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1 results

  • Chapter 39 - Primary and Secondary Tremors

  • from Section 3: - Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
  • Edited by Erik Ch. Wolters, Universität Zürich, Christian R. Baumann, Universität Zürich
  • Book:
    International Compendium of Movement Disorders
    Published online:
    07 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025, pp 476-498

  • Summary

    Tremor is clinically defined by an involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part. The most recent 2-axis classification scheme describes a clinical tremor syndrome in axis 1, mainly relying on tremor characteristics (body distribution, activation condition, tremor frequency, regularity, amplitude) and associated signs (isolated versus combined tremor syndromes). Based on further diagnostic tests (blood analysis, imaging, neurophysiology, genetic testing) the etiology is then described in axis 2, which may be acquired, genetic or idiopathic. The most common axis 1 isolated tremor syndromes are essential tremor and enhanced physiologic tremor, characterized by bilateral action tremor of the arms. Combined tremor syndromes relate to the accompanying neurologic sign or are described phenomenologically. These tremor syndromes relate to hyperoscillatory states of distinct networks, with the so-called cerebellar network playing a central role. Depending on the degree of disturbance as well as the additional involvement of other networks, specific tremor phenotypes emerge.