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Summary

This chapter presents the argument that the domestic responses to the refugee crisis in the period between 2013 and 2020 exposed vastly different conflict lines running through European societies. In particular, we argue that the integration–demarcation cleavage that rose to prominence in the context of the refugee crisis triggered four types of conflicts throughout the policy debates. The two most common types of conflicts were partisan conflicts and international conflicts. In international conflicts, national governments found themselves in opposition to EU actors, foreign governments, and/or other supranational institutions such as the UN. Such conflicts were almost the exclusive remit of border control episodes. Partisan conflicts covered a more diverse set of episode types. In these episodes, mainstream opposition parties emerged as the most common adversaries of national governments. Comparatively speaking, the other two types of conflicts, societal (involving NGOs, unions, think tanks, experts, etc.) and intragovernmental conflicts were fewer.

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6 - Conflict Lines in the Member States

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6 - Conflict Lines in the Member States

Summary