This chapter emphasizes the social justice issues underlying Indigenous ill-health and the consequences for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health. Health is worse where no formal treaty has been concluded between the colonizing and indigenous populations, and worse where states and provinces retain responsibility for Indigenous health rather than federal or national governments. In terms of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health, social disadvantage both undermines wellbeing and compromises the capacity of Indigenous populations to access services or to benefit, as have non-Indigenous Australians, from the health promotion initiatives of recent decades. Ultimately, addressing underlying social injustice and achieving reconciliation between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations of this nation will necessarily involve all Australians. Mental health professionals and health planners may both facilitate that process, and help Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities find solutions to the pressing problems of daily existence, by collaborating rather than imposing.