The case involved a mother who was charged with aiding and abetting her boyfriend for assaulting her one-year old son with a belt with a metal buckle. The mother was present at the time of the assault but the prosecution did not cite any other conduct by her to encourage the attack on the small child. The court upheld the conviction even though the defendant took no affirmative action in furtherance of the underlying crime. Rewriting this opinion offers an opportunity to explore the real-world dynamics of domestic abuse and the unique legal obligations placed on mothers to care for their children.

Chapter 12 describes the multiple notification requirements contained in the Agreement on Safeguards on domestic regulations on safeguard measures as well as on key aspects of specific safeguard actions. The chapter explains the consequences of these notifications and the specific actions that other Members may take to defend their commercial interest. It also discusses the question of the adequate opportunity to hold consultations under Article 12.3 of the agreement, and the question of cross-notifications to be made by third Members. The Chapter presents statistics on the use of safeguard investigations, safeguard measures and rebalancing actions in the light of the notifications made by WTO Members between 1995 and 2020.

Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive overview of the industry-related analysis regarding its definition, the likeness between imported and domestic products, the performance of the industry in the light of the factors listed in Article 4.2(a), and the methods usually followed to establish causation between increased imports and serious injury to the industry, including the coincidence in time analysis, the analysis of conditions of competition and the non-attribution analysis.