This paper presents the findings from a survey conducted in Norway to study the process of recovering from temporary disorientation in outdoor environments. The survey, with 693 respondents, investigated how individuals navigate and regain their bearings after getting disoriented for a short period of time. By collecting data on duration of disorientation and descriptions of participants' recovery experiences, we conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses to establish a typology of spatial problem-solving [Downs, R. M. and Stea, D. (1977). Maps in Minds: Reflections on Cognitive Mapping. New York: Harper & Row, p. 55] approaches employed in wayfinding after becoming temporarily lost in outdoor settings. The research systematically explores the use of materials and approaches described by respondents when re-establishing their bearings. The existing research literature lacks comprehensive reporting on people's strategies for solving the problem of being disoriented in the outdoors, which motivated us to conduct this study. The resulting typology gives an overview of approaches employed to solve the problem of being lost in the outdoors and contribute additional details and insights to the understanding of individuals' wayfinding behaviours and reorientation processes.

The understanding and interpretation of simplicty in the context of a navigational path can be ambiguous. Different approaches to path planning are briefly juxtaposed, focusing on their simplicity-based distinctive features. This takes into consideration the response to drift caused by air or water currents and the geometric background. Special attention is paid to the straight-line-based solutions which are preferred by the human convenience and perception, recalling some well-known applications in navigation and including their (dis)advantages. In particular, this refers to the Euclidean simplicity applied at the cost of effectiveness in the standard search and rescue (SAR) patterns in the presence of relatively stronger position-dependent currents.

When a disaster exceeds the capacity of the affected country to cope with its own resources, the provision of external rescue and health services is required, and the deployment of relief units requested. Recently, the cost of international relief and the belief that such deployment is cost-effective has been questioned by the international community; unfortunately, there is still little informed debate and few detailed data are available. This paper presents the results of a comparative review on the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of search and rescue (SAR) and Emergency Medical Team (EMT) deployment. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the topic, highlight the criteria used to assess the effectiveness, and identify gaps in existing literature. The results show that both deployments are highly expensive, and their success is strongly related to the time they need to be operational; SAR deployments are characterized by limited outcomes in terms of lives saved, and EMTs by insufficient data and lack of detailed assessment. This research highlights that the criteria used to assess the effectiveness need to be explored further, considering different purposes, lengths of stay, and different activities performed, especially for any comparison. This study concludes that data reporting should be mandatory for humanitarian response agencies.

In the aftermath of the disappearance of the Malaysian 370 (MH370) flight in March 2014, new positioning methods were employed to establish the search area. In the absence of all other positioning technologies (Transponder, Radio communications, Radar), these innovative methods are based on the handshake signals between an INMARSAT satellite and the satellite transceiver on board the aircraft. The log of these signals was made public in order for the scientific community to engage in solving the mystery of the MH370 trajectory. The log indicates the delay between the interrogation and response signals, as well as the relative velocity indications, based on the shift of the carrier frequency due to the Doppler-Fizeau effect. This paper puts forward an original, independent and accurate positioning method and allows the calculation of the MH370 trajectory considering the wind vector field that day, the accurate satellite orbit and an accurate model of the Earth (the WGS-84 ellipsoid). The results were compared to other results published, indicating a different final position of the aircraft from the locations of the published search area.

In this paper, we propose a new method to generate a continuousbelief functions from a multimodal probability distribution function definedover a continuous domain. We generalize Smets' approach in the sense thatfocal elements of the resulting continuous belief function can be disjoint setsof the extended real space of dimension n. We then derive the continuousbelief function from multimodal probability density functions using the leastcommitment principle. We illustrate the approach on two examples of probabilitydensity functions (unimodal and multimodal). On a case study of Search AndRescue (SAR), we extend the traditional probabilistic framework of search theoryto continuous belief functions theory. We propose a new optimization criterionto allocate the search effort as well as a new rule to update the informationabout the lost object location in this latter framework. We finally compare theallocation of the search effort using this alternative uncertaintyrepresentation to the traditional probabilistic representation.