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2 results

  • Chapter 4 - Very Young Children

  • Mariane Hedegaard, University of Copenhagen, Anne Edwards, University of Oxford
  • Book:
    Taking Children and Young People Seriously
    Published online:
    08 June 2023
    Print publication:
    22 June 2023, pp 68-100

  • Summary

    Through communication with caregivers, infants and toddlers come to orient intentionally to the world and their agency begins to unfold, initially through sharing intentions with adults. We show how the child’s emotional orientation to the world in the first three years of life happens through communication and is characterized by developmental periods that encompass other psychic functions. To understand children’s social situation from the child’s perspective, we have emphasized the need to attend to the child’s relations with others. We have therefore proposed taking a double perspective by focusing on both the child and the adults in their worlds. This is because the experiences of these very young children have to be seen in relation to how they are mediated by their caregivers. When caregivers or researchers orient to children’s perspectives, they never access it as a first perspective but always as a second, a relational, perspective and here we argue for Hedegaard’s formulated approach of the interactive observation. This method advocates a double perspective when researching children’s development, as the observations are mediated through the researcher’s experience.

  • The Neuropsychological Approach to the Consciousness in L.S. Vygotsky – A.N. Leontiev – A.R. Luria school

  • M. Kovyazina, K. Fomina, N. Varako, O. Dobrushina, Y. Zinchenko, S. Martynov
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 March 2020, p. s788
    • Article
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  • Introduction

    Existing polysemy in definitions of human consciousness creates the major difficulty in its understanding. With the development of intensive care modern methods, the number of patients survived after coma and dwelling in disorders consciousness conditions rises.

    Aims

    Among, the most important practical questions of neuropsychology is estimation of the patient's consciousness current condition. The solvation of these problems requires precise denotation of consciousness neuropsychological criteria.

    Methods

    All of definitions of consciousness in Russian psychological school, have the binarity as a common feature: in one hand, in view of the world, yourself, and another hand–extraction and differentiation of yourself from the ambient world (self-consciousness).

    Results

    Neuropsychological model of consciousness (in particular, self-consciousness) includes all higher psychological functions (HPF). However, condition of none of them cannot be sufficient criterion of consciousness estimation. In Russian psychology it is suggested to study the consciousness through its own characteristic, among which one can designate reflexivity, which includes cognitions and personal meanings.

    Conclusions

    It is possible to determine the quality of consciousness at a specific instant of time, through the system of human relations, as activity is motivated the knowledge is acquired, the affective side of the activity is determined, the self-consciousness is formed exactly through the personal meaning. Personal meaning can act as that quantity of consciousness (self-consciousness) analyses where the external reality and human attitude to this reality are differentiated. One can judge about a degree of contact between a human and a real world by indirect difference between them.

    Disclosure of interest

    The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.