James's Fairness in Trade seeks to offer an account of fair trade that is “internal” to an existing practice he describes as “mutual market reliance.” This paper distinguishes several senses of the distinction between “internal” and “external” that occur in the book and asks how, in its various senses, the distinction shapes and influences judgments about the fairness of the practice.

Non-n-ampleness as denned by Pillay [20] and Evans [5] is preserved under analysability. Generalizing this to a more general notion of Σ-ampleness, this gives an immediate proof for all simple theories of a weakened version of the Canonical Base Property (CBP) proven by Chatzidakis [4] for types of finite SU-rank. This is then applied to the special case of groups.

Motivated by recent experiments on the electro-hydrodynamic instability of spin-castpolymer films, we study the undulation instability of a thin viscoelastic polymer filmunder in-plane stress and in the presence of either a close by contactor or an electricfield, both inducing a normal stress on the film surface. We find that the in-plane stressaffects both the typical timescale of the instability and the unstable wavelengths. Thefilm stability is also sensitive to the boundary conditions used at the film-substrateinterface. We have considered two conditions, either rigidly attaching the film to thesubstrate or allowing for slip.

A workshop dedicated to cancer risks associated withlow-dose internal contamination was organised in March 2011, inParis, in the framework of the DoReMi (Low Dose Research towardsMultidisciplinary Integration) European Network of Excellence. Theaim was to identify the best epidemiological studies that providean opportunity to develop a multidisciplinary approach to improvethe evaluation of the cancer risk associated with internal contamination.This workshop provided an opportunity for in-depth discussions betweenresearchers working in different fields including (but not limitedto) epidemiology, dosimetry, biology and toxicology. Discussionsconfirmed the importance of research on the health effects of internalcontamination. Several existing epidemiological studies providea real possibility to improve the quantification of cancer riskassociated with internal emitters. Areas for future multidisciplinary collaborationswere identified, that should allow feasibility studies to be carriedout in the near future. The goal of this paper is to present anoverview of the presentations and discussions that took place duringthis workshop.

Objective: This study aims to examine the use of a radial artery graft for bypass of the maxillary artery (MA) to the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) in treating ICA occlusions.

Study design and setting: This method was carried out on five adult cadaver sides. The MA was reached 1–2 cm inferior to the crista infratemporalis, following a frontotemporal craniotomy and a zygomatic arch osteotomy. Extradurally 2–3 cm lateral to the foramen rotundum, a hole was drilled in the sphenoid bone with a 4 mm tipped drill. A radial artery graft was passed through the hole to the inside of the dura. Before giving the infraorbital artery branch, the MA was dissected from the surrounding tissue and transected. The proximal end of the graft was anastomosed end-to-end with the MA and the distal end of the graft end-to-side with the supraclinoid ICA.

Results: The mean calibre of the MA was 2.6 ± 0.3 mm. The mean calibre of the proximal end of the radial artery graft was 2.5 ± 0.25 mm and the distal end was 2.35 ± 0.2 mm. The mean length of the radial artery graft was 4.0 ± 0.5cm.

Conclusion: This study suggested that the cases with ICA occlusion, which require high blood flow, may be treated as an alternative to current bypass methods requiring long vein grafts.

A type analysable in one-based types in a simple theory is itself one-based.

Bilateral extracranial internal carotid aneurysms are very rare, though well documented. We report a case of bilateral extracranial internal carotid aneurysms presenting with vocal fold paralysis, which we believe to be the first.

A case of an isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is reported. The differential diagnosis is discussed, in the context of the requirement for careful scrutiny of the entire course of the hypoglossal nerve on imaging, to detect underlying pathology remote from the tongue, and to avoid unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures prompted by the appearance of a ‘pseudomass’ of the weak tongue both clinically and radiologically.

The incidence of an aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear is approximately one per cent and most patients are asymptomatic. We present two patients with an aberrant internal carotid artery who presented with pulsatile tinnitus and an intra-tympanic mass. Here we discuss the clinical presentation, relevant radiographic investigations and further management of these patients.

This paper reports a case of spontaneous indirect carotid cavernous fistula that presented with pulsatile tinnitus, left-sided temporal headache and left-sided ptosis. The pulsatile tinnitus, its aetiology and investigation are discussed. The importance of pulsatile tinnitus is highlighted, with a discussion of carotidcavernous fistulas. This case illustrates that clinically silent cavernous sinus thrombosis can give rise to spontaneous indirect carotid cavernous fistula. Magnetic resonance imaging angiography was used in diagnosis. Treatment ranges from observation, as in our case, to transvenous endovascular techniques.

Non-destructive methods for assessing egg quality are used in the egg industry and in research on avian embryogenesis, incubation, selection programmes, genetics etc. According to the purpose for which they are being used, non-destructive methods have to meet certain requirements – rapid estimation of the results in the case of industrial use and high significance when used in research. In both cases minimum measurement of the initial parameters is preferable. In this review methods are considered that allow calculation of such egg variables as volume, surface area, shell weight, shell volume, shell density and thickness; weight, volume and density of egg contents; yolk and albumen weights; Haugh unit score and consistency of the interior; and strength characteristics of an egg that keep it intact.

An aberrant internal carotid artery in a young woman complaining of pulsatile tinnitus and conductive hearing loss was diagnosed pre-operatively by CT scan and angiographic findings. An exploratory tympanotomy was performed in order to evaluate the cause of the severe conductive hearing loss. It was possible to detect a large persistent stapedial artery associated with a stapedial fixation of unknown cause. Despite these vascular anomalies a stapedotomy was performed successfully.

Internal carotid artery trauma is a rare but potentially disastrous complication of surgery to the sphenoid sinus and pituitary gland. Emergency and elective procedures to establish haemostasis are discussed.

Internal jugular phlebectasia is a venous anomaly commonly presenting as a unilateral neck swelling in children. The clinicopathology, aetiology and management are discussed. Bilateral doppler ultrasonography is the diagnostic investigation of choice and should be performed in all suspected cases. Conservative management of the bilateral case is recommended.