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1 results

  • The Bank, the Fund, and the GATT: Which Institution Most Supported Developing-Country Trade Reform?

  • Douglas A. Irwin
  • Journal:
    World Trade Review / Volume 22 / Issue 3-4 / October 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 September 2023, pp. 370-381
    Print publication:
    October 2023
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  • The 1980s and 1990s saw a policy revolution in developing countries in which many highly protected (if not closed) economies were opened to world trade. These reforms were largely undertaken unilaterally, but international economic institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization supported these efforts. This paper examines the ways in which these institutions promoted, or failed to promote, trade policy reform during this pivotal period.