SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics within households involving children are complex. We examined the association between paediatric index case (PIC) age and subsequent household SARS-CoV-2 transmission among cases reported to the Minnesota Department of Health between March 2021 and February 2022. In our primary analysis, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, geographic region, and disease severity among households with an unvaccinated PIC. We performed a secondary analysis among households where the PIC was eligible for vaccination adjusting for the same covariates plus time since the last vaccination. Both analyses were stratified by variant wave. During the Alpha wave, PICs of all age groups had similar odds of subsequent transmission. During Delta and Omicron waves, PICs aged 16–17 had higher odds of subsequent transmission than PICs aged 0–4 (Delta OR, 1.32; [95% CI, 1.16–1.51], Omicron OR, 4.21; [95% CI, 3.25–5.45]). In the secondary analysis, unvaccinated PICs had higher odds of subsequent transmission than vaccinated PICs (Delta OR 2.89 [95% CI, 2.18–3.84], Omicron OR 1.35 [95% CI, 1.21–1.50]). Enhanced preventative measures, especially for 12–17-year-olds, may limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission within households involving children.

Neurotechnology has been applied to gain insights on creativity-related cognitive factors. Prior research has identified relations between cognitive factors and creativity qualitatively; while quantitative relations, such as the relative importance of cognitive factors and creativity, have not been fully determined. Therefore, taking the creative design process as an example, this study using electroencephalography (EEG) aims to objectively identify how creativity-related cognitive factors of retrieval, recall, association, and combination contribute to creativity. The theoretical basis for an EEG-based decoding method to objectively identify which cognitive factors occur in a creative process is developed. Thirty participants were recruited for a practical study to verify the reliability of the decoding method. Based on the methodology, relationships between the relative importance level of the cognitive factor and creative output quality levels were detected. Results indicated that the occurrence of recall and association are reported with a high reliability level by the decoding method. The results also indicated that association is the dominant cognitive factor for higher creative output quality levels. Recall is the dominant cognitive factor for lower creative output quality levels.

Indices of cumulative risk (CR) have long been used in developmental research to encode the number of risk factors a child or adolescent experiences that may impede optimal developmental outcomes. Initial contributions concentrated on indices of cumulative environmental risk; more recently, indices of cumulative genetic risk have been employed. In this article, regression analytic methods are proposed for interrogating strongly the validity of risk indices by testing optimality of compositing weights, enabling more informative modeling of effects of CR indices. Reanalyses of data from two studies are reported. One study involved 10 environmental risk factors predicting Verbal IQ in 215 four-year-old children. The second study included an index of genetic CR in a G×E interaction investigation of 281 target participants assessed at age 15 years and then again at age 31 years for observed hostility during videotaped interactions with close family relations. Principles to guide evaluation of results of statistical modeling are presented, and implications of results for research and theory are discussed. The ultimate goals of this paper are to develop stronger tests of conjectures involving CR indices and to promote methods for improving replicability of results across studies.

The aim of this study is to investigate Dutch citizens’ care attitudes by looking at care-giving norms and citizens’ welfare state orientation and to explore to what extent these attitudes can be explained by combinations of diversity characteristics. We combined two datasets (2016 and 2018, N = 5,293) containing citizens’ opinions regarding society and conducted multivariate linear and ordered probit regression analyses. An intersectional perspective was adopted to explore the influence of combinations of diversity characteristics. Results show that citizens’ care-giving norms are relatively strong, meaning they believe persons in need of care should receive help from their families or social networks. However, citizens consider the government responsible for care as well. Men, younger people, people in good health and people of non-Western origin have stronger care-giving norms than others, and younger people assign relatively more responsibility to the family than the government. Level of education and religiosity are also associated with care attitudes. Primary diversity dimensions are more related to care attitudes than secondary, circumstantial dimensions. Some of the secondary dimensions interact with primary dimensions. These insights offer policy makers, social workers and (allied) health professionals the opportunity to align with citizens’ care attitudes, as results show that people vary to a large extent in their care-giving norms and welfare state orientation.

Thirty-one accessions of Oryza glaberrima were evaluated to study the genetic variability, correlation, path, principal component analysis (PCA) and D2 analysis. Box plots depicted high estimates of variability for days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant in Kharif 2016, plant height, productive tillers, panicle length and 1000 seed weight in Kharif 2017. Correlation studies revealed days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers, spikelets per panicle having a high direct positive association with grain yield, while path analysis identified the number of productive tillers having the maximum direct positive effect on grain yield. Days to 50% flowering via spikelets per panicle, productive tillers and plant height via spikelets per panicle exhibited high positive indirect effects on grain yield per plant. PCA showed that a cumulative variance of 54.752% from yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, spikelets per panicle and panicle length, contributing almost all the variation of traits while D2 analysis identified days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant contributing maximum to the genetic diversity. Therefore, selection of accessions with more number of productive tillers and early maturity would be most suitable for yield improvement programme. The study has revealed the utility of African rice germplasm and its potential to utilize in the genetic improvement of indica rice varieties.

Because of the current need for new landfill sites in Ankara, the suitability of Ankara Clay as a liner material for landfill sites was investigated. A mineralogical and geotechnical database was created by compiling the results of previous tests by the present authors as well as those of tests performed in the present study. The mineralogical properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and methylene blue adsorption. The cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the samples vary from 12 to 35 meq/100 g soil and the dominant clay minerals are illite, smectite and kaolinite. The geotechnical properties of the Ankara Clay samples that were assessed included specific gravity, the Atterberg limits (plastic limit, liquid limit, plasticity index), particle-size distribution, compaction properties (i.e. maximum dry density and optimum water content) and hydraulic conductivity. Because the hydraulic conductivity of the samples was lower than the acceptable limit of 1 × 10−9 m/s, it follows that, from a geotechnical perspective, Ankara Clay is a suitable material for use as a compacted clay landfill liner. The relationships between the mineralogical and geotechnical parameters that were investigated by regression analysis indicated that the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted soil samples decreased with increasing plasticity index, clay content, CEC, smectite content, smectite to illite ratio and decreasing illite content. According to the specifications for field construction of compacted clay liners, Ankara Clay is suitable for compaction in the field.

In this study, the anti-loosening characteristics of a precision flank-locking locknut fabricated under various machining processes and tested in different dynamic environments were investigated. The control parameters considered include the tightening torque and thread pitch of the set screw, machining process on the end plane of locknut, and vibration amplitude and frequency of dynamic loading in service, etc. Their sensitivities on the axial force ratio and anti-loosening ratio of the locknut were evaluated using Taguchi method. It was found that the pretension of locknut, the tightening torque and the pitch of set screw, and the machining process of the nut's end plane were the significant control parameters for the anti-loosening performance of the locknut. Moreover, the results of experimental measurements were employed in the regression fit on the performance of the locknut. The regression model was able to predict the anti-loosening ratio with 4.42% average error comparing with the measurements. Furthermore, the optimized design of the locknut through the Taguchi method was able to increase the axial force ratio and anti-loosening ratio by 20.4% and 16.8%, respectively, comparing with standard locknut.

Access to detailed descriptions of the effects of applying specific rates of herbicides to crops and weeds in various growth stages is hampered by the format in which the relevant information is stored. Compared to traditional formats of journal articles and herbicide registration labels, computer database systems could easily cross-reference data from large numbers of experiments and answer specific questions concerning herbicide performance under particular conditions. Availability of this type of information could have far-reaching consequences for herbicide users, consultants, researchers, and regulators. A preliminary format for storing weed control information in IBM-PC compatible computers was developed, including procedures to enter data and retrieve information. Weed control efficacy or crop injury data for all rates of a herbicide or tank-mixture applied at a specific growth stage in a single test are used to generate dose/response equations by means of regression analysis routines. The best fitting of these equations is then used to estimate herbicide rates that would provide ten categories of control, ranging from a “no observable effect level” (NOEL) up to complete control. Rates are estimated only for those categories either within or bordering the range of the observed data, the remaining categories are empty. The estimated rates are stored in the database, along with the original data and other qualifying information. Access to information is organized around searches for a single herbicide, plant species, or pair of species. Search output is presented in a tabular format listing species, growth stage, herbicide name, and herbicide rates for the ten categories: NOEL, 10, 30, 50, 70, 83, 90, 95, 98, and 100% control or injury.

Herbicide efficacy trials in field corn, sweet corn, and soybean were conducted at three locations in Wisconsin over a 6-yr period. Percent weed pressure (WP) was determined by visually estimating the contribution of all weed species present to the total crop and weed volume in each plot. Crop yields in each plot were measured. Percent crop yield reduction (YLDRED) was calculated by comparing mean yields of individual treatments with those of the highest yielding treatment in each trial. Linear regression analyses of YLDRED and WP data from 1640 field corn and 138 sweet corn treatments were significant. Nonlinear regression analysis of YLDRED and WP data from all 1374 soybean treatments was significant; however, a linear regression of those 1154 soybean treatments with WP ratings of 30 or less produced a more easily interpreted regression equation.

During 1985 to 1989, a series of field experiments were conducted at the Rice Research Station in Crowley, LA. Path analysis was employed to evaluate the competitive interaction between a weed (red rice) and cultivated rice (Mars). The path analysis quantified direct effects of red rice and Mars rice densities on the yield components (grain weight, percent filled florets, number of florets panicle−1, and panicles plant−1) of red rice and Mars rice. The model illustrated the direct and indirect effects of the yield components on fecundity and grain yield plant−1. The direct effects of Mars and red rice densities on panicles plant−1 and florets panicle−1 were always negative. In contrast, the effects of density on percent filled florets and grain weight varied from positive to negative and were relatively small, implying that they were determined primarily by density-independent factors. Path analysis indicated that the number of panicles plant−1 and florets panicle−1 were the most important yield components determining the responses of fecundity and grain yield to competition.

Quadratic response surface analysis was applied to data of seed germination in relation to temperature. Analysis of these data is the comparing of several levels of quantitative factors. In such situations, multiple-comparison procedures, such as Duncan's multiple range test, are inappropriate. The data were the germination percentages of four species at 55 constant or alternating day and night temperature regimes. A quadratic response surface was developed for each species using multiple-regression techniques. Estimated germination values and their confidence limits were derived from the quadratic response surface of each species for each cold-period temperature through a series of warm-period temperatures. Many parameters were synthesized from the response surfaces to evaluate germination of the four species in relation to temperature. These comparisons form a statistically valid basis from which to select the most adapted plant species and predict the best time for planting or applying weed-control treatments.