Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:52:36.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Bilingual Lexical Processing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2019

Roberto R. Heredia
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Anna B. Cieślicka
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2018). Visual word recognition in multilinguals. In Rueschemeyer, S.-A. & Gaskell, M. G. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F., & Li, P. (2013). The psycholinguistics of bilingualism (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2015). Cognate vocabulary in language acquisition and use. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N. (2014). Lexical processing and second language acquisition. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Acheson, D. J., Ganushchak, L. Y., Christoffels, I. K., & Hagoort, P. (2012). Conflict monitoring in speech production: Physiological evidence from bilingual picture naming. Brain and Language, 123(2), 131136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.08.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2005). Covert bilingual language activation through cognate processing: An eye-tracking study. In Bara, B. G, Barsalou, L. W., and Bucciarelli, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 286291). Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000). Orthography plays a critical role in cognate priming: Evidence from French/English and Arabic/French cognates. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 12891296. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211829Google Scholar
Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(04), 447462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990204Google Scholar
Broersma, M., Carter, D., & Acheson, D. J. (2016). Cognate costs in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01461Google Scholar
Broersma, M., & De Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(01), 113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728905002348Google Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2013). Cognate and word class ambiguity effects in noun and verb processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(9), 13501377. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.718353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cognate effects in sentence context depend on word class, L2 proficiency, and task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(6), 12141241. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.853090Google Scholar
Christoffels, I., De Groot, A. M. B., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(3), 324345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.004Google Scholar
Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192208.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1980). Triggering and language processing. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 34(4), 400406. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0081102Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colomé, À., & Miozzo, M. (2010). Which words are activated during bilingual word production? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 96109. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017677Google ScholarPubMed
Comesaña, M., Coelho, R., Oliveira, H., & Paula Soares, A. (2018). How letter order is encoded in bilingual reading? The role of deviant-letter position in cognate word recognition. Speech, Language and Hearing, 21(2), 9093. https://doi.org/10.1080/2050571X.2017.1369049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comesaña, M., Ferré, P., Romero, J., Guasch, M., Soares, A. P., & García-Chico, T. (2015). Facilitative effect of cognate words vanishes when reducing the orthographic overlap: The role of stimuli list composition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(3), 614635. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000065Google Scholar
Comesaña, M., Sánchez-Casas, R., Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Rauber, A., Frade, S., & Fraga, I. (2012). The interplay of phonology and orthography in visual cognate word recognition: An ERP study. Neuroscience Letters, 529(1), 7579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.010Google Scholar
Comesaña, M., Soares, A. P., Sánchez-Casas, R., & Lima, C. (2012). Lexical and semantic representations in the acquisition of L2 cognate and non-cognate words: Evidence from two learning methods in children. British Journal of Psychology, 103(3), 378392. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02080.xGoogle Scholar
Cop, U., Dirix, N., van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Duyck, W. (2017). Reading a book in one or two languages? An eye movement study of cognate facilitation in L1 and L2 reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(04), 747769. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000213Google Scholar
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 12831296.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilingual’s two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41(3), 365397.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94(1), 94103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Groot, A. M. B., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50(1), 156. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023–8333.00110Google Scholar
De Groot, A. M. B., & Nas, G. L. J. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(1), 90123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90012–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Declerck, M., Koch, I., & Philipp, A. M. (2012). Digits vs. pictures: The influence of stimulus type on language switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 896904. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000193Google Scholar
Degani, T., Prior, A., & Hajajra, W. (2018). Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 782804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 496518. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2654CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, H. (2010). How cross-language similarity and task demands affect cognate recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(3), 284301.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(03), 175197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728902003012Google Scholar
Duñabeitia, J. A., Dimitropoulou, M., Dowens, M. G., Molinaro, N., & Martin, C. (2016). The electrophysiology of the bilingual brain. In Heredia, R. R., Altarriba, J., & Cieślicka, A. B. (Eds.), Methods in bilingual reading comprehension research (pp. 265312). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–1-4939–2993-1_11Google Scholar
Duyck, W., van Assche, E., & Hartsuiker, R. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 663679.Google Scholar
Friel, B. M., & Kennison, S. M. (2001). Identifying German–English cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates: Methodological issues and descriptive norms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(03) 249-274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000438Google Scholar
García, A. M., Ibanez, A., Huepe, D., Houck, A. L., Michon, M., Lezama, C. G., … & Rivera-Rei, A. (2014). Word reading and translation in bilinguals: the impact of formal and informal translation expertise. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01302Google Scholar
Gullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00278Google Scholar
Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition, 106(1), 501511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanova, I., & Costa, A. (2008). Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 277288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 797819. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068XGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Dijkstra, T., Janssen, T., & Schriefers, H. (2000). Selecting the language in which to speak: Experiments on lexical access in bilingual production. Paper presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA, November 16–19.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauro, J., & Schwartz, A. I. (2017). Bilingual non-selective lexical access in sentence contexts: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 217233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.010Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Baayen, R. H., Grainger, J., & Zwitserlood, P. (2008). Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A megastudy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 1231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278–7393.34.1.12Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 585611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000007Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Huestegge, L., & Mulder, K. (2018). Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(8), 968991. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1433863Google Scholar
Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018a). Cognates facilitate switches and then confusion: Contrasting effects of cascade versus feedback on language selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(6), 974991. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000497Google ScholarPubMed
Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018b). Cognates interfere with language selection but enhance monitoring in connected speech. Memory and Cognition, 46(6), 923939. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018–0812–xGoogle Scholar
Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381390.Google Scholar
Lijewska, A., & Chmiel, A. (2015). Cognate facilitation in sentence context – translation production by interpreting trainees and non-interpreting trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 358375. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2014.959961Google Scholar
Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language Learning, 48(1), 3169.Google Scholar
Mieszkowska, K., & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2015). Is A2 in German better than B2 in French when reading Danish? The role of prior language knowledge when faced with an unknown language. In De Angelis, G., Jessner, U., & Kresic, M. (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence and crosslinguistic interaction in multilingual language learning (pp. 213234). London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474235884Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (2005). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism (1st ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Nakayama, M., Verdonschot, R. G., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J. (2014). The masked cognate translation priming effect for different-script bilinguals is modulated by the phonological similarity of cognate words: Further support for the phonological account. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26(7), 714724. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.953167Google Scholar
Otwinowska, A., & Szewczyk, J. M. (2017). The more similar the better? Factors in learning cognates, false cognates and non-cognate words. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1325834Google Scholar
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2009). Raising awareness of cognate vocabulary as a strategy in teaching English to Polish adults. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 131147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501220802283186Google Scholar
Peeters, D., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (2013). The representation and processing of identical cognates by late bilinguals: RT and ERP effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(4), 315332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.12.003Google Scholar
Pivneva, I., Mercier, J., & Titone, D. (2014). Executive control modulates cross-language lexical activation during L2 reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(3), 787796. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035583Google Scholar
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012). Cross-language activation in children’s speech production: Evidence from second language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(3), 419438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.09.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cross-language activation in same-script and different-script trilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(6), 693716.Google Scholar
Poort, E. D., & Rodd, J. M. (2017). The cognate facilitation effect in bilingual lexical decision is influenced by stimulus list composition. Acta Psychologica, 180, 5263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poort, E. D., Warren, J. E., & Rodd, J. M. (2016). Recent experience with cognates and interlingual homographs in one language affects subsequent processing in another language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(01), 206212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pureza, R., Soares, A. P., & Comesaña, M. (2016). Cognate status, syllable position and word length on bilingual Tip-Of-the-Tongue states induction and resolution. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(03), 533549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000206Google Scholar
Santesteban, M., & Costa, A. (2016). Are cognate words “special”?: On the role of cognate words in language switching performance. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Bilingual processing and acquisition, Vol. 2 (pp. 97126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.2.05sanGoogle Scholar
Schepens, J., Dijkstra, T., & Grootjen, F. (2012). Distributions of cognates in Europe as based on Levenshtein distance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(01), 157166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000623Google Scholar
Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55(2), 197212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.03.004Google Scholar
Starreveld, P. A., De Groot, A. M. B., Rossmark, B. M. M., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Parallel language activation during word processing in bilinguals: Evidence from word production in sentence context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(02), 258276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000308Google Scholar
Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20(4), 912928. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp153Google Scholar
Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2011). Cognate facilitation effects in trilingual word recognition. Studies in Second Language, 1(2), 189208.Google Scholar
Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2015). Multilingual lexical recognition in the mental lexicon of third language users. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tessel, C. A., Levy, E. S., Gitterman, M., & Shafer, V. L. (2018). Neurophysiological indices of the effect of cognates on vowel perception in late Spanish-English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 68, 117137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.03.004Google Scholar
Titone, D., Libben, M., Mercier, J., Whitford, V., & Pivneva, I. (2011). Bilingual lexical access during L1 sentence reading: The effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1–L2 intermixing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(6), 14121431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024492Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J. F., De Groot, A. M. B., & van Hell, J. G. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch—English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, 34(3), 435451.Google Scholar
Tonzar, C., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2009). L2 vocabulary acquisition in children: Effects of learning method and cognate status. Language Learning, 59(3), 623646.Google Scholar
van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(1), 88107.Google Scholar
van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Verb processing by bilinguals in sentence contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(02), 237259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000873CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Assche, E., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009). Does bilingualism change native-language reading? Cognate effects in a sentence context. Psychological Science, 20(8), 923927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2009.02389.xGoogle Scholar
van Hell, J. G., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(03), 193211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000352Google Scholar
van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,9(4), 780789. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196335Google Scholar
van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 15(3), 181198. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197716Google Scholar
Verhoef, K. M. W., Roelofs, A., & Chwilla, D. J. (2010). Electrophysiological evidence for endogenous control of attention in switching between languages in overt picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(8), 18321843. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21291Google Scholar
Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory and Cognition, 35(5), 938952.Google Scholar
Zhou, H., Chen, B., Yang, M., & Dunlap, S. (2010). Language nonselective access to phonological representations: Evidence from Chinese–English bilinguals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(10), 20512066. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470211003718705CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Further Reading

Schwieter, J. W., & Ferreira, A. (Eds.). (2017). The handbook of translation and cognition. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N. (2015). Lexical processing and second language acquisition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., & Degani, T. (2010). Translation ambiguity: Consequences for learning and processing. In VanPatten, B. & Jegerski, J. (Eds.), Research on second language processing and parsing (pp.281293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

References

Alario, F., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 140155Google Scholar
Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2013). Cross-linguistic similarity and task demands for Japanese-English bilingual processing. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72631.Google Scholar
Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2014). Cross-linguistic similarity norms for Japanese-English translation equivalents. Behavioral Research Methods, 46(2), 540563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altarriba, J., & Gianico, J. (2003). Lexical ambiguity resolution across languages: A theoretical and empirical review. Experimental Psychology, 50(3), 159170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arêas da Luz Fontes, A., & Schwartz, A. (2010). On a different plane: Cross-language effects on the conceptual representations of within-language homonyms. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 508532.Google Scholar
Basnight-Brown, D., Kazanas, S., & Altarriba, J. (2018). Translation ambiguity in Mandarin-English bilinguals: Translation production differences in concrete, abstract and emotion words. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.17037.basCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boada, R., Sánchez-Casas, R., Gavilán, J., García-Albea, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Effect of multiple translations and cognate status in translation recognition performance of balanced bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 183197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000). Orthography plays a critical role in cognate priming: Evidence from French-English and Arabic-French cognate. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 12891296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracken, J., Degani, T., Eddington, C., & Tokowicz, N. (2017). Translation semantic variability: How semantic relatedness affects learning of translation-ambiguous words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(4), 783794.Google Scholar
Brysbeart, M., & Duyck, W. (2010). Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 359371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifton, C., Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (Eds.). (1994). Perspectives on sentence processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Cristoffanini, P., Kirsner, K., & Milech, D. (1986). Bilingual lexical representation: The status of Spanish-English cognates. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(3), 367393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, A. (1992). Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 10011018.Google Scholar
De Groot, A. M. B., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50(1), 156.Google Scholar
De Groot, A., & Nas, G. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 90123.Google Scholar
Degani, T., & Goldberg, M. (2019). How individual differences affect learning of translation-ambiguous vocabulary. Language Learning, 69(3), 600651.Google Scholar
Degani, T., Prior, A., Eddingtion, C., Arêas da Luz Fontes, A., Tokowicz, N. (2016). Determinants of translation ambiguity: A within and cross-language comparison. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(3), 290307.Google Scholar
Degani, T., Prior, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Bidirectional transfer: The effect of sharing a translation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 1828.Google Scholar
Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2010). Ambiguous words are hard to learn. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 399–314.Google Scholar
Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Cross-language influences: Translation status affects intraword sense relatedness. Memory and Cognition, 41(7), 10461064.Google Scholar
Degani, T., Tseng, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2014). Together or apart? Learning of ambiguous words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(4), 749765.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 496518.Google Scholar
Eddington, C., Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2019). English and German translation norms: Examining translation ambiguity across proficiency levels.Google Scholar
Eddington, C., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Examining English-German translation ambiguity using primed translation recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 442457.Google Scholar
Elston-Güttler, K., & Williams, J. (2008). L1 polysemy affects L2 meaning interpretation: Evidence for L1 concepts active during L2 reading. Second Language Research, 24, 167187.Google Scholar
Forster, K., & Chambers, S. (1973). Lexical access and naming time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 627635.Google Scholar
Frenck-Mestre, C., & Prince, P. (1997). Second language autonomy. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 481501.Google Scholar
Garthercole, V., & Moawad, R. (2010). Semantic interaction in early and late bilinguals: All words are not created equally. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 385408.Google Scholar
Gearailt, D. (2005). Dictionary characteristics in cross-language information retrieval. Technical report No. 616. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-616.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gernsbacher, M., Robertson, R., & Werner, N. (2002). The costs and benefits of meaning. In Gorfein, D. & David, S. (Eds.), On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity: Decade of behavior (pp. 119137). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., Slattery, T., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 186209.Google Scholar
Gorfien, D. (Ed.) (2002). On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Grainger, J., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (1998). Masked priming by translation equivalents in proficient bilinguals. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(6), 601623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, T., Misra, M., Tam, J., & Kroll, J. (2012). On the time course of accessing meaning in a second language: An electrophysiological and behavioral investigation of translation recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(5), 11651186.Google Scholar
Jiang, N. (2002). Form-meaning mapping in vocabulary acquisition in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 617637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N. (2004). Semantic transfer and its implications for vocabulary teaching in a second language. The Modern Language Journal, 88(30), 416432.Google Scholar
Kambe, G., Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (2001). Global context effects on processing lexically ambiguous words: Evidence from eye fixations. Memory and Cognition, 29, 363372.Google Scholar
Kellas, G., Ferraro, F., & Simpson, G. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and the timecourse of attentional allocation in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 601609.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149174.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2001). The development of conceptual representation for words in a second language. In Nicol, J. (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 4971). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2005). Models of bilingual representation and processing: Looking back and to the future. In Kroll, J. & De Groot, A. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 531554). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., van Hell, J., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373381.Google Scholar
Lalor, E., & Kirsner, K. (2001). The representation of “false cognates” in the bilingual lexicon. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8(3), 552559.Google Scholar
Laxén, J., & Lavaur, J.-M. (2010). The role of semantics in translation recognition: Effects of number of translations, dominance of translations and semantic relatedness of multiple translations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 157183.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., & Dijkstra, T. (2004). Recognizing cognates and interlingual homographs: Effects of code similarity in language-specific and generalized lexical decision. Memory and Cognition, 32, 533550.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 585611.Google Scholar
Libben, M. (2017). Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 103122). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (2017). The dynamic lexicon: Complex words in bilingual minds. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 17). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Libben, G., & Schwieter, J. W. (2019). Lexical organization and reorganization in the multilingual mind. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The handbook of the neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 297312). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language Learning, 48(1), 3169.Google Scholar
Lu, Y., Wu, J., Dunlap, S., & Chen, B. (2017). The inhibitory mechanism in learning ambiguous words in a second language. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(636).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistic semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malt, B., & Sloman, S. (2003). Linguistic diversity and object naming by non-native speakers of English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 4767.Google Scholar
Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., Degani, T., & Smith, C. (2011). Individual differences in the ability to resolve translation ambiguity across languages. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8, 7997.Google Scholar
Morford, J., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Pinar, P., & Kroll, J. (2010). When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translation? Cognition, 118, 286292.Google Scholar
Nelson, D., McEvoy, C., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory and Cognition, 28, 887899.Google Scholar
Oldfield, R., & Wingfield, A. (1965). Response latencies in naming objects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 273281.Google Scholar
Peterson, R., & Savoy, P. (1998). Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 539557.Google Scholar
Prior, A., Kroll, J., & MacWhinney, B. (2013). Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(2), 458474.Google Scholar
Prior, A., MacWhinney, B., & Kroll, J. (2007). Translation norms for English and Spanish: The role of lexical variables, word class, and L2 proficiency in negotiating translation ambiguity. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 10291038.Google Scholar
Prior, A., Wintner, S., MacWhinney, B., & Lavie, A. (2011). Translation in and out of context. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 93111.Google Scholar
Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory and Cognition, 14, 191201.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Casas, R. M., Davis, C. W., & García-Albea, J. E. (1992). Bilingual lexical processing: Exploring the cognate/non-cognate distinction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4(4), 293310.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Casas, R., & García-Albea, J. (2005). The representation of cognate and noncognate words in bilingual memory: Can cognate status be characterized as a special kind of morphological relation? In Kroll, J. & De Groot, A. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 226250). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schönpflug, U. (1997). Bilingualism and memory. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Bilingualism, Newcastle, UK, April 9–12.Google Scholar
Schoonbaert, S., Duyck, W., Brysbaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2009). Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back: Making sense of the findings. Memory and Cognition, 37(5), 569586.Google Scholar
Schwarz, A., & Kroll, J. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 197212.Google Scholar
Smith, Y., Walters, J., & Prior, A. (2012). Translation norms for Hebrew and English. Edmond J. Safra Foundation Technical Report, No. 2012–1.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N. (2014). Translation ambiguity affects language processing, learning, and representation. In Miller, R., Martin, K., Eddington, C., Henery, A., Marcos Miguel, N., Tseng, A., Tuninetti, A., & Walter, D. (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 2012 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 170180). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., & Degani, T. (2010). Translation ambiguity: Consequences for learning and processing. In VanPatten, B. & Jegerski, J. (Eds.), Research on second language processing and parsing (pp. 281293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., & Kroll, J. (2007). Number of meanings and concreteness: Consequences of ambiguity within and across languages. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22, 727779.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J., De Groot, A., & van Hell, J. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch-English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 34, 435451.Google Scholar
Tseng, A., Chang, L.-Y., & Tokowicz, N. (2014). Translation ambiguity between English and Mandarin Chinese: The roles of proficiency and word characteristics. In Schwieter, J. W. & Ferreira, A. (Eds.), The development of translation competence: Theories and methodologies from psycholinguistics and cognitive science (pp. 107165). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Twilley, L., Dixon, P., Taylor, D., & Clark, K. (1994). University of Alberta norms of relative meaning frequency for 566 homographs. Memory and Cognition, 22, 111126.Google Scholar
Vaid, J., & Meuter, R. (2017). Languages without borders: Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 839). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
van Hell, J., & De Groot, A. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193211.Google Scholar
Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory and Language, 35, 5, 938952.Google Scholar
Wen, Y., & van Heuven, W. (2016). Chinese translation norms for 1,429 English words. Behavior Research Methods.Google Scholar
Zhang, S. (1995). Semantic differentiation in the acquisition of English as a second language. Language Learning, 45, 225249.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Chen, B., Tang, Y., Yao, P., & Lu, Y. (2018). Semantic similarity to known second language words impacts learning of new meanings. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2048).Google Scholar

Further Reading

Baus, C., Branzi, F. M., & Costa, A. (2015). On the mechanism and scope of language control in bilingual speech production. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 508526). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 568585.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94, 94103.Google Scholar
Costa, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2014). How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 336345.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 497514.Google Scholar
Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., Sadat, J., & Costa, A. (2011). On the temporal and functional origin of L2 disadvantages in speech production: A critical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 379.Google Scholar

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(4), 557582.Google Scholar
Andrews, S. (1997). The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(4), 439461.Google Scholar
Baus, C., Costa, A., & Carreiras, M. (2013). On the effects of second language immersion on first language production. Acta Psychologica, 142, 402409.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 311.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. (2015). Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention. Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 117121.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. (2015). Cognitive consequences of bilingualism: Executive control and cognitive reserve. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 571585). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 859873.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Ryan, J. (2006). Executive control in a modified antisaccade task: Effects of aging and bilingualism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 13411354.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Green, D., & Gollan, T. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 89129.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290303.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., & Shapero, D. (2005). Ambiguous benefits: The effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science, 8, 595604.Google Scholar
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Pylkkänen, L. (2018). Ecological validity in bilingualism research and the bilingual advantage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(12), 11171126.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H., Bobb, S., & Marian, V. (2016). The role of language proficiency, cognate status and word frequency in the assessment of Spanish-English bilinguals’ verbal fluency. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(2), 190201.Google Scholar
Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 568585.Google Scholar
Botvinick, M., Nystrom, L., Fissell, K., Carter, C., Cohen, J. (1999). Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature, 402, 179181.Google Scholar
Braver, T., Reynolds, J., & Donaldson, D. (2003). Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching. Neuron, 39, 713726.Google Scholar
Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 447462.Google Scholar
Broersma, M. (2011). Triggered code-switching: Evidence from picture naming experiments. In Schmid, M. & Lowie, W. (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism from structure to chaos: In honor of Kees de Bot (pp. 3757). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Broersma, M., & de Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 113.Google Scholar
Broersma, M., Isurin, L., Bultena, S., & de Bot, K. (2009). Triggered code-switching: Evidence from Dutch-English and Russian-English bilinguals. In Isurin, L., Winford, D., & de Bot, K. (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching (pp. 85102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. (2015a). Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 453469.Google Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. (2015b). Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30, 586605.Google Scholar
Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Branzi, F., & Costa, A. (2012). Qualitative differences between bilingual language control and executive control: Evidence from task-switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(399).Google Scholar
Caramazza, A. (1997). How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 177208.Google Scholar
Christoffels, I., de Groot, A., & Waldorp, L. (2003). Basic skills in a complex task: A graphical model relating memory and lexical retrieval to simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 201211.Google Scholar
Christoffels, I., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192208.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1967). Transference and triggering: Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Colomé, Á. (2001). Lexical activation in bilinguals’ speech production: Language-specific or language-independent. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 721736.Google Scholar
Colzato, L., Bajo, M., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., & Hommel, B. (2008). How does bilingualism improve executive control? A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 302312.Google Scholar
Costa, A., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish-English and English-Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 231244.Google Scholar
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491511.Google Scholar
Costa, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2014). How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 336345.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Albareda, B., & Santesteban, M. (2008). Assessing the presence of lexical competition across languages: Evidence from the Stroop task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 121131.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Calabria, M., Marne, P., Hernández, M., Juncadella, M., Gascón-Bayarri, J., et al. (2012). On the parallel deterioration of lexico-semantic processes in the bilinguals’ two languages: Evidence from Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 50, 740753.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 12831296.Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Colomé, A., Gomez, O., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2003). Another look at cross-language competition in bilingual speech production: Lexical and phonological factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 167179.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilinguals’ two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 365397.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94, 94103.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I. (2006). How do high-proficient bilinguals control their lexicalization process? Inhibitory and language-specific selection mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32, 10571074.Google Scholar
Crone, E., Wendelken, C., Donohue, S., & Bunge, S. (2006). Neural evidence for dissociable components of task-switching. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 475486.Google Scholar
De Bleser, R., Dupont, P., Postler, J., Borsmans, G., Speelman, D., Mortelmans, L., & Debrock, M. (2003). The organisation of the bilingual lexicon: A PET study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16(4), 439456.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A., & Della Sala, S. (2019). In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 736753). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A., Samuel, A. G., Duñabeitia, J. A. (2018). Voluntary language switching: When and why do bilinguals switch between their languages? Journal of Memory and Language, 103, 2843.Google Scholar
de Groot, A., & Christoffels, I. (2006). Language control in bilinguals: Monolingual tasks and simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 189201.Google Scholar
de Groot, A., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50 (1), 156.Google Scholar
de Groot, A., & Nas, G. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(1), 90123.Google Scholar
Dell, G. (1986). A spreading activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review, 93, 283321.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175197.Google Scholar
Engle, R. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 1923.Google Scholar
Festman, J., & Mosca, M. (2016). Influence of preparation time on language control: A trilingual digit-naming study. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 145171). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Festman, J., & Münte, T. (2012). Cognitive control in Russian-German bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 17.Google Scholar
Festman, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & Münte, T. (2010). Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(5).Google Scholar
Festman, J., & Schwieter, J. W. (2015). Behavioural measures of language control: Production and comprehension. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 527547). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Filippi, R., Karaminis, T., & Thomas, M. (2014). Language switching in bilingual production: Empirical data and computational modelling. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(2), 294315.Google Scholar
García-Pentón, L., Yuriem, F., Costello, B., Duñabeitia, J., & Carreiras, M. (2016). The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: How to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 31(3), 303327.Google Scholar
Gold, B., Kim, C., Johnson, N., Kryscio, R., & Smith, C. (2013). Lifelong bilingualism maintains neural efficiency for cognitive control in aging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(2), 387396.Google Scholar
Goldrick, M. (2014). Phonological processing: The retrieval and encoding of word form information in speech production. In Goldrick, M., Ferreira, V., & Miozzo, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 228244). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., & Acenas, L. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 246269.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., Bonanni, M., & Montoya, R. (2005). Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers’ tip-of-the-tongue equally often. Neuropsychology, 19, 278287Google Scholar
Gollan, T., Fennema-Notestine, C., Montoya, R., & Jernigan, T. (2007). The bilingual effect on Boston Naming Test performance. The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 197208.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., & Ferreira, V. (2009). Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 640665.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., & Kroll, J. (2001). Bilingual lexical access. In Rapp, B. (Ed.), The handbook of cognitive neuropsychology: What deficits reveal about the human mind (pp. 321345). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., Montoya, R., Cera, C., & Sandoval, T. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 787814.Google Scholar
Gollan, T., Slattery, T., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 186209.Google Scholar
Green, D. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 6781.Google Scholar
Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515530.Google Scholar
Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2016). Language control and the neuroanatomy of bilingualism: In praise of variety. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 31(3), 340344.Google Scholar
Guo, T., Liu, F., Chen, B., & Li., S. (2013). Inhibition of non-target languages in multilingual word production: Evidence from Uighur-Chinese-English trilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 143, 277283.Google Scholar
Hermans, D. (2000). Word production in a foreign language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nijmegen.Google Scholar
Hermans, D. (2004). Between-language identity effects in picture-word interference tasks: A challenge for language-nonspecific or language-specific models of lexical access? International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(2), 115125.Google Scholar
Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., de Bot, K., & Schreuder, R. (1998). Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(3), 213229.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English Bilinguals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 14, 510520.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A., Martinez, A., & Kohnert, K. (2000). In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 73, 421431.Google Scholar
Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B., & Golestani, N. (2011). Executive control of language in the bilingual brain: Integrating the evidence from neuroimaging to neuropsychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 2.Google Scholar
Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. (2008). Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition, 106, 501511.Google Scholar
Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W. (2004). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition, 92, 101144.Google Scholar
Ivanova, I., & Costa, A. (2008). Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica, 127, 277288.Google Scholar
Kambanaros, M., Michaelides, M., & Grohmann, K. (2017). Cross-linguistic transfer effects after phonologically based cognate therapy in a case of multilingual specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 52(3), 270284.Google Scholar
Kirsner, K., Lalor, E., & Hird, K. (1993). The bilingual lexicon: Exercise, meaning and morphology. In Schreuder, R. & Weltens, B. (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 215246). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kleinman, D., & Gollan, T. H. (2016). Speaking two languages for the price of one: Bypassing language control mechanisms via accessibility-driven switches. Psychological Science, 27, 700714.Google Scholar
Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: An overview. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(1), 114.Google Scholar
Kohnert, K. (2004). Cognitive and cognate-based treatments for bilingual aphasia: A case study. Brain and Language, 91, 294302.Google Scholar
Kootstra, G., van Hell, J., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 797819.Google Scholar
Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility: A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review, 97, 253270.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 497514.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119135.Google Scholar
Kroll, J., Bobb, S., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008). Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416430.Google Scholar
Leacox, L., Wood., C., Sunderman, G., & Schatschneider, C. (2016). Young Spanish-English language learners’ cognate facilitation on picture naming. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 43, 115128.Google Scholar
Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394425.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. (2001). Spoken word production: A theory of lexical access. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 1346413471.Google Scholar
Levelt, W., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 175.Google Scholar
Levy, B., & Anderson, M. (2002). Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 299305.Google Scholar
Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301324.Google Scholar
Linck, J., Kroll, J., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing access to the native language while immersed in a second language: Evidence for the role of inhibition in second language learning. Psychological Science, 20, 15071515.Google Scholar
Linck, J., Michael, E., Golonka, E., Twist, A., & Schwieter, J. W. (2015). Moving beyond two languages: The effects of multilingualism on language processing and language learning. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 665694). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Linck, J., Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2012). Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 651662.Google Scholar
Macnamara, J., Krauthammer, M., & Bolgar, M. (1968). Language switching in bilinguals as a function of stimulus and response uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 208215.Google Scholar
Martin, C., Strijkers, K., Santesteban, M., Escera, C., Hartsuiker, R., & Costa, A. (2013). The impact of early bilingualism on controlling a lately learnt language: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(815).Google Scholar
Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 2540.Google Scholar
Mosca, M., & Clahsen, H. (2016). Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 415424.Google Scholar
Paap, K. (2019). The bilingual advantage debate: Quantity and quality of the evidence. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 701735). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Paap, K., Johnson, H., & Sawi, O. (2015). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex, 69, 265278.Google Scholar
Philipp, A., Gade, M., & Koch, I. (2007). Inhibitory processes in language switching? Evidence from switching language-defined response sets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 395416.Google Scholar
Philipp, A., & Koch, I. (2009). Inhibition in language switching: What is inhibited when switching among languages in naming tasks? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 11871195.Google Scholar
Price, C., Green, D., & Von Studnitz, R. (1999). A functional imaging study of translation and language switching. Brain, 122, 22212235.Google Scholar
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 682691.Google Scholar
Prior, A., & MacWhinney, B. (2010). A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 253262.Google Scholar
Roberts, P., & Deslauriers, L. (1999). Picture naming of cognate and non-cognate nouns in bilingual aphasia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 32, 123.Google Scholar
Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., Sadat, J., & Costa, A. (2011). On the temporal and functional origin of L2 disadvantages in speech production: A critical review. Frontiers in psychology, 2(379).Google Scholar
Salvatierra, J., & Rosselli, M. (2011). The effect of bilingualism and age on inhibitory control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 2637.Google Scholar
Sandoval, T., Gollan, T., Ferreira, V., & Salmon, D. (2010). What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 231252.Google Scholar
Santesteban, M., & Costa, A. (2016). Are cognate words “special”? On the role of cognate words in language switching performance. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 97126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schwieter, J. W. (2013). Lexical inhibition in trilingual speakers. In Tirkkonen, J. & Anttikoski, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of The 24th Conference of Scandinavian Linguistics. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland: Reports and Studies in Education, Humanities, and Theology (pp. 249260). Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland Press.Google Scholar
Schwieter, J. W., & Ferreira, A. (2016). Effects of cognitive control, lexical robustness, and frequency of codeswitching on language switching. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 195218). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2008). Language switching in bilingual speech production: In search of the language-specific selection mechanism. The Mental Lexicon, 3(2), 214238.Google Scholar
Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2011). Inhibitory control processes and lexical access in trilingual speech production. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(4), 391412.Google Scholar
Shell, A., Linck, J., & Slevc, L. (2015). Examining the role of inhibitory control in bilingual language switching. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Pasadena, CA.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174215.Google Scholar
Strijkers, K. (2016). A neural assembly-based view on word production: The bilingual test case. Language Learning, 66(S2), 92131.Google Scholar
Strijkers, K., & Costa, A. (2016). The cortical dynamics of speaking: Present shortcomings and future avenues. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(4), 484503.Google Scholar
Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: Electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 912928.Google Scholar
van Hell, J., & de Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193211.Google Scholar
Verhoef, K., Roelofs, A., & Chwilla, D. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence for endogenous control of attention in switching between languages in overt picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 18321843.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Kuhl, P., Chen, C., & Dong, Q. (2009). Sustained and transient language control in the bilingual brain. NeuroImage, 47, 414422.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×