In this chapter, I briefly analyse the fate of legal reformism. The global financial crisis of 2008 which reverberated in Europe in 2011, the crises of progressive governments in Latin America in the second decade of the millennium, and the economic and social meltdown caused by the pandemic of the new coronavirus are all signs of a deeper malaise in the development model that sustained legal reformism for the past hundred years. The end of legal reformism started when the ideal of democracy and the rule of law ceased to be a progressive objective which progressive forces had struggled for in many countries, often at great personal risk, and became an international imposition, a condition of development assistance and structural adjustment policies demanded by the World Bank and the IMF. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, political science invested a great deal of research in identifying conditions for the sustained adoption of liberal democracy in the developing world, which included agrarian reform, a sizeable middle class, and a certain balance between urban and rural areas. From one day to the next, all of this research was consigned to the dustbin of history. Rather than focusing on the conditions for democracy and the rule of law, the “international community” converted democracy and the rule of law into the conditions for everything else, and most importantly for receiving development assistance and financing. Liberal democracy became the most legitimate regime of a weak state confronted with neoliberal global impositions. Under these conditions there was no room for progressive legal reformism. Conversely, there was plenty of room for conservative authoritarian reformism or counter-reformism.

In Chapter Nine I attempt to answer the following question: Can Law Be Emancipatory? The answer takes into account the previous analyses, and aims to give political-juridical content to the oppositional postmodern conception of law. Drawing on examples of concrete political-juridical practices occurring in various parts of the world, I formulate the conditions for an emancipatory use of law. The set of these conditions and the practices into which they translate themselves, I designate as subaltern legal cosmopolitanism. This chapter was written under the logic of the sociology of emergences. My aim was to unfold the signs of the reconstruction of the tension between social regulation and social emancipation, as well as the role of law in such a reconstruction. The credibility of the signs was built on excavation work upon the foundations of the paradigm of modernity - a work that confirmed the exhaustion of the paradigm, while revealing as well the wealth and vastness of the social experience it rendered possible at the beginning, and later went on to discredit, marginalize or simply suppress.