Some ideas get less attention than others. And as much as intellectuals may want to believe that an idea spreads, and only spreads, if it gets us closer to the truth, that is not the only reason an idea may be taken up and circulated. An intellectual’s class, caste, gender, nationality, physical location, time period and so forth radically affects whether the knowledge they produce will be read, accepted and passed on. Knowledge creation, in modern science and especially economics, is notoriously focused on western European and North American intellectuals. There seems, in other words, to be boundaries that define who can produce knowledge. I have questioned those boundaries throughout this book, to uncover marginalised economists that are seldomly analysed. The first generation of modern of Indian economists is a good example of marginalised thinkers. They worked within an imperial setting and were treated as inferior, while their addressees, mainly British, were considered superior. The Indian economists were thus producing economic knowledge from the margins. As such, the Indian economists often got – and still get – labelled as copiers of existing knowledge from Europe and North America. The imperialist context created a blindness to original Indian thought. Within the history of ideas, and more specifically the history of economics, studies are predominately about well-known figures such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, while lesser-known figures are rarely cited or analysed. Expanding the history of economics, which this book is only one example, provincialises well known economic theories like economic development and provides perspectives often either ignored or critiqued and quickly forgotten. Relocating Development Economics exposes new ideas not previously taken seriously.

The first generation of modern Indian economists in the late nineteenth century became known as the Early Nationalists, as they began India’s fight for independence. When historians and political theorists analyse them, they often portray them as political scientists and nation-builders who mostly regurgitated existing European economic thinking. Much less has been written on their contribution to economics, despite them being the first generation of modern economists in India. This book shows how they produced original, forward-thinking knowledge on economic development. The intention is not to define development a priori, but to use development as an overarching focus to tease out the concepts, theories, models and policy prescriptions that the first generation of modern Indian economists studied and disseminated, and to bring these Indian economists into the global debate around what progress and development mean. This book places these economists into the history of economics and offers economic historians new sources on the Indian economy at the end of the nineteenth century. The book explores their understanding of how India’s economy evolved, their prescriptions for bringing progress back to India, the economic consequences of imperialism, and a global plan for development. By relocating development economics to another time and space, the book uncovers new variations on the idea of development.