Chapter 2 examines the discourse between governments, aid agencies, and the press concerning the Mennonite refugees who fled from the Soviet Union to Paraguay via Germany and China between 1929 and 1931. Although the Soviet, German, and Canadian governments, the German press, and aid agencies in Germany and North America cast the situation as a refugee “problem,” this chapter contends that it gave each entity a valuable opportunity to assign broader meanings to the refugees, advance a range of agendas, and define their own constituencies along the lines of class, nationality, or religion. This chapter also shows that the refugees were aided and inhibited by their national, religious, and economic identifications, which left them with an ambiguous collective narrative about who they were as a group. Consequently, this chapter contends that outsiders’ interpretations provided the Fernheim Colony refugees with new ways to collectively understand themselves as heroes, victims, Mennonites, Germans, and Paraguayans.

Categories of food wars. Mass starvation caused by conflict, by government act. Starvation as a driver of revolutions and wars. Weaponisation of food in world wars.