The American psychologist and philosopher William James drew inspiration from British evolutionary theory, neurology, psychiatry, psychology and philosophy. Trained in anatomy, physiology and medicine, he developed a physiological psychology that offered acute analyses of consciousness and of the relations between mind and brain, habit and thought, cognition and emotion and other aspects of psychology. One of his insights, regarding the relation between attention and will, was based upon his own experience of panic anxiety, which was resolved through his reading of several British authors. The story of his psychiatric experience, practical response and later theoretical conclusion offers a potential contribution to contemporary therapeutic practice.

Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for panic disorder may consist of different combinations of several therapeutic components such as relaxation, breathing retraining, cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure and/or in vivo exposure. It is therefore important both theoretically and clinically to examine whether specific components of CBT or their combinations are superior to others in the treatment of panic disorder. Component network meta-analysis (NMA) is an extension of standard NMA that can be used to disentangle the treatment effects of different components included in composite interventions. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central, with supplementary searches of reference lists and clinical trial registries, for all randomized controlled trials comparing different CBT-based psychological therapies for panic disorder with each other or with control interventions. We applied component NMA to disentangle the treatment effects of different components included in these interventions. After reviewing 2526 references, we included 72 studies with 4064 participants. Interoceptive exposure and face-to-face setting were associated with better treatment efficacy and acceptability. Muscle relaxation and virtual-reality exposure were associated with significantly lower efficacy. Components such as breathing retraining and in vivo exposure appeared to improve treatment acceptability while having small effects on efficacy. The comparison of the most v. the least efficacious combination, both of which may be provided as ‘evidence-based CBT,’ yielded an odds ratio for the remission of 7.69 (95% credible interval: 1.75 to 33.33). Effective CBT packages for panic disorder would include face-to-face and interoceptive exposure components, while excluding muscle relaxation and virtual-reality exposure.

The present paper aimed (1) to review the literature to examine the effectiveness of CBT as treatment for PDA and (2) to evaluate whether the efficacy of CBT treatments is related to the change to cognitive processes that are postulated to be important in the cognitive models of PDA. A literature review of CBT studies in the area of PDA was conducted using both descriptive and quantitative (meta-analysis) procedures. In all, 35 studies published between 1969 and 1996 were included. The results show that CBT is an effective treatment for PDA. However, the contribution of cognitive processes to this disorder and the role that they play in the successful outcome of CBT remain unclear and in need of further empirical investigation. At present, CBT treatment provides limited support to validate the cognitive models of PDA.

Cette étude rétrospective a été entreprise chez 35 patients ambulatoires répondant aux diagnostics DSM III de troubles panique ou d’agoraphobie avec attaques de panique (AP), dans le but de mettre en évidence la chronologie d’apparition de différents symptômes d’anxiété chez ce type de patients. Dans plus de 90% des cas, la survenue d’AP précède ou inaugure l'apparition des symptômes permettant de porter les diagnostics mentionnés précédemment; comme cela est rapporté dans la littérature, ces AP paraissent survenir le plus souvent au décours d’une période de difficultés personnelles de natures diverses considérées comme «stressantes» par les patients con-cernés. D'autre part, chez 30% des patients répondant au diagnostic d’agoraphobie avec AP, on relève l'existence d’antécédents phobiques préexistant à l'apparition des premières crises d’angoisse-panique; l'existence de tels antécédents n'est relevée que chez 8% des patients répondant au diagnostic de troubles panique. L'hypothèse selon laquelle une prédisposition phobique favoriserait le développement de l'agoraphobie chez des patients présentant des AP répétées mériterait d’être confirmée par des enquêtes rétrospectives plus systématiques sur des échantillons cliniques plus larges.