age-related differences in face-based recognition of basic emotions except for anger and disgust. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 20, 253–270. doi: 10.1080/138255820.2012.692761Google Scholar
Tehan Stanley, J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). Caring more and knowing more reduces age-related differences in emotion perception. Psychology and Aging, 30, 383–395. doi: 10.1037/pag0000028Google Scholar
Tessitore, A., Hariri, A. R., Fera, F., et al. (2005). Functional changes in the activity of brain regions underlying emotion processing in the elderly. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 139, 9–18. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.20020.02.009Google Scholar
Tisserand, D. J., Pruessner, J. C., Sanz Arigita, E. J., et al. (2002). Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: An MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 17, 657–669. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1173Google Scholar
Vaidya, J. G., Paradiso, S., Boles Ponto, L. L., McCormick, L. M., & Robinson, R. G. (2007). Aging, grey matter, and blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex. NeuroImage, 37, 1346–1353. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.015Google Scholar
Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Fowler, J. S., et al. (2000). Association between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal and cingulate metabolism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 75–80. doi: 10.1176/ajp.157.1.75Google Scholar
Wieck, C., & Kunzmann, U. (2015). Age differences in empathy: Multidirectional and context-dependent. Psychology and Aging, 30, 407–419. doi: 10.1037/a0039001Google Scholar
Wieck, C., & Kunzmann, U. (2017). Age differences in emotion recognition: A question of modality? Psychology and Aging, 32, 401–411. doi: 10.1037/pag0000178Google Scholar
Williams, L. M., Brown, K. J., Palmer, D., et al. (2006). The mellow years? Neural basis of improving emotional stability over age. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6422–6430. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0022-06.2006Google Scholar
Wong, B., Cronin-Golomb, A., & Neargarder, S. (2005). Patterns of visual scanning as predictors of emotion identification in normal aging. Neuropsychology, 19, 739–749. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.6.739Google Scholar
Ziaei, M., Burianová, H., von Hippel, W., et al. (2016). The impact of aging on the neural networks involved in gaze and emotional processing. Neurobiology of Aging, 48, 182–194. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.026Google Scholar

References

Abram, M., Picard, L., Navarro, B., & Piolino, P. (2014). Mechanisms of remembering the past and imagining the future. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 29, 76–89. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.07.011Google Scholar
Adler, J. M., & Poulin, M. J. (2009). The political is personal: Narrating 9/11 and psychological well‐being. Journal of Personality, 77(4), 903–932. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00569.xGoogle Scholar
Alea, N., Bluck, S., & Ali, S. (2015). Function in context: Why American and Trinidadian young and older adults remember the personal past. Memory, 24, 55–68. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2014.929704Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1988). But what the hell is it for? In Gruneberg, M. M., Morris, P. E., & Sykes, R. N. (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues (Vol. 1, pp. 3–18). Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2003). New frontiers in the future of aging: From successful aging of the young old to the dilemmas of the fourth age. Gerontology, 49, 123–135. doi: 10.1159/000067946Google Scholar
Baron, J. M., & Bluck, S. (2009). Autobiographical memory sharing in everyday life: Who tells better stories? International Journal of Behavioural Development, 33, 105–117. doi: 10.1177/0165025408098039Google Scholar
Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). Personal growth in adults’ stories of life transition. Journal of Personality, 73, 573–602. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00273.xGoogle Scholar
Birren, J. E. (1958). Why study aging? American Psychologist, 13(6), 292–296. doi: 10.1037/h0042971Google Scholar
Birren, J. E., & Deutchman, D. E. (1991). Guiding autobiography groups with older adults. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bluck, S. (2003). Autobiographical memory: Exploring its functions in everyday life. Memory, 11, 113–123. doi: 10.1080/741938206Google Scholar
Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2002). Exploring the functions of autobiographical memory: Why do I remember the autumn? In Webster, J. D. & Haight, B. K. (Eds.), Critical Advances in Reminiscence: From Theory to Application (pp. 61–75). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2008). Remembering being me: The self-continuity function of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. In Sani, F. (Ed.), Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives (pp. 55–70). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2011). Crafting the TALE: Construction of a measure to assess the functions of autobiographical remembering. Memory, 19, 470–486. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.590500Google Scholar
Bluck, S., Alea, N., & Ali, S. (2014). Remembering the historical roots of remembering the personal past. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 290–300. doi: 10.1002/acp.2987Google Scholar
Bluck, S., Alea, N., Baron-Lee, J. M., & Davis, D. K. (2016). Story asides as a useful construct in examining adults’ story recall. Psychology and Aging, 31, 42–57. doi: 10.1037/a0039990Google Scholar
Bluck, S., Alea, N., & Demiray, B. (2010). You get what you need: The psychosocial functions of remembering. In Mace, J. (Ed.), The act of remembering: Toward an understanding of how we recall the past. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bluck, S., & Levine, L. J. (1998). Reminiscence as autobiographical memory: A catalyst for reminiscence theory development. Ageing and Society, 18, 185–208. 10.1017/S0144686X98006862Google Scholar
Bluck, S., & Liao, H. W. (2013). I was therefore I am: Creating self-continuity through remembering our personal past. International Journal of Reminiscence and Life Review, 1, 7–12. http://143.95.253.101/~radfordojs/index.php/IJRLRGoogle Scholar
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Westerhof, G. J., & Lamers, S. (2014). The development and initial validation of the narrative foreclosure scale. Aging and Mental Health, 18(7), 879–888. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2014.896865Google Scholar
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Westerhof, G. J., Randall, W. W., Tromp, T. T., & Kenyon, G. G. (2011). Narrative foreclosure in later life: Preliminary considerations for a new sensitizing concept. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 364–370. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2011.01.003Google Scholar
Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. (2013). Cultural life scripts and the development of personal memories. In Bauer, P. & Fivush, R. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on the development of children’s memory (Vol. 1, pp. 626–644). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Brandtstädter, J., & Greve, W. (1994). The aging self: Stabilizing and protective processes. Developmental Review, 14(1), 52–80. doi: 10.1006/drev.1994.1003Google Scholar
Brockmeier, J. (2000).Autobiographical time. Narrative Inquiry, 10(1), 51–73. doi: 10.1075/ni.10.1.03broGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65–76. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-38534-0_20Google Scholar
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., et al. (1996). Self-concept clarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141–156. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 1913–1915. doi: 10.1126/science.1127488Google Scholar
Coleman, P. G. (1986). Ageing and reminiscence processes: Social and clinical implications. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 594–628. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005Google Scholar
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261–288. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261Google Scholar
de Beauvoir, S. (1972). The coming of age. New York: Putnam.Google Scholar
de Medeiros, K. (2005). The complementary self: Multiple perspectives on the aging person. Journal of Aging Studies, 19(1), 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2004.02.001Google Scholar
Demiray, B., & Bluck, S. (2011). The relation of the conceptual self to recent and distant autobiographical memories. Memory, 19, 975–992. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.626427Google Scholar
Demiray, B., Gülgöz, S., & Bluck, S. (2009). Examining the life story account of the reminiscence bump: Why we remember more from young adulthood. Memory, 17(7), 708–723. doi: 10.1080/09658210902939322Google Scholar
Demiray, B., Mischler, M., Martin, M., & Knight, B. G. (2017). Reminiscence in everyday conversations: A naturalistic observation study of older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74(5), 745–755. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx141Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Growth and crises of the “healthy personality.” In Senn, M. J. E. (Ed.), Symposium on the healthy personality (pp. 91–146). Oxford, UK: Macy.Google Scholar
Fivush, R. (2011). The development of autobiographical memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 559–582. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131702Google Scholar
Fivush, R., Habermas, T., Waters, T., & Zaman, W. (2011). The making of autobiographical memory: Intersections of culture, narratives and identity. International Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 321–345. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.596541Google Scholar
Ford, J. H., DiGirolamo, M. A., & Kensinger, E. A. (2016). Age influences the relation between subjective valence ratings and emotional word use during autobiographical memory retrieval. Memory, 24, 1023–1032. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1061016Google Scholar
Freeman, M. (2000). When the story’s over: Narrative foreclosure and the possibility of self-renewal. In Andrews, M., Sclater, S. D., Squire, C., Treacher, A. (Eds.), Lines of narrative: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 81–91). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fry, P. S. (1991). Individual differences in reminiscence among older adults: Predictors of frequency and pleasantness ratings of reminiscence activity. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 33, 311–326. doi: 10.2190/LFH1-CNDQ-GJ7Y-LTJFGoogle Scholar
Glueck, J., & Bluck, S. (2007). Looking back across the lifespan: A life story account of the reminiscence bump. Memory and Cognition, 35, 1928–1939. doi: 10.3758/BF03192926Google Scholar
Haber, D. (2006). Life review: Implementation, theory, research, and therapy. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63(2), 153–171. doi: 10.2190/DA9G-RHK5-N9JP-T6CCGoogle Scholar
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748–769. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748Google Scholar
Habermas, T., & de Silveira, C. (2008). The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects. Developmental Psychology, 44, 707–721. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.707Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Rasmussen, A. S., & Berntsen, D. (2013). The functions of autobiographical memory: An integrative approach. Memory, 22, 559–581. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.806555Google Scholar
Hyman, I. E., & Faries, J. M. (1992). The functions of autobiographical memory. In Conway, M. A., Rubin, D. C., Spinnler, H., & Wagenaar, J. W. A. (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 207–221). Amsterdam: Kluwer.Google Scholar
James, W. ([1890]1950). Principles of psychology. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul. New York: Harvest.Google Scholar
Kamiya, S. (2014). Relationship between frequency of involuntary autobiographical memories and cognitive failure. Memory, 22(7), 839–851. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.838630Google Scholar
Kenyon, G., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Randall, W. L. (Eds.) (2011). Storying later life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
King, L. A., Scollon, C. K., Ramsey, C., & Williams, T. (2000). Stories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Research In Personality, 34(4), 509–536. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2285Google Scholar
Köber, C., Schmiedek, F., & Habermas, T. (2015). Characterizing lifespan development of three aspects of coherence in life narratives: A cohort-sequential study. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 260–275. doi: 10.1037/a0038668Google Scholar
Laceulle, H. (2016). Becoming who you are: Aging, self-realization, and cultural narratives about later life. Utrecht: University of Humanistic Studies.Google Scholar
Liao, H. W., Bluck, S., Alea, N., & Cheng, C. L. (2016). Functions of autobiographical memory in Taiwanese and American emerging adults. Memory, 24(4), 423–436. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1015572Google Scholar
Liao, H. W., Bluck, S., & Westerhof, G. J. (2017). Longitudinal relations between self-defining memories and self-esteem: Mediating roles of meaning-making and memory function. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 37, 318–341. doi: 10.1177/0276236617733840Google Scholar
Luchetti, M., & Sutin, A. R. (2018). Age differences in autobiographical memory across the adult lifespan: Older adults report stronger phenomenology. Memory, 26(1), 117–130. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1335326Google Scholar
Mace, J. H. (2007). Involuntary memory: Concept and theory. In Mace, J. H. (Ed.), Involuntary memory (pp. 1–19). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mace, J. H., & Atkinson, E. (2009). Can we determine the functions of everyday involuntary autobiographical memories? In Kelley, M. R. (Ed.), Applied memory (pp. 199–212). New York: Nova.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 295–321. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0704_1Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (2006). The problem of narrative coherence. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19, 109–125. doi: 10.1080/10720530500508720Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238. doi: 10.1177/0963721413475622Google Scholar
McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41, 683–691. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683Google Scholar
McLean, K. C. (2008). Stories of the young and the old: Personal continuity and narrative identity. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 254–164. doi: 10.1037/2F0012-1649.44.1.254Google Scholar
McLean, K. C., & Mansfield, C. D. (2010). To reason or not to reason: Is autobiographical reasoning always beneficial? New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 131, 85–97. doi: 10.1002/cd.291Google Scholar
McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 262–278. doi: 10.1177/1088868307301034Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1978). Memory: What are the important questions? In Gruneberg, M. M., Morris, P., & Sykes, R. H. (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 3–24). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1988). Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology, 1, 35–59. doi: 10.1080/09515088808572924Google Scholar
Neugarten, B. L. (1973). Personality change in late life: A developmental perspective. In Eisdorfer, C. & Lawton, M. (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging (pp. 311–335). Washington: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Parker, R. G. (1995). Reminiscence: A community theory framework.Gerontologist, 35(4), 515–525. doi: 10.1093/geront/35.4.515Google Scholar
Pasupathi, M., & Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 798–808. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.798Google Scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (1992). Remembering personal circumstances: A functional analysis. In Winograd, E. & Neisser, U. (Eds.), Emory symposia in cognition. Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories (Vol. 4 pp. 236–264). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664069.013Google Scholar
Pinquart, M., & Forstmeier, S. (2012). Effects of reminiscence interventions on psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Aging and Mental Health, 16, 541–558. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.651434Google Scholar
Prebble, S. C., Addis, D. R., & Tippett, L. J. (2013). Autobiographical memory and sense of self. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 815–840. doi: 10.1037/a0030146Google Scholar
Randall, W. L., & McKim, E. (2008). Reading our lives: The poetics of growing old. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, A. S., Johannessen, K. B., & Berntsen, D. (2014). Ways of sampling voluntary and involuntary autobiographical memories in daily life. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 30, 156–168. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.008Google Scholar
Rasmussen, A. S., Ramsgaard, S., & Berntsen, D. (2015). Frequency and functions of involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memories across the day. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2(2), 185–205. doi: 10.1037/cns0000042Google Scholar
Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., Serrano, J. P., & Ricarte, J. J. (2017). Overgeneral autobiographical memory in healthy young and older adults: Differential age effects on components of the capture and rumination, functional avoidance, and impaired executive control (CaRFAX) model. Psychology and Aging, 32(5), 447–459. doi: 10.1037/pag0000175Google Scholar
Rubin, D. C., Rahhal, T. A., & Poon, L. W. (1998). Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best. Memory and Cognition, 26(1), 3–19. doi: 10.3758/BF03211366Google Scholar
Singer, J., Rexhaj, B., & Baddeley, J. (2007). Older, wiser, and happier? Comparing older adults’ and college students’ self-defining memories. Memory, 15(8), 886–898. doi: 10.1080/09658210701754351Google Scholar
Skultety, K. M., & Whitbourne, S. K. (2004). Gender differences in identity processes and self-esteem in middle and later adulthood. Journal of Women and Aging, 16, 175–188. doi: 10.1300/J074v16n01_12Google Scholar
Svensson, C. (2018). Special issue in honor of James Emmett Birren (1918–2016). International Journal of Reminiscence and Life Review, 5(1), 1. https://journals.radford.edu/index.php/IJRLR/article/view/98Google Scholar
Timmer, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Dittmann-Kohli, F. (2005). “When looking back on my past life I regret … ”: Retrospective regret in the second half of life. Death Studies, 29(7), 625–644. doi: 10.1080/07481180591004660Google Scholar
Watt, L. M., & Wong, P. T. (1991). A taxonomy of reminiscence and therapeutic implications. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 16(1–2), 37–57. doi: 10.1300/J083v16n01_04Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (1997). The reminiscence functions scale: A replication. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 44(2), 137–148. doi: 10.2190/AD4D-813D-F5XN-W07GGoogle Scholar
Webster, J. D., & McCall, M. E. (1999). Reminiscence functions across adulthood: A replication and extension. Journal of Adult Development, 6(1), 73–85. doi: 10.1023/A:1021628525902Google Scholar
Westerhof, G. J. (2009). Identity construction in the third age: The role of self-narratives. In Hartung, H. & Maierhofer, R. (Eds.), Narratives of lives: Mediating age (pp. 55–69). Münster: LIT.Google Scholar
Westerhof, G. J. (2018). Life review: Lifespan development, meaning processes, and interventions. In Gibson, F. (Ed.), International perspectives on reminiscence, life review, and life story work (pp. 312–326). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012). Life stories and mental health: The role of identification processes in theory and interventions. Narrative Works, 2(1), 106–128. http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/NW/article/view/19501Google Scholar
Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Celebrating fifty years of research and applications in reminiscence and life review: State of the art and new directions. Journal of Aging Studies, 29, 107–114. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2014.02.003Google Scholar
Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Webster, J. D. (2010). Reminiscence and mental health: A review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions. Ageing and Society, 30(4), 697–721. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X09990328Google Scholar
Wilson, A. E., & Ross, M. (2003). The identity function of autobiographical memory: Time is on our side. Memory, 11(2), 137–149. doi: 10.1080/741938210Google Scholar
Wong, P. T., & Watt, L. M. (1991). What types of reminiscence are associated with successful aging? Psychology and Aging, 6(2), 272–279. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.272Google Scholar

References

Abdou, C. M., Fingerhut, A. W., Jackson, J. S., & Wheaton, F. (2016). Healthcare stereotype threat in older adults in the health and retirement study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(2), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.034Google Scholar
Abrams, D., Crisp, R. J., Marques, S., et al. (2008). Threat inoculation: Experienced and imagined intergenerational contact prevents stereotype threat effects on older people’s math performance. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 934–939. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014293Google Scholar
Abrams, D., Eller, A., & Bryant, J. (2006). An age apart: The effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychology and Aging, 21(4), 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.691Google Scholar
Alquist, J. L., Price, M. M., Hancock, D., Talley, A. E., & Cukrowicz, K. (2019). Exposure to negative stereotypes impairs older adults’ self-control. Self and Identity, 18(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1437069Google Scholar
Andreoletti, C., & Lachman, M. E. (2004). Susceptibility and resilience to memory aging stereotypes: Education matters more than age. Experimental Aging Research, 30(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730490274167Google Scholar
Armstrong, B., Gallant, S. N., Li, L., Patel, K., & Wong, B. I. (2017). Stereotype threat effects on older adults’ episodic and working memory: A meta-analysis.Gerontologist, 57(Suppl. 2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx170Google Scholar
Barber, S. J. (2017). An examination of age-based stereotype threat about cognitive decline: Implications for stereotype-threat research and theory development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(1), 62–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616656345Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013a). Stereotype threat can both enhance and impair older adults’ memory. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2522–2529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613497023Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013b). Stereotype threat can reduce older adults’ memory errors. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(10), 1888–1895. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.840656Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2014). Stereotype threat in older adults: When and why does it occur and who is most affected? In Verhaeghen, P. & Hertzog, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and problem solving in adulthood (pp. 302–320). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., Mather, M., & Gatz, M. (2015). How stereotype threat affects healthy older adults’ performance on clinical assessments of cognitive decline: The key role of regulatory fit. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 891–900. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv009Google Scholar
Barber, S. J., Seliger, J., Yeh, N., & Tan, S. C. (2019). Stereotype threat reduces the positivity of older adults’ recall. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(4), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby026Google Scholar
Bouazzaoui, B., Follenfant, A., Ric, F., et al. (2016). Ageing-related stereotypes in memory: When the beliefs come true. Memory, 24(5), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1040802Google Scholar
Brubaker, M. S., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2018). The effects of stereotype threat on the associative memory deficit of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 33(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000194Google Scholar
Chasteen, A. L., Bhattacharyya, S., Horhota, M., Tam, R., & Hasher, L. (2005). How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults’ memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 31(3), 235–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730590948177Google Scholar
Chasteen, A. L., Kang, S. K., & Remedios, J. D. (2012). Aging and stereotype threat: Development, process, and interventions. In Inzlicht, M. & Schmader, T. (Eds.), Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application (pp. 202–216). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Coudin, G., & Alexopoulos, T. (2010). “Help me! I’m old!” How negative aging stereotypes create dependency among older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 14(5), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732449.003.0013Google Scholar
Craik, F. I., & McDowd, J. M. (1987). Age differences in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(3), 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.13.3.474Google Scholar
Desrichard, O., & Köpetz, C. (2005). A threat in the elder: The impact of task‐instructions, self‐efficacy and performance expectations on memory performance in the elderly. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.249Google Scholar
Eich, T. S., Murayama, K., Castel, A. D., & Knowlton, B. J. (2014). The dynamic effects of age-related stereotype threat on explicit and implicit memory performance in older adults. Social Cognition, 32(6), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.6.559Google Scholar
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Bustillos, A., & Huici, C. (2015). Positive perception of aging and performance in a memory task: Compensating for stereotype threat? Experimental Aging Research, 41(4), 410–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2015.1053757Google Scholar
Fresson, M., Dardenne, B., Geurten, M., & Meulemans, T. (2017). The effect of stereotype threat on older people’s clinical cognitive outcomes: Investigating the moderating role of dementia worry. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(8), 1306–1328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1307456Google Scholar
Gaillard, M., Desmette, D., & Keller, J. (2011). Regulatory focus moderates the influence of age-related stereotypic expectancies on older adults’ test performance and threat-based concerns. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 61(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2010.11.001Google Scholar
Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory and Cognition, 38(7), 833–848. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.7.833Google Scholar
Grimm, L. R., Markman, A. B., Maddox, W. T., & Baldwin, G. C. (2009). Stereotype threat reinterpreted as a regulatory mismatch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013463Google Scholar
Haslam, C., Morton, T. A., Haslam, S. A., et al. (2012). “When the age is in, the wit is out”: Age-related self-categorization and deficit expectations reduce performance on clinical tests used in dementia assessment. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 778–784. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027754Google Scholar
Hehman, J. A., & Bugental, D. B. (2013). “Life stage-specific” variations in performance in response to age stereotypes. Developmental Psychology, 49(7), 1396–1406. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029559Google Scholar
Henkel, L. A. (2013). Do older adults change their eyewitness reports when re-questioned? Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(3), 356–365. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt071Google Scholar
Hess, T. M. (2005). Memory and aging in context. Psychological Bulletin, 131(3), 383–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.3.383Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.1.P3Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Emery, L., & Queen, T. L. (2009). Task demands moderate stereotype threat effects on memory performance. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(4), 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp044Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., & Hinson, J. T. (2006). Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 21(3), 621–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.621Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Hinson, J. T., & Hodges, E. A. (2009). Moderators of and mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects on older adults’ memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730802716413Google Scholar
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60381-0Google Scholar
Horton, S., Baker, J., Pearce, W., & Deakin, J. M. (2010). Immunity to popular stereotypes of aging? Seniors and stereotype threat. Educational Gerontology, 36, 353–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270903323976Google Scholar
Jordano, M. L., & Touron, D. R. (2017). Stereotype threat as a trigger of mind-wandering in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 32(3), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000167Google Scholar
Kang, S. K., & Chasteen, A. L. (2009). The moderating role of age-group identification and perceived threat on stereotype threat among older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 69(3), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.69.3.cGoogle Scholar
Kensinger, E. A., & Gutchess, A. H. (2017). Cognitive aging in a social and affective context: Advances over the past 50 years. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw056Google Scholar
Kliegel, M., Jäger, T., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). Adult age differences in event-based prospective memory: A meta-analysis on the role of focal versus nonfocal cues. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.203Google Scholar
Koen, J. D., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2014). The effects of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease on recollection and familiarity: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 24(3), 332–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5Google Scholar
Lambert, A. E., Watson, J. M., Stefanucci, J. K., et al. (2016). Stereotype threat impairs older adult driving. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3162Google Scholar
Lamont, R. A., Swift, H. J., & Abrams, D. (2015). A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage. Psychology and Aging, 30, 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038586Google Scholar
Lemaire, P., Brun, F., & Régner, I. (2018). Negative aging stereotypes disrupt both the selection and execution of strategies in older adults. Gerontology, 64, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486756Google Scholar
Liu, P., Zhao, F., Zhang, B., & Dang, Q. (2017). Small change makes a big splash: The role of working self-concept in the effects of stereotype threat on memory. Journal of Psychology, 151(7), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2017.1372340Google Scholar
Löckenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., et al. (2009). Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016901Google Scholar
Marquet, M., Missotten, P., Dardenne, B., & Adam, S. (2019). Interactions between stereotype threat, subjective aging, and memory in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 26(1), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2017.1413166Google Scholar
Mazerolle, M., Regner, I., Barber, S. J., et al. (2016). Negative aging stereotypes impair performance on brief cognitive tests used to screen for predementia. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(6), 932–936. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw083Google Scholar
Mazerolle, M., Regner, I., Morisset, P., Rigalleau, F., & Huguet, P. (2012). Stereotype threat strengthens automatic recall and undermines controlled processes in older adults. Psychological Science, 23(7), 723–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612437607Google Scholar
Mazerolle, M., Régner, I., Rigalleau, F., & Huguet, P. (2015). Stereotype threat alters the subjective experience of memory. Experimental Psychology, 62(6), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000303Google Scholar
Montepare, J. M., & Lachman, M. E. (1989). You’re only as old as you feel: Self-perceptions of age, fears of aging, and life satisfaction from adolescence to old age. Psychology and Aging, 4, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.1.73Google Scholar
Old, S. R., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2008). Differential effects of age on item and associative measures of memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.104Google Scholar
Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Dudley, W. N., & Lafronza, V. N. (1989). Effects of age and a divided attention task presented during encoding and retrieval on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1185–1191. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1185Google Scholar
Phibbs, S., & Hooker, K. (2018). An exploration of factors associated with ageist stereotype threat in a medical setting. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 1160–1165. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx034Google Scholar
Popham, L. E., & Hess, T. M. (2013). Age differences in the underlying mechanisms of stereotype threat effects. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt093Google Scholar
Popham, L. E., & Hess, T. M. (2016). Stereotype threat. In Whitbourne, S. K. (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of adulthood and aging (Vol. 1, pp. 1–5). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Rahhal, T. A., Hasher, L., & Colcombe, S. J. (2001). Instructional manipulations and age differences in memory: Now you see them, now you don’t. Psychology and Aging, 16(4), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.697Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035194Google Scholar
Reid, L. M., & MacLullich, A. M. (2006). Subjective memory complaints and cognitive impairment in older people. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22(5–6), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1159/000096295Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.21.4.803Google Scholar
Rossi-Arnaud, C., Spataro, P., & Geraci, L. (2018). Effects of stereotype threat and prior task success on older adults’ eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 7, 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.02.001Google Scholar
Schlemmer, M., & Desrichard, O. (2018). Is medical environment detrimental to memory? A test of a white coat effect on older people’s memory performance. Clinical Gerontologist, 41(1), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2017.1307891Google Scholar
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336Google Scholar
Seibt, B., & Förster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.38Google Scholar
Sindi, S., Fiocco, A. J., Juster, R. P., Pruessner, J., & Lupien, S. J. (2013). When we test, do we stress? Impact of the testing environment on cortisol secretion and memory performance in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(8), 1388–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.004Google Scholar
Smith, A. M., Gallo, D. A., Barber, S. J., Maddox, K. B., & Thomas, A. K. (2017). Stereotypes, warnings, and identity-related variables influence older adults’ susceptibility to associative false memory errors. Gerontologist, 57(Suppl. 2), S206–S215. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx057Google Scholar
Spencer, S. J., Logel, C., & Davies, P. G. (2016). Stereotype threat. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235Google Scholar
Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613Google Scholar
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797Google Scholar
Swift, H. J., Abrams, D., & Marques, S. (2012). Threat or boost? Social comparison affects older people’s performance differently depending on task domain. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs044Google Scholar
Swift, H. J., Lamont, R. A., & Abrams, D. (2012). Are they half as strong as they used to be? An experiment testing whether age-related social comparisons impair older people’s hand grip strength and persistence. BMJ Open, 2(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001064Google Scholar
Tan, S. C., & Barber, S. J. (in press). Confucian values as a buffer against age-based stereotype threat for Chinese older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(3), 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby049Google Scholar
Thomas, A. K., & Dubois, S. J. (2011). Reducing the burden of stereotype threat eliminates age differences in memory distortion. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1515–1517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611425932Google Scholar
Thomas, A. K., Smith, A. M., & Mazerolle, M. (in press). The unexpected relationship between retrieval demands and memory performance when older adults are faced with age-related stereotypes. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(2), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby031Google Scholar
Verhaeghen, P., Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L. (1993). Facts and fiction about memory aging: A quantitative integration of research findings. Journal of Gerontology, 48(4), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.4.P157Google Scholar
von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Henry, J. D. (2013). Stereotype threat among older employees: Relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029825Google Scholar
Weiss, D. (2018). On the inevitability of aging: Essentialist beliefs moderate the impact of negative age stereotypes on older adults’ memory performance and physiological reactivity. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 925–933. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw087Google Scholar
Wong, J. T., & Gallo, D. A. (2016). Stereotype threat reduces false recognition when older adults are forewarned. Memory, 24(5), 650–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1036885Google Scholar
Wong, J. T., & Gallo, D. A. (2019). Activating aging stereotypes increases source recollection confusions in older adults: Effect at encoding but not retrieval. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(4), 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx103Google Scholar
Zhang, B., Lin, Y., Gao, Q., et al. (2017). Effects of aging stereotype threat on working self-concepts: An event-related potentials approach. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, p. 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00223Google Scholar
Zuber, S., Ihle, A., Blum, A., Desrichard, O., & Kliegel, M. (2019). The effect of stereotype threat on age differences in prospective memory performance: Differential effects on focal versus nonfocal tasks. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(4), 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx097Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×